Avaliação da biodisponibilidade de ferro ingerido por crianças em idade pré-escolar / Evaluation of iron bioavailability in preschool children

The study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of iron ingested by children under six years old. The data were obtained from a population-based crosssectionalstudy aimed to evaluate the effect of flour fortification with ironon anemia in preschool children. The feeding data were obtained from 24-hour recalls. The bioavailability of iron intake was calculated by us ingthe algorithm proposed by Monsen et al. which takes into account the iron stock body, total iron intake, heme iron, nonheme iron, vitamin C and the amount of meat per meal. Among the 4032 of meals studied, 72% had alow iron bioavailability. None of the 774 children studied showed a daily diet with intermediate or high iron bioavailability, which may be partially explained by the deficient consumption of iron and/or by the consumption of food items which facilitate its absorption.

El foco del trabajo fue la evaluación de labio disponibilidad del hierro ingerido por niños menores de seis años de edad. Los datos fueron obtenidos de un estudio transversal de base poblacional que enfocaba valorar el efecto que la fortificación de harinas con hierro ejercía sobrela anemia de niños en edad preescolar. Los datos de la alimentación fueron obtenidos por mediode recordatorios registrados a cada 24 horas con las madres o responsables por los niños. La biodisponibilidad del hierro ingerido fue calculada por medio del algoritmo propuesto por Monsen et al., que considera el estoque corporal de hierro, la ingestión de hierro total; el hierro hemínico (Fe-hem); el hierro no hemínico (Feno-hem), la vitamina C y la cantidad de carne por comida. De las 4032 comidas estudiadas, un 72% presentaron baja disponibilidad de hierro. Ninguno de los 774 niños que fueron estudiados presentó una alimentación diaria con biodisponibilidad de hierro media o alta, lo que puede ser parcialmente explicado por deficiencia en el consumo de hierro y/o de alimentos que son facilitadores de la absorción del mineral.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a biodisponibilidade do ferro ingerido por crianças menores de seis anos de idade. Os dados foram obtidos de estudo transversal de base populacional que avaliou o efeito da fortificação das farinhas com ferro sobre a anemia em pré-escolares. Foram aplicados recordatórios de 24 horas às mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças. A biodisponibilidade do ferro ingerido foi calculada através do algoritmo proposto por Monsen et al. que leva em consideração o estoque corporal de ferro, a ingestão de ferro total; ferro heme; ferro não heme; vitamina C e a quantidade de carne, por refeição. Das 4032 refeições estudadas, 72% apresentaram baixa biodisponibilidade de ferro. Nenhuma das 774 crianças estudadas apresentou alimentação diária com média ou alta biodisponibilidade de ferro, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo consumo deficitáriode ferro e/ou de alimentos facilitadores de sua absorção.

Non-Heme iron availability from Siriraj Hospital diets.

Absorption of nonheme iron has been studied extensively by the use of extrinsic tag radio-labeled iron to meals. Nevertheless, this method is unsuitable for screening large number of meals. The purpose of this study is to determine and compare iron availability from various kinds of meals in laboratory conditions that mimic the human stomach. Three hundred and seventy two common meals from the Siriraj Hospital kitchen were tested. The results of iron availability tests on the 372 Siriraj meals were classified as having low (5.77+2.42%), intermediate (12.42+1.55%), high (17.7+1.44%) and very high (25.8+3.65%) iron availability. Only meals of high and very high iron availability (22.1+4.99%) provided sufficient amounts of iron for the special requirement of teenagers and woman of childbearing age (2.22 to 3.24 mg of Fe per day) while meals of low and intermediate iron availability (8.12+3.84%) provided only 1.02 mg of iron per day. An average amount of estimated iron availability from the 372 meals was 14.12+8.2% of 1.77 mg per day. This was slightly inadequate because 2.06 to 2.15 mg were required per day for the high-risk groups. Results of this study indicated that 42.7% of Siriraj meals adequately provided the physiologic requirement of the high-risk segments of the population, but 57.3% of the meals did not. Improvement of food choices to increase dietary iron intake can be accomplished by including meat, fish or poultry and a source of vitamin C in every meal.

