Autologous serum eye drops diluted with 0.5% methylcellulose and 0.9% saline solution: a clinical comparative study / Colírio de soro autólogo diluído com metilcelulose 0,5% e solução salina 0,9%: um estudo clínico comparativo

ABSTRACT Purpose: This clinical study compared autologous serum eye drops diluted with 0.5% methylcellulose and 0.9% saline solution. The subjective criteria for symptom improvement and the objective clinical criteria for response to therapy were evaluated. Methods: This longitudinal prospective study enrolled 23 patients (42 eyes) with persistent epithelial defects or severe dry eye disease refractory to conventional therapy who had been using autologous serum 20% prepared with methylcellulose for > 6 months and started on autologous serum diluted in 0.9% saline solution. The control and intervention groups consisted of the same patients under alternate treatments. The subjective criteria for symptom relief were evaluated using the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire. The objective clinical criteria were evaluated through a slit-lamp examination of the ocular surface, tear breakup time, corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer's test, rose Bengal test, and tear meniscus height. These criteria were evaluated before the diluent was changed and after 30, 90, and 180 days. Results: In total, 42 eyes were analyzed before and after 6 months using autologous serum diluted with 0.9% saline. No significant differences were found in the subjective criteria, tear breakup time, tear meniscus, corneal fluorescein staining, or rose Bengal test. Schirmer's test scores significantly worsened at 30 and 90 days (p=0.008). No complications or adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: This study reinforces the use of autologous serum 20% as a successful treatment for severe dry eye disease resistant to conventional therapy. Autologous serum in 0.9% saline was not inferior to the methylcellulose formulation and is much more cost-effective.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo comparou o colírio de soro au tólogo manipulado com metilcelulose a 0,5% com solução salina 0,9%. Critérios subjetivos de melhora dos sintomas e critérios clínicos objetivos para resposta à terapia foram avaliados. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo longitudinal envolveu 23 pacientes (42 olhos) com defeitos epiteliais persistentes ou doença de olho seco grave refratária à terapia convencional que usavam colírio de soro autólogo 20% preparado com metilcelulose por mais de 6 meses e iniciaram soro autólogo diluído em solução salina 0,9%. Os grupos controle e intervenção consistiam dos mesmos pacientes sob tratamentos alternados. Os critérios subjetivos para o alívio dos sintomas foram avaliados usando o Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire. Os critérios objetivos foram avaliados por meio de exame em lâmpada de fenda incluindo: tempo de ruptura da lágrima, coloração da córnea com fluoresceína, teste de Schirmer, coloração com rosa bengala e altura do menisco lacrimal. Esses critérios foram avaliados antes da troca do diluente e após 30, 90 e 180 dias. Resultados: Um total de 42 olhos foram analisados antes e após 6 meses usando soro autólogo diluído com solução salina 0,9%. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada nos critérios subjetivos, tempo de ruptura da lágrima, menisco lacrimal, coloração com fluoresceína ou rosa bengala. Os resultados dos testes de Schirmer pioraram significativamente em 30 e 90 dias (p=0,008). Não foram observadas complicações ou efeitos adversos. Conclusões: Este estudo reforça o uso do colírio de soro autólogo 20% como um tratamento de sucesso para a doença do olho seco grave resistente à terapia convencional. O soro autólogo diluído em solução salina a 0,9% não foi inferior à formulação de metilcelulose.

Comparison of strip meniscometry and Schirmer tear test results and tear film breakup time between healthy dogs and dogs with dry eye disease / Comparação entre o teste de meniscometria em tira, o teste lacrimal de Schirmer e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal em cães normais e com olho seco

