Establishing an early warning surveillance system in jails in Calabarzon, the Philippines, 2021

@#The Philippines’ Republic Act 11332 (2020) mandates prisons, jails and detention centres to participate in disease surveillance, but currently no surveillance system exists in these facilities. This report aims to describe the piloting of an early warning disease surveillance system in 21 selected jails in Calabarzon from July to September 2021. Sites were selected based on congestion, proximity to health facilities and logistical capacity. Data sources, collection mechanisms and reporting tools were determined and health personnel were trained in the operation of the system. During the implementation period, the system detected 10 health events, with influenza-like illness and foodborne illness being the most common. Nine of these events were reported within 24 hours. The local health unit provided medications for clinical management and instructed jail nurses on infection prevention and control measures, including active case finding, the isolation of cases and the inspection of food handling. Twelve sites reported over 8 of the 10 weeks, with all sites reporting zero cases promptly. The challenges identified included insufficient workforce, slow internet speed and multitasking. It was concluded that the jail-based early warning surveillance system is feasible and functional, but the perceived benefits of jail management are crucial to the acceptability and ownership of the system. It is recommended to replicate the surveillance system in other penitentiaries nationwide.

Evaluación formativa de dos intervenciones inspiradas en principios restaurativos en centros de reclusión / Formative evaluation of two interventions inspired by restorative principles in detention centers / Avaliação formativa de duas intervenções inspiradas em principios restaurativos em centros de reclusão

Resumen Los principios en los que se basa la justicia restaurativa representan una alternativa con gran potencial transformador para víctimas y victimarios, aunque todavía no es del todo claro cómo aprovechar bien ese potencial. Se presentan dos evaluaciones formativas de intervenciones para personas recluidas por haber cometido delitos. Participaron 7 adolescentes en el estudio 1 y 5 adultos en el estudio 2, todos hombres. La intervención del estudio 1 consistió en 10 sesiones de una hora que incluían un módulo de manejo de la ira adaptado del programa EQUIP y un módulo sobre reparación del daño. La intervención del estudio 2 fue de 6 sesiones focalizadas exclusivamente en reparación del daño. Las intervenciones incluían juegos de roles que simulaban un eventual encuentro entre los participantes y las víctimas de sus agresiones, y cartas a sus víctimas que sabían que no serían enviadas. Se encontró un alto grado de satisfacción e involucramiento de los participantes. Los participantes demostraron empatía por sus víctimas y disposición a reparar el daño, así como un aumento en su reporte de manejo de la ira. Estos dos estudios muestran que es posible aprovechar, en centros de reclusión, el potencial transformador de los principios restaurativos incluso sin reuniones con las víctimas.

Abstract Restorative justice is based on principles which constitute an opportunity with great transformative potential for victims and aggressors alike; although it is not clear yet how to tap that potential. Two formative evaluation of intervention are presented here for individuals held in detention because they have committed offences. Seven adolescents participated in study 1 and five adults took part in study 2, all of whom were men. The intervention in study I consisted of 10 session of 1 hour, which included an anger management module adapted from the EQUIP program and a reparation for damage module. The intervention of study 2 involved six sessions which were exclusively targeted for the reparation of damage. The interventions incorporated role plays that simulate a possible meeting of the participants, their aggression victims and letters to the victims that would not be sent. The study found a high level of participants' satisfaction and involvement; they demonstrated empathy for their victims and willingness for repairing the damage as well as an increase in their anger management report. These studies show that, in detention centers, it is posible to take advantage of the transformative potential of restorative principles even without conducting meetings with the victims.

