PREVALENCE AND ANTI MICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE

Background: Among enterococcus species , 80 -90% and 5-10% of human infection are caused by enterococcus faecalis and faecium respectively .The rate of isolation of Enterococcus faecium and other species is increase at recent times from various clinical samples . Enterococcus faecium showing higher degree of drug resistance. Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin thereby inappropriate treatment can be avoided. Materials and methods: The clinical samples included blood, urine and exudates (pus,tissues, sterile body fluids) were collected aseptically and processed as per standard methods for isolation and identification of organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 64 Enterococcus strains were isolated from clinic Result: al samples during the study period.The maximum number of Enterococcus isolates were obtained from Exudates 37(57.8%) ,urine 23(35.9%) followed by blood 4(6.2%) .Among Enterococcus species ,E.faecalis 59 (92.2%) and E.faecium 5 (7.8%) was isolated. The isolates from urine and exudates were predominantly resistance to antimicrobials like ampicillin, high level aminoglycoside, ciprofloxacin and sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin and nitrofurantoin for urine samples. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were uniformly sensitive to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Linezolid and Vancomycin. Enterococcus faecium isolates were sensitive to Linezolid and Vancomycin and resistant to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: This study illustrates the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of enterococcus species from various clinical samples . In our study Enterococci did not show resistant to vancomycin.

Mecanismos de expressão de resistência aos antibióticos e saúde pública / Mechanisms of expression of resistance to antibiotics and public health / Mecanismos de expresión de la resistencia a los antibióticos y salud pública

Com o avanço da medicina e o aumento do uso de antimicrobianos, a resistência microbiana vem se tornando um problema sério na saúde pública. Para que uma bactéria se torne resistente, são necessários vários fatores, entre eles, o uso indiscriminado e prolongado de antimicrobianos e as resistências intrínsecas e adquiridas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi explorar os mecanismos de ação dos antimicrobianos, de resistência e a sua importância na saúde pública. Foram utilizadas para a presente pesquisa, as bases de dados Pubmed, Google acadêmico e Scielo. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde define-se resistência ao antibiótico quando o mesmo não produz mais efeito. A inserção cada vez mais frequente de antimicrobianos favorece a resistência, onde provocam uma pressão seletiva sobre os microrganismos, tornando-os resistentes a diversas drogas. O uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos é o principal fator de resistência microbiana, assim como o uso de antimicrobianos sem exame de cultura e teste de sensibilidade. Neste sentido, conclui-se que é de suma importância a atualização de protocolos que contenham os mecanismos de resistência bacteriana a fim de minimizar o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, assim como capacitar os profissionais da saúde para este problema na saúde pública.

With the advance of medicine and the increase in the use of antimicrobials, microbial resistance has become a serious problem in public health. For a bacterium to become resistant, several factors are necessary, among them, the indiscriminate and prolonged use of antimicrobials and the intrinsic and acquired resistance. In this context, the objective of the work was to explore the mechanisms of action of antimicrobials, resistance and their importance in public health. Pubmed, Google academic and Scielo databases were used for this research. According to the World Health Organization, resistance to antibiotics is defined when it no longer has an effect. The increasingly frequent insertion of antimicrobials favors resistance, where they put selective pressure on microorganisms, making them resistant to various drugs. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials is the main factor of microbial resistance, as well as the use of antimicrobials without culture examination and sensitivity test. In this sense, it is concluded that it is extremely important to update protocols that contain the mechanisms of bacterial resistance in order to minimize the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, as well as to train health professionals for this problem in public health.

Con los avances de la medicina y el mayor uso de antimicrobianos, la resistencia microbiana se ha convertido en un grave problema de salud pública. Para que una bacteria se vuelva resistente son necesarios varios factores, entre ellos, el uso indiscriminado y prolongado de antimicrobianos y la resistencia intrínseca y adquirida. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar los mecanismos de acción de los antimicrobianos, la resistencia y su importancia en la salud pública. Para esta investigación se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed, Google Scholar y Scielo. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la resistencia a un antibiótico se define cuando deja de producir efecto. El uso cada vez más frecuente de antimicrobianos favorece la resistencia, ya que provocan una presión selectiva sobre los microorganismos, haciéndolos resistentes a varios fármacos. El uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos es el principal factor de resistencia microbiana, así como el uso de antimicrobianos sin pruebas de cultivo y sensibilidad. En este sentido, se concluye que es de suma importancia actualizar los protocolos que contienen los mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana para minimizar el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, así como capacitar a los profesionales de la salud para este problema en la salud pública.

Relationship between BIM deletion polymorphism and paclitaxel intrinsic resistance in breast cancer / 实用医学杂志

Objective The role of this essay is to explore the relationship of BIM deletion polymorphism and paclitaxel intrinsic resistance in breast cancer. Methods Human breast cancer cell lines were screened by techniques of PCR and gene sequencing to detect BIM deletion polymorphism.MTS was used to detect the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in different cell lines. Meanwhile,levels of BIM mRNA and protein were detected by rtPCR and Western Blot. Results Comparing with the wild type cell line(MCF7),T47D was a deletion cell line with BIM deletion polymorphism and resistant to paclitaxel(T47D vs.MCF-7,IC50>30le vs.IC50=0.16 vs.02 μmol/L). Moreover,the ratio of BIM EXON3 to EXON4 was significantly increased and the level of functional BIM protein was down-regulated in T47D compared with MCF7(P < 0.05). Conclusion BIM deletion polymorphism might initiate intrinsic resistance to paclitaxel therapy in breast cancer.