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare strip meniscometry and Schirmer tear test 1 results and tear film breakup time between dogs with normal eyes and dogs diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Methods: One-hundred fifty-six eyes of 78 dogs, 88 normal eyes, and 68 eyes diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were included in the study. The tests were performed in the following sequence: Schirmer tear test 1 was used to allocate the dogs to the normal or keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, followed by the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time measurement. Results: The results (mean ± standard deviation) of the tests in the normal group were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 22.75 ± 3.88 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 10.01 ± 2.35 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 25.82 ± 5.47 sec. In the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, the results were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 6.10 ± 4.44 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 3.03 ± 2.62 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 10.78 ± 4.23 sec. The Spearman correlation coefficient in the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group was very high, with a significant difference between the strip meniscometry test and Schirmer tear test 1 (r=0.848, p<0.001), and moderate and significant between the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time (r=0.773, p<0.001). The cutoff for the strip meniscometry test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca was 7.0 mm/5 sec. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was suspected when the values were <10 mm/5 sec. Conclusions: This study provided strip meniscometry test values from dogs with normal eyes and eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with high sensitivity and specificity compared with those of the Schirmer tear test 1. In the future, the strip meniscometry test may be another important quantitative test and could complement the gold standard Schirmer tear test for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, an excellent animal model for the study of the disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o teste de meniscometria em tira com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, em cães com olhos normais e cães com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Métodos: Cento e cinquenta e seis olhos de 78 cães, 88 olhos normais e 68 olhos com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Os testes foram realizados na seguinte sequência: o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 foi utilizado para alocar os cães no grupo normal ou no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca, seguido pelo teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal. Resultados: As médias e desvios-padrão para os olhos normais foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 22,75 ± 3,88 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 10,01 ± 2,35 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 25,82 ± 5,47 seg; e para os olhos do grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 6,10 ± 4,44 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 3,03 ± 2,62 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 10,78 ± 4,23 seg. O teste de correlação de Spearman no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foi muito alto, com diferença significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (r=0,848, p<0,001), moderada e significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (r=0,773, p<0,001). O cut-off para teste de meniscometria em tira para ceratoconjuntivite seca foi identificado em 7,0 mm / 5 seg, valores abaixo de 10 mm / 5 seg podem ser considerados suspeitos para KCS. Conclusões: Este estudo forneceu valores de teste de meniscometria em tira em olhos normais e com ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, revelando alta sensibilidade e especificidade em comparação com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1. No futuro, o teste de meniscometria em tira pode ser outro teste quantitativo importante e pode complementar o teste lacrimal de Schirmer padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, um excelente modelo animal para o estudo de ceratoconjuntivite seca.

Sindrome de Sjögren: una revisión de la literatura / Sjögren's syndrome: A review of the literature

El síndrome de Sjögren es un trastorno crónico autoinmune que afecta a las glándulas secretoras, principalmente salivales y lagrimales; además, puede presentar manifestaciones sistémicas extraglandulares. El objetivo de esta revisión fue revisar la literatura sobre los aspectos generales del síndrome de Sjögren, para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos entre el 15 de enero y el 15 de marzo del 2020, en donde se obtuvieron 29 artículos sobre los cuales se hizo la revisión. El síndrome de Sjögren tiene una importante prevalencia entre las enfermedades autoinmunes más comunes, caracterizada por presentar xerostomía y xeroftalmia. Los criterios diagnósticos tienen alta sensibilidad y especificidad y su tratamiento es sintomático.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the secretory glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands; and also can present extraglandular systemic manifestations. The objective of this review was to check the literature about the general aspects of Sjorgen's syndrome, for which a search of the literature was carried out between January 15 to March 15, 2020, 29 articles were obtained on which did the review. Sjögren's syndrome is highly prevalent among the most common autoimmune diseases, characterized by xerostomia and xerophthalmia. The diagnostic criteria have high sensitivity and specificity, and their treatment is symptomatic.

Eye diseases associated with psoriatic arthritis in the Amazon / Achados oftalmológicos em pacientes com artrite psoriásica na região Amazônica