Resumo Os princípios nos quais se baseia a justiça restaurativa representam uma alternativa com grande potencial transformador para vítimas e vitimizadores, embora não esteja bem claro como tal potencial deva ser aproveitado. Apresentam-se duas avaliações formativas de intervenções para pessoas detidas por terem cometido delitos. No estudo 1, participaram sete adolescentes e, no estudo 2, cinco adultos, todos eles homens. A intervenção do estudo 1 consistiu em dez sessões de uma hora, que incluíam um módulo sobre gerência da raiva, adaptado do programa EQUIP, e um módulo acerca da reparação do dano. A intervenção do estudo 2 resumiu-se a seis sessões, focadas exclusivamente na reparação do dano. As intervenções incluíram jogos de encenação, que simulavam um eventual encontro entre os participantes e as vítimas das suas agressões, e a escrita de cartas a suas vítimas, as quais os autores sabiam que não seriam enviadas. Identificou-se um alto nível de satisfação e envolvimento dos participantes, que demostraram empatia pelas suas vítimas e disposição para reparar o dano, bem como um aumento nos seus relatórios de gerência da raiva. Esses dois estudos mostram que é possível aproveitar, em centros de reclusão, o potencial transformador dos princípios restaurativos, inclusive sem reuniões com as vítimas.

Mujeres extraviadas: psicología y prostitución en la España de postguerra / Stray Women: Psychology and Prostitution in Postwar Spain

La brutal depresión económica en que se sumió la España de postguerra empujó a muchas mujeres a recurrir a la prostitución como único medio de subsistencia. Las autoridades franquistas habían anulado el decreto abolicionista republicano por lo que el comercio sexual era tolerado. Sin embargo, el auge incontrolado de la prostitución hizo reaccionar a las autoridades y se establecieron cárceles especiales para prostitutas. En el presente artículo, se analizan los trabajos de postguerra sobre la psicología de la prostitución de tres personajes situados en instituciones claves de la época: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (Universidad de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Sanidad), Eduardo Martínez Martínez (Clínica Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria de Mujeres) y Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronato de Protección a la Mujer). Los textos de estos tres autores y sus investigaciones sobre prostitutas españolas les llevan a caracterizarlas como afectas innatas de psicopatía sexual, deficiencia mental y amoralidad. Este diagnóstico les conduce a justificar su internamiento en las cárceles especiales para prostitutas, para reforma. De este modo, los trabajos de Vallejo, Martínez y Echalecu fueron instrumentales para la justificación del establecimiento de las cárceles especiales. El marco conceptual de la biopsicología de inspiración alemana se puso al servicio del proyecto social de la biopolítica franquista.

The brutal economic depression in which post-Civil War Spain sank pushed many women to resort to prostitution as their only means of subsistence. The pro-Franco authorities had annulled the republican abolitionist decree and sexual commerce was again tolerated. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled height of prostitution compelled the authorities to react and special jails for "misled" women were created. We analyze the publications of this postwar period related to the psychology of prostitution by three individuals working in key institutions at the time: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (University of Madrid, National Health Council), Eduardo Martinez Martinez (Penitentiary for Women Psychiatric Clinic) and Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronage for the Protection of Women). The publications by these three authors and their investigations on Spanish prostitutes led them to characterize these women as innate chronic sexual psychopaths, with mental deficiency and amorality. This diagnosis was used to justify their confinement for reform in special jails for "fallen" women. In this way, the publications by Vallejo, Martinez and Echalecu y Canino were instrumental to justify the establishment of these special jails. The conceptual frame of the biopsychology of German inspiration was used to service the social project of the pro-Franco biopolitics.

Estado punitivo y control criminal.Cárceles, prisiones y penitenciaríasen Colombia en el siglo XIX / Punitive state and control of criminal activities. Jails, prisons and penitentiaries in Colombia in the 19th century / Estado punitiva e controle criminal. Prisões e penitenciáriasna Colômbia no século XIX

El trabajo comienza citando una serie de reflexiones sobre la prisión y luego presenta el análisis de la historia de la prisión en el periodo republicano en Colombia y cuáles fueron sus principales características, problemáticas y transformaciones durante el siglo XIX. Este análisis pasa por el estudio del sistema penitenciario y carcelario en el periodo federal republicano, y pone énfasis en los casos particulares de los Estados de Antioquia, Santander y Bolívar, al resaltar las diferentes dificultades administrativas y financieras que se presentaron en su aplicación como máximo dispositivo de control social. Finalmente, se analiza el perfil que adoptó el sistema penitenciario y carcelario en el periodo de la Regeneración al final del siglo XIX.