Nutritional Status of Iron of Elderly in Jeon-Ju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 Korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49+/-0.93g/dl, 42.47+/-2.59%, 125.48+/-52,.46 microgram/dl, 338.13+/-45.92 microgram/dl, 193.00+/-125.03 microgram/l in elderly men and 12.82+/-0.99 microgram/dl, 37.66+/-2.90%, 100.08+/-42.82 microgram/dl, 356.41+/-54.65 microgram/dl, and 99.35+/-117.22 microgram/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 microgram/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin360 microgram/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.

Nutritional Status of Iron of Elderly in Jeon-Ju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 Korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49+/-0.93g/dl, 42.47+/-2.59%, 125.48+/-52,.46 microgram/dl, 338.13+/-45.92 microgram/dl, 193.00+/-125.03 microgram/l in elderly men and 12.82+/-0.99 microgram/dl, 37.66+/-2.90%, 100.08+/-42.82 microgram/dl, 356.41+/-54.65 microgram/dl, and 99.35+/-117.22 microgram/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 microgram/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin360 microgram/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.

A Study on Iron Nutritional Status of Girls at Puberty in Kangnung Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status of girls at puberty in Kangnung area. The subjects consisted of 161 adolescents in sixth-grade in primary school and first-grade in middle school girls. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat, and circumferences of waist and hip. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hour recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(FE) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC). Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum ferritin were 13.6+/-0.9g/dl, 39.6+/-3.9%, 91.3+/-36.3 microgram/dl, 327.9+/-45.2 microgram/dl, 28.3+/-11.8% and 37.4+/-24.2ng/ml, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 4.8% when judged by Hb to 18.4% by serum Fe concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.641), serum iron(r=0.266) and transferrin saturation(r=0.237)(p<0.05). On the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.572). Mean daily intake of iron was 14.94mg and heme iron intake was 1.13mg and which was 7.6% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Mosen was 1.38mg and bioavailability of diectary iron was 9.3%. These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency of pubertal girls is very high, therefore the guidelines for diet and social supports, such as, school food service system should be provided to improve their iron status in middle school students.

Assessment of the Intake and Availability of Dietary Iron and Nutrition Knowledge in Pregnant Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to estimate mean daily iron intake and its bioavailability and to assess nutrition knowledge for 144 pregnant women in the last trimester. Serum ferritin concentration was analyzed to estimate their iron stores. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The food frequency questionnaire was used to assess subjects usual food consumption patterns. The mean value of serum ferritin was 21.3+/-15.3ng/ml and 26.4% of the pregnant women had a serum ferritin level<12ng/ml(i.e. depleted iron stores). The mean daily intake of total orin in the pregnant women was 56.5%(17.0 mg) of RDA and heme iron intake was 0.94 mg which was 5.5% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Monsen was 2.41 mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 2.41%. Food frequency test score of meats group was positively correlated(r=0.443) with the bioaavailability of dietary iron. The mean score on the nutrition knowledge test of subjects was 12.76(out of a possible 20 points). These results indicate that the nutritional iron status may be improved by increasing either the amount of iron in the diet or its availability.

Iron Nutritional Status of Female Students in Kangnung National University / 대한지역사회영양학회지

To evaluate iron nutritional status of female college students, fasting blood samples were taken from 76 female students of Kangnung National University. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentrations were measured and transferrin saturation was calculated. Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum freeitin were 13.64+/-1.42g/dl, 40.99+/-4.31%, 103.0+/-33.3 microgram/dl, 395.3+/-9.07 microgram/dl, 26.58+/-9.07%and 26.76+/-17.5ng/ml, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 6.8% when judged by Hct to 26.0% by serum ferritin concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with hematocrit (r=0.5402), serum iron(r=0.2819) and transferrin saturation(r=0.2777)(p<0.05). on the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.3196). Two-day dietary intake records were collected from subjects to estimate mean daily iron intake and bioavailability of dietary iron. Mean daily intake of iron was 13.15 mg and heme iron intake was 0.83 mg which was 6.4% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Monsen was 1.27 mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 9.6%. In the light of high prevalence of iron deficiency based of serum ferritin concentration and low bioavailability of iron in the diet, guidelines about diet should be made to increase the content and bioavailability of iron in the diet if female college students.