ABSTRACT Purpose: Ocular disorders are among the most frequent manifestations of psoriatic arthritis. The incidence, type, and severity of these disorders may be influenced by genetics, local environmental factors, and access to ophthalmic treatment. Here we describe the ocular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis among denizens of the Amazon region of Para, Brazil, treated by the rheumatology service of Universidade do Estado do Pará. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 23 psoriatic arthritis patients (median age 47.78 years, no sex predominance) diagnosed according to Caspar's criteria. Disease activity was evaluated according to the Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis. Ophthalmological examinations performed included visual acuity with distance correction, biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, fundoscopy, Schirmer test I, tear breakup time, fluorescein staining, and lissamine green staining. Patients also completed The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Results: The most common ophthalmic disorders were dry eye (60.9%), cataracts (56.5%), blepharitis (47.8%), keratitis (43.5%), meibomitis (30.4%), pterygium (26, 1%), and pinguecula (13%). More than half of all patients demonstrated recent onset (>5 years), the peripheral disease type, and severe symptoms according to Clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis. Conclusion: The ocular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis are varied and mainly affect the ocular surface. Regular ophthalmological follow-up is recommended for patients in the early stage with high disease activity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as manifestações oftalmológicas observadas em pacientes com artrite psoriásica atendidos no Serviço de Reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Métodos: Estudo transversal. A amostra foi composta por 23 pacientes com artrite psoriásica, segundo os critérios de Caspar, atendidos no ambulatório de reumatologia da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Para avaliação da atividade de doença foi aplicado o Clinical Disease Activity index for Psoriatic Arthritis e, posteriormente, foi realizado o exame oftalmológico (acuidade visual com correção para distância, biomicroscopia, tonometria de aplanação de Goldmann, fundoscopia, teste de Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, lissamina verde e questionário The Ocular Surface Disease Index). Resultados: Nesta pesquisa não houve predomínio entre os sexos e a população tinha uma mediana de idade de 47,78 anos. As manifestações mais comuns foram olho seco (60,9%), catarata (56,5%), blefarite (47,8%), ceratite (43,5%), meibomite (30,4%) e pterígio (26,1%). Conclusão: As manifestações oculares encontradas em pacientes com artrite psoriásica são variadas e afetam sobretudo a superfície ocular; no entanto, são clinicamente subestimadas; por isso recomenda-se o acompanhamento oftalmológico regular e periódico para pacientes com artrite psoriásica.

Manifestações oculares da artrite reumatoide e positividade de autoanticorpos: uma revisão sistemática / Ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis and autoantibodies positivity: a systematic review

Contexto: As manifestações oculares da artrite reumatoide representam cerca de 40% das manifestações extra-articulares, acarretando comprometimento da qualidade de vida. O fator reumatoide e o anticorpo contra peptídeos citrulinados cíclicos são marcadores sorológicos para diagnóstico laboratorial da doença. Objetivo: Identificar as principais manifestações oculares da artrite reumatoide e a sua relação com a positividade do fator reumatoide e anticorpo contra peptideos citrulinados cíclicos, através de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática foi conduzida nas bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e SciELO, até janeiro de 2018. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram aplicados e dados dos estudos selecionados foram extraídos e organizados em tabelas e gráficos. Avaliação metodológica e análise estatística, incluindo duas meta-análises, foram realizadas. Os estudos selecionados foram armazenados no Software Endnote X8 versão student (Serial Number: 3151802521 e Product Key: L899B-8N8FJ-SX9JW-BEQ58-U9HCD). Análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o Software Review Manager versão 5.3 (software gratuito). Resultados: Dos 1.985 estudos encontrados através da busca em bases de dados, quatro estudos foram incluídos. A síndrome sicca e síndrome de Sjögren secundária representaram cerca de 50% das manifestações oculares. Meta-análises aplicadas em dois estudos não identificaram associação de risco estatisticamente significativa entre o anticorpo contra peptideos citrulinados cíclicos e fator reumatoide e o desenvolvimento de manifestações oculares. Conclusão: As manifestações oculares da Artrite Reumatoide correspondem à significativa parcela das manifestações extra-articulares. No entanto, não foram constatadas associação de risco entre autoanticorpos e tais manifestações. [au]

Background: Ocular involvement represents about 40% of extra-articular manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis, pointing to impairment in patients' quality of life. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor are serological markers to laboratorial diagnosis of disease. Objective: Identify main ocular manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis and its relationship between positivity of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, through a Systematic Review of literature. Methods: Systematic Review was conducted on database search, including: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SciELO until January, 2018. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and data of select studies were extracted and organized in tables and graphics. Methodological appraisal and statistical analysis, including meta-analyses, were performed. Selected studies were stored in software Endnote X8 student (Serial Number: 3151802521 e Product Key: L899B-8N8FJ-SX9JW-BEQ58-U9HCD). Statistical analyses were performed with Review Manager software version 5.3 (free software). Results: From 1,985 studies found by database search, four studies were selected and analyzed. Sicca syndrome and secondary Sjögren's syndrome represented about 50% of ocular manifestations. Meta-analyses applied in two studies demonstrated no statistical significative risk association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and development of ocular manifestations. Conclusion: From extra-articular manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis, ocular manifestations correspond to a significative amount. Nevertheless, there were no statistical significative risk association between autoantibodies and these manifestations. [au]