This work begins with a series of reflections followed by an analysis of the history of prisons in Colombia during the Republican period with a description of their main features, problems and transformations in the course of the 19th century. This analysis covers a study of the penitentiary and prison system in the federal republican period and emphasizes the particular cases of the States of Antioquia, Santander and Bolivar by highlighting the different administrative and financial difficulties faced in their application as a maximum social control device. Finally, the profile adopted by the system in the Regeneration period at the end of the 19th century is examined.

O trabalho começa citando uma série de reflexões sobre a prisão e, em seguida, apresenta a análise da história da prisão no período republicano na Colômbia e quais foram suas principais características, problemas e transformações durante o século XIX. Essa análise percorre o estudo do sistema penitenciário e de prisões no período republicano federal e coloca ênfase sobre os casos nos Estados de Antioquia, Santander e Bolívar, para destacar as dificuldades administrativas e financeiras diferentes surgidas na sua aplicação como máximo dispositivo de controle social. Finalmente, se analisa o perfil adotado pelo sistema penitenciário e carcerário, no período da Regeneração no final do século XIX.

Los procesos de subjetivación-desubjetivación en instituciones cerradas / Subjectivation & desubjectivation process in closed institutions

El siguiente texto aparece contextualizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación UBACyT "Análisis de la práctica de la psicología jurídica en relación a los delitos contra la integridad sexual (ley 25087/99) y los derechos sexuales. Dimensiones institucional-organizacional, simbólico-imaginaria e histórico-genealógica" (P423); dirigido por la Lic. Matilde de la Iglesia, incluido en la programación científica 2008-2010 de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencia y Técnica. Se realizará un análisis de la novela "La Ramera Elisa" de Edmundo de Goncourt que apunta, en principio, a redefinir una serie de conceptualizaciones psicologistas y juridicistas íntimamente ligadas a un discurso que busca invisibilizar el carácter de lo sexual en su dimensión política, así como también lograr un encuentro interdiscursivo que sea permeable a los saberes que conforman el imaginario social que interviene veladamente en las prácticas características de las llamadas "instituciones cerradas".

The following text appears here in the context of UBACyT research project P423 "Analysis of the practice of juridical psychology regarding crimes against sexual integrity (law 25087/99) and sexual rights. Institutional-organizational, simbolic-imaginary, and historic-genealogic dimensions."; directed by Lic. Matilde de la Iglesia, and thus included in the University of Buenos Aires´ Department of Science and Techniques 2008-2010 scientific program. This article develops an analysis on Edmond de Goncourt´s novel "La Fille Elisa" from which a series of psychologistics and judiciary preconceptions closely related to the intention of cleansing sexuality from its political dimension can be discussed and redefined. It also attempts to contribute to an interdiscursive encounter, permeable to the particularities that constitute the social-imaginary tissue which underlay the practices and other characteristics of what we define as "closed institutions".

Accesibilidad a los servicios de salud de la población reclusa colombiana: un reto para la salud pública / Accessibility to health services in the prison population in Colombia: a public health challenge

El presente artículo es producto de un estudio realizado con el propósito de sistematizar la información disponible relaciona¬da con la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud de la población reclusa en los centros penitenciarios de Colombia. Para ello, se hizo una revisión bibliográfica y recopilación sistemática del material académico disponible en las principales bibliotecas universitarias de la ciudad de Medellín, en bases de datos cien¬tíficas y en páginas electrónicas de organizaciones nacionales e internacionales que se han ocupado del tema. La información se sistematizó teniendo en cuenta algunos referentes históricos sobre centros penitenciarios y salud, el registro de experiencias en algunos países y la normatividad vigente para la atención en salud de la población reclusa en el caso colombiano. Se con¬cluye que a pesar de que se han realizado avances importantes para garantizar la atención en salud a la población reclusa, en los centros de reclusión aún persisten obstáculos y limitacio¬nes que vulneran el derecho a la salud de esta población. Asi¬mismo, se evidencia que este no ha sido considerado como un problema de salud pública en el país, por lo cual se considera un reto incorporarlo como tal.