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y oftalmológicas de pacientes con queratoconjuntivitis seca / Epidemiological, clinical and ophthalmologic characteristics of patients with keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Introducción: La queratoconjuntivitis seca es una enfermedad de causa multifactorial, que afecta la producción de lágrimas y la superficie ocular, a la vez que ocasiona malestar, visión borrosa e inestabilidad de la película lagrimal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de queratoconjuntivitis seca, atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta julio de 2020. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con queratoconjuntivitis seca según variables epidemiológicas clínicas y oftalmológicas. Resultados: En la serie predominaron las féminas (66,0 %), los pacientes mayores de 60 años (40,0 %), la lectura excesiva como factor de riesgo (42,0 %), la irritación, la fatiga ocular y la visión borrosa como criterios diagnósticos, además de la disminución del tiempo de rotura de la película lagrimal en 68,0 % de la muestra, entre otros resultados. Conclusión: La queratoconjuntivitis seca, desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico fue similar a lo descrito en la bibliografía especializada en cuanto a los grupos de edades, sexo y principales síntomas descritos.

Introduction: The keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a disease of multifactorial cause that affects the production of tears and the ocular surface, at the same time that causes discomfort, blurred vision and instability of the lacrimal thin layer. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 50 patients with diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, assisted in the Ophthalmolgic Center of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to July, 2020. Objective: To characterize patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca according to clinical, epidemiologic and ophthalmologic variables. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the females (66.0 %), patients over 60 years (40.0 %), excessive reading as risk factor (42.0 %), irritation, ocular fatigue and blurred vision as diagnostic criteria, besides the decrease of the lacrimal thin layer break up time in 68.0 % of the sample, among other results. Conclusion: The keratoconjunctivitis sicca was similar to that described in the specialized literature review as for the age groups, sex and main described symptoms from the clinical and epidemiologic points of view.

Puntaje de tinción ocular en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Sjögren en una institución de salud en Medellín, Colombia / Ocular staining score in patients diagnosed with Sjögren syndrome in a health institution in Medellín, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune asociada a múltiples factores, tanto genéticos como ambientales, que afecta principalmente a las glándulas salivales y lagrimales con infiltración celular de estas, lo cual causa síntomas secos. Con frecuencia se describe la queratoconjuntivitis sicca y sus complicaciones. Sus criterios clasificatorios han cambiado a lo largo de los años por la diversidad de los órganos implicados y los espectros clínicos de la enfermedad. Hoy se cuenta con parámetros clínicos y paraclínicos para su identificación; uno de estos, el puntaje de tinción ocular ocular staining score (OSS, por sus siglas en inglés), estandarizado a partir de la cohorte SICCA. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos en la evaluación ocular, el resultado de las pruebas que hacen parte del OSS y las características clínicas de los criterios clasificatorios en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren en el servicio de consulta externa de reumatología de un hospital universitario en el noroccidente colombiano. Método: Se condujo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se describieron las características de los criterios clasificatorios del síndrome de Sjögren, incluyendo el puntaje de tinción ocular durante un año. Se realizaron las pruebas clínicas y tinciones oculares estandarizadas, evaluando características de la superficie ocular, producción lagrimal y tinciones con verde lisamina y fluoresceína sobre la conjuntiva y la córnea. Según los hallazgos se asignó una puntuación a cada parámetro para evaluar positividad, de acuerdo con el estándar clasificatorio. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron por medio de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y las cuantitativas como mediana y rango intercuartílico (P25-P75), según la distribución de los datos. Se empleó el paquete estadístico Epidat, versión 4.2. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 pacientes. Los síntomas de ojo seco estuvieron presentes en el 89,2% de ellos; un 96,4% tuvo hallazgos positivos en el examen ocular y el 78,5% alcanzó un puntaje a favor de los criterios clasificatorios en la evaluación del OSS. La mediana del OSS fue 6,14; los anticuerpos anti-Ro fueron positivos en un 57,1%. Conclusión: La evaluación ocular por medio de pruebas objetivas es un método sencillo y reproducible en los pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren. Los índices más afectados fueron aquellos de disminución en la producción lagrimal. Las tinciones oculares no tuvieron una relación directa con la positivad de anticuerpos ni del factor reumatoide.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease associated with multiple genetic and environmental factors. It mainly affects the salivary and lacrimal glands with cellular infiltration leading to dry eye symptoms, with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and its complications often being described. Its classification criteria have changed over the years, due to the diversity in the organs involved and clinical spectrum of the disease. Today, there are clinical and para-clinical parameters for its identification. One of these is the ocular staining score (OSS), standardised from the SICCA cohort. Objective: To describe the findings in the ocular evaluation, the results of the tests of the OSS, and the clinical characteristics of the classification criteria in patients with Sjögren syndrome in the outpatient service of Rheumatology Outpatient Department a university hospital in north-western Colombia. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. The characteristics of the Sjögren syndrome classification criteria were described, including the OSS score for one year. Clinical tests and standardised ocular stains were performed, evaluating characteristics of the ocular surface, tearproduction, and lissamine green and fluorescein stains on the conjunctiva and cornea, assigning, according to the findings, a score to each parameter in order to assess positivity according to the classification standard. The qualitative variables were expressed by means of absolute and relative frequencies, and the quantitative ones as the median and interquartile range (P25-P75), according to the distribution of the data. Epidat statistical package, version 4.2, was used. Results: A total of 28 patients were included. Dry eye symptoms were present in 89.2%, 96.4% had positive findings in the eye examination, and 78.5% had a score on the OSS according to the classification criteria. The median OSS was 6.14, and anti-Ro antibodies were positive in 57.1%. Conclusion: Eye evaluation by objective tests is a simple and reproducible method in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. The most affected indices were those of a decrease in tearproduction. The ocular stains did not have a direct relationship with the positivity of antibodies, nor rheumatoid factor.

Diagnóstico diferencial dentro del espectro del síndrome de Sjögren / Differential diagnosis within the spectrum of Sjögren's syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica caracterizada clínicamente por ojo y boca secos, acompañados de manifestaciones extraglandulares como edema de glándulas submandibulares y parotidomegalia. La prevalencia varía en diferentes estudios epidemiológicos del 5 al 30%, dependiendo de la población estudiada. La xeroftalmia es más común en mujeres y su frecuencia incrementa con la edad. Cuando evaluamos un paciente con síndrome de Sjögren, debemos tener en cuenta diagnósticos diferenciales que pueden simular esta patología, como causas locales, sistémicas que incluyen metabólicas, infecciosas, medicamentosas, infiltrativas y malignas. Es necesario el estudio de otras causas para decidir si la terapia dirigida puede ser benéfica y evitar riesgos de eventos adversos en pacientes con síndrome sicca no autoinmune. Se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre los diagnósticos diferenciales en el espectro de paciente con síndrome seco a través de búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed y Google Scholar.

ABSTRACT Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease clinically characterised by dry eye and mouth accompanied by extra-glandular manifestations such as oedema of the sub-mandibular glands and parotidomegaly. The prevalence of dry eye varies from 5% to 30% in different epidemiological studies, depending on the studied population. Xerophthalmia is more common in women and its frequency increases with age. When evaluating a patient with Sjogrens syndrome, differential diagnoses with disease that can simulate this pathology must be taken into account, such as local, systemic causes that include metabolic, infectious, medicinal, infiltrative, and malignancy. The study of other causes is necessary to decide whether targeted therapy can be beneficial and avoid risks of adverse events in patients with non-autoimmune sicca syndrome. A narrative review was conducted on the differential diagnoses in the spectrum of patients with 'dry syndrome' using a literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e concentração inibitória mínima de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis ​​(Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.(AU)

Revisiting Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1: prevalence, clinical aspects and proviral load