This article is the result of a product of a study elaborated with the aim of systematizing the available information related to the accessibility to the health services of the prison popula¬tion in the penitentiary centers. To this end, we reviewed the literature and systematic collection of the academic available material in the principal university libraries in the city of Me¬dellin, scientific databases and the web pages of national and international organizations that have dealt with this topic. The information was systematized considering some histori¬cal references to prisons and health, the record of experiences in some countries and the current regulations for health care in the prison population in the Colombian case. We conclude that although significant progress has been made to ensure health care for the prison population, in the prison there are still obstacles and limitations that infringe the right to health of this population. Likewise, it is evidenced that it has not been considered a public health problem in the country, which it is considered a challenge to incorporate it as such.

A infecção tuberculosa e o tempo de prisão da população carcerária dos Distritos Policiais da zona oeste da cidade de São Paulo / Tuberculosis infection and the length of stay of County Jails prisoners in the western sector of the city of São Paulo

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose sempre foi um grave problema de saúde para grupos de pessoas confinadas, especialmente em presídios, devido à sua transmissão respiratória. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre o tempo de prisão e a taxa de infecção tuberculosa na população carcerária dos Distritos Policiais da zona oeste da cidade de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA:Foi realizado um estudo observacional, no período de março de 2000 a maio de 2001, com a aplicação de um inquérito individual e da prova tuberculínica (PPD-RT23 - 2UT/0.1ml) nos detentos. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Do total de 1.052 presos entrevistados, 932 concordaram em fazer a prova tuberculínica e, destes, 64,5 por cento estavam infectados. Para as análises, os detentos foram classificados como primários e reincidentes e como não reatores e reatores à prova tuberculínica, segundo o tempo de prisão. Entre os 134 detentos primários que estavam presos há menos de 60 dias, 40,3 por cento foram reatores ao PPD e dos 53 com mais de 366 dias de prisão a percentagem de reatores foi de 62,3 por cento. Entre os 146 detentos reincidentes presos há menos de 60 dias, 72,6 por cento foram reatores ao PPD e dos 25 com mais de 366 dias de prisão, 100,0 por cento estava infectado. Em todos os períodos de permanência na prisão, os detentos reincidentes tiveram maior percentagem de infecção tuberculosa do que os detentos primários. A associação entre tempo de prisão e reatividade ao PPD foi confirmada pelo Teste de Tendência (p<0.001) do programa Epi-Info-6. CONCLUSÕES:Quanto maior o tempo de prisão, maior a taxa de infecção tuberculosa. Detentos reincidentes são um risco de infecção para os detentos primários.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis has always been a serious health problem for groups of confined individuals, especially in prisons, due to its respiratory transmission. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between the length of stay in prison and the rate of tuberculosis infection in County Jail prisoners in the western sector of the city of São Paulo. METHODS:An observational study was conducted in 2000 and 2001 by interviewing prisoners and by conducting Tuberculin Skin Test (TST). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of the 1,052 prisoners interviewed, 932 agreed to submit to TST (PPD-RT23 - 2TU/0.1 ml) and of these, 64.5 percent were reactors. For analyses, offenders were classified as first-time or recidivists, and as non- reactors and reactors to TST, according to the length of stay in prison. Among 134 first-time offenders who were imprisoned for less than 60 days, 40.3 percent were positive to TST and of the 53 with more than 366 days in prison, the percentage of reactors was of 62.3 percent. Among 146 recidivists who were imprisoned less than 60 days, 72.6 percent were reactors to TST and of the 25 with more than 366 days in prison, 100.0 percent were infected. In all periods of prison stays, recidivists registered a higher percentage of infectious tuberculosis than first-time offenders. The association between length of stay in prison and reactivity to TST was confirmed by the Epi-Info-6 Program Tendency Test (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:The longer the confinement in prison, the higher the rate of tuberculosis infection. Recidivists are a risk of tuberculosis infection to first-time offenders.