ABSTRACT Background: The prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) (HTLV-1/KCS) has been estimated at around 37%, but its clinical manifestations are poorly described. Purpose: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of HTLV-1/KCS in a large cohort of HTLV-1-infected individuals living in Salvador, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2004 and September 2017 at the Integrative and Multidisciplinary Center for HTLV in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil. Data from 758 HTLV-1-infected patients was collected. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed in both eyes. Lacrimal function was evaluated by breakup time, Rose Bengal and Schirmer I Tests. KCS diagnosis was considered in the presence of at least two out of three positive tests. HTLV-1 proviral load Crude and Adjusted Prevalence Rates (PR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were estimated using multivariate Poisson Regression with robust error variance. Results: The overall prevalence of KCS was 31.7%, with higher rates observed in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients (crude PR: 1.84; CI95%: 1.50-2.26) even after adjusting for age, sex, time of HTLV-1 diagnosis and schooling (adjusted PR: 1.63; CI95%: 1.31-2.02). Proviral load, low corrected visual acuity, burning and/or pain and itching were all significantly higher in patients with KCS. Conclusion: Burning and/or pain and itching and low corrected visual acuity were the most common alterations of HTLV-1/KCS. High Proviral load was found to be associated with the presence of KCS. It is strongly recommended that HTLV-1 patients undergo periodic ophthalmologic examination to promote the early diagnosis of KCS and prevent the consequences associated with dry eye disease.

Doença do Enxerto-versus-hospedeiro ocular: Revisão / Graft-versus-Host Disease: Review

Resumo Doença do Enxerto-versus-hospedeiro (do inglês Graft-versus-Host Disease - GVHD) é uma complicação importante e com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos ao transplante alogênico de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. O acometimento ocular, denominado GVHD ocular, pode acometer todas as estruturas dos olhos, porém a unidade lacrimal (glândulas lacrimais e superfície ocular) é o principal alvo da resposta inflamatória mediada por células T doadas. O desenvolvimento de doença do olho seco grave é a principal manifestação clínica ocular, e a associação de diversas opções terapêuticas se faz necessário. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as manifestações clínicas, os critérios diagnósticos, o impacto na qualidade de vida, o tratamento atual e as perspectivas desta doença, que precisa de um acompanhamento multidisciplinar.

Abstract Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) is a major complication with high morbidity and mortality rates on patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The ocular involvement, named ocular GVHD, may affect all structures of the eyes, but the lacrimal unit (lacrimal glands and ocular surface) is the main target of the inflammatory response mediated by the donor T cells. The development of dry eye disease is the main clinical ocular manifestation, and the association of a variety of therapeutics options is necessary. The aim of the review is to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, impact in quality of life, the current treatment and future perspectives of this disease that demands a multidisciplinary follow-up.

Oral omega 3 in different proportions of EPA, DHA, and antioxidants as adjuvant in treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs / Ômega 3 oral em diferentes proporções de EPA, DHA e antioxidantes como adjuvante no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the efficacy of 0.03% to­pical tacrolimus in combination with oral omega (ω) 3 with different ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and antioxidants as adjuvant in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. Methods: Forty-five dogs with KCS were evaluated monthly for 6 months. Evaluations included performance of the Schirmer tear, fluorescein, and lissamine green tests. Tear film break-up time (TBUT) was assessed. Conjunctival cytology was evaluated at the beginning, middle, and end of the study. Conjunctiva was biopsied at the beginning and end of the study. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (n=15): Group T (topical tacrolimus 0.03%), Group TO (topical tacrolimus + ω-1.5 EPA: 1 DHA), or Group TOA (topical tacrolimus + ω-1 EPA:4.5 DHA + antioxidants). Results: There was a significant improvement in clinical signs in all groups. TBUT increased throughout treatment in all groups; this effect was most pronounced in Group TO. Cytological analysis performed at the end of the study period, showed decreased levels of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and metaplastic and squamous cells in Groups T, TO, and TOA. Histological analysis performed at the end of the study period showed decreased levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased levels of goblet cells. These effects were most pronounced in Group TO. Conclusion: Oral treatment with ω-3 containing a higher proportion of EPA than DHA increased the effectiveness of topical tacrolimus 0.03% in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia do tacrolimus 0,03% tópico associado ao ômega 3 oral, com diferentes proporções de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA), ácidos docosa-hexaenoicos (DHA) e antioxidantes, como adjuvante no tratamento de cães acometidos por ceratoconjuntivite seca. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da UNOESTE portadores de ceratoconjuntivite seca foram avaliados mensalmente por 6 meses pelo Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer, Teste de Fluoresceína, Tempo de Ruptura do Filme Lacrimal, Teste de Rosa Bengala, citologia da conjuntiva no início, meio e fim do projeto e biopsia da conjuntiva no início e final do projeto. Os cães foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=15): grupo T (tacrolimus 0,03% tópico), grupo TO (tacrolimus + ômegas 1.5 EPA/1 DHA oral) e grupo TOA (tacrolimus + ômegas 1 EPA/4,5 DHA + antioxidantes oral). Resultados: Houve uma melhora significativa nos sinais clínicos em ambos os grupos. No tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal todos os grupos apresentaram aumento no decorrer do tratamento, sendo que o grupo TO foi o que apresentou melhor resultado em todos momentos quando comparado aos demais grupos. Ao final do experimento, os grupos T, TO e TOA apresentaram na análise citológica, diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos, células metaplásicas e escamosas, e na análise histopatológica, diminuição de linfócitos e neutrófilos e aumento das células caliciformes, com o grupo TO com melhor desempenho. Conclusão: O tratamento oral com ω-3 contendo uma maior proporção de EPA do que o DHA aumentou a eficácia do tacrolimus tópico 0,03% no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite sicca em cães.

Comparison of the efficacy of 0. 03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in olive oil and linseed oil for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs / Comparação do colírio tacrolimus 0, 03% em óleo de oliva e linhaça no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the efficacy of 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in two different vehicles (linseed oil and olive oil) for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. Methods: This study included 60 dogs. Of this group, 20 were healthy and allocated to the control group, and 40 were diagnosed with bilateral KCS and randomly allocated to either the TO (tacrolimus in olive oil) or the TL (tacrolimus in linseed oil) groups. Ophthalmic examinations, Schirmer Tear Test-1 (STT-1), Tear Film Break-up Time (TBUT) and Fluorescein Test (FT) were carried out monthly, along with cytological and histopathological examinations at the beginning and end of the study. Results: The clinical signs, corneal ulcers, Schirmer Tear Test-1 values, and Tear Film Break-up Time values improved in both groups after one month of treatment. Cytological examination at the end of the study showed decreased lymphocytes, neutrophil, metaplastic, and squamous cell counts in both groups, while the histopathological analysis showed decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils and an increase in goblet cell density (cells/mm2). The decreases in neutrophil count were more significant (p<0.05) in the TL group for both types of examination. Conclusion: In sum, 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops diluted in olive oil and linseed oil were effective in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. None of the evaluated parameters differed significantly between the two groups, except for neutrophil count which was significantly lower in the TL group. Thus, linseed oil may be considered as an alternative diluent for tacrolimus eye drops.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia do tacrolimus 0,03% colírio, diluído em óleo de linhaça e óleo de oliva, no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães. Métodos: Foram utilizados 60 cães; 20 cães saudáveis como grupo controle, e 40 cães com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca bilateral, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Tacrolimus em óleo de oliva (TO) e Tacrolimus em óleo de semente de linhaça (TL). Os animais foram avaliados mensalmente com exames oftálmicos, Teste lacrimal de Schirmer-1 (TLS-1), Tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) e Teste de Fluoresceína (TF), e mensalmente com citologia conjuntival e com exame histopatológico no início e final do estudo. Resultados: Nos dois grupos de tratamento os sinais clínicos, Teste lacrimal de Schirmer-1, óleo de semente de linhaça e Tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal apresentaram melhora após um mês de tratamento. E no final do estudo, na análise citológica, ambos apresentaram diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos, células metaplásicas e células escamosas, e na análise histopatológica houve diminuição de linfócitos, neutrófilos e o aumento de células caliciformes. No grupo óleo de semente de linhaça, a diminuição de neutrófilos foi mais significativa (p<0,05) em ambas análises. Conclusão: Em suma, tacrolimus 0,03% colírio diluído em óleo de oliva e óleo de linhaça foram eficientes no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados diferiu significativamente entre os dois grupos, exceto a contagem de neutrófilos, que foi significativamente menor no grupo TL. Assim, o óleo de linhaça pode ser considerado como um diluente alternativo para o colírio tacrolimus.

Dry Eye Syndrome in Intensive Care Units: a concept analysis / Ojo Seco en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva: un análisis de concepto / Olho Seco em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: uma análise de conceito

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyse the concept of Dry Eye Syndrome in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU). Method: This is a concept analysis, according to Walker's and Avant's method, conducted using an integrative review, through search in the database. Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane and Web of Science. The following keywords were used: "Keratoconjuntivite Sicca", "Risk Factors", "Dry eye Syndromes" and "Intensive Care Units". After selection, 85 articles have been kept. Results: Antecedents found: age, lagophthalmos, environmental factors, use of medications, systemic diseases, mechanical ventilation and eye surgeries. Attributes: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, Schirmer's test I < 10 mm, Schirmer's test II < 5 mm and signs and symptoms. Consequents: eye damage and discomfort; unstable vision. The Model Case and the Contrary Case were used to illustrate it. Conclusion: The research provided clarification of the concept and consequent understanding of the Dry Eye Syndrome, which is preventable especially in ICU.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el concepto del Ojo Seco en pacientes hospitalizados en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Esto es un análisis de concepto, según el método de Walker y Avant, operacionalizado mediante revisión integrativa por medio de la búsqueda en las bases de datos: Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Web of Science. Fueron utilizados los descriptores: "Queratoconjuntivitis Seca", "Factores de Riesgo", "Síndromes del Ojo Seco" y "Unidades de Terapia Intensiva". Después de la selección, resultaron 85 artículos. Resultados: Identificamos como antecedentes: edad, lagoftalmia, factores ambientales, uso de medicamentos, enfermedades sistémicas, ventilación mecánica y cirugías oftalmológicas. Atributos: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, test de Schirmer I < 10 mm, test de Schirmer II < 5 mm y señales y síntomas. Consecuencias: daño e incomodidad a la superficie ocular, inestabilidad visual. Como representación se presentó el Caso Modelo y el Caso Contrario. Conclusión: El estudio posibilitó clarificación del concepto y consecuente entendimiento del fenómeno, lo cual es evitable, sobre todo en la UTI.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de Olho Seco em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Trata-se de uma análise de conceito, segundo método de Walker e Avant, operacionalizada mediante revisão integrativa por meio da busca nas bases de dados: Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Web of Science. Foram utilizados os descritores: "Keratoconjuntivite Sicca", "Risk Factors", "Dry eye Syndromes" e "Intensive Care Units". Após seleção, resultaram 85 artigos. Resultados: Identificaram-se como antecedentes: idade, lagoftalmia, fatores ambientais, uso de medicamentos, doenças sistêmicas, ventilação mecânica e cirurgias oftálmicas. Atributos: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, teste de Schimer I < 10 mm, teste de Schimer II < 5 mm e sinais e sintomas. Consequentes: dano e desconforto à superfície ocular, instabilidade visual. Como ilustração apresentaram-se o Caso Modelo e o Caso Contrário. Conclusão: O estudo promoveu clarificação do conceito e consequente entendimento do fenômeno, o qual é evitável, sobretudo na UTI.

Efficacy and safety of pranoprofen in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM:To investigate the effect and safety of pranoprofen treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. · METHODS: Totally 100 cases ( 200 eyes ) of keratoconjunctivitis sicca treated in our hospital in January 2014 to May 2016 were divided into control group and study group according to different treatment methods. The patients in the control group were treated with artificial tear and the patients in the study group were treated with artificial tear combined with pranoprofen eye drops. The clinical effects of the two groups were observed and analyzed. ·RESULTS:In the study group,20 cases (40 eyes) were cured, 26 cases (52 eyes) were effective. The total effective rate was 92.0% higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The symptoms,BUT and FL scores of two groups after treatment were better than before treatment (P<0.05),but SIT score was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The symptoms and FL scores of study group after treatment were lower than those of the control group after treatment, the BUT score was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the two groups were lower than those before treatment,and the levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0. 05). the difference of patients with adverse reactions between two groups was not statistically significant (P=1.00). ·CONCLUSION: Pranoprofen has a significant effect on the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, can improve symptoms and signs, control the infection, with high safety.

Algorithm for dry eye disease diagnosis in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 / Algoritmo para o diagnóstico da doença do olho seco em indivíduos infectados com vírus linfotrópico de células-T humanas tipo 1

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of lacrimal film tests and propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of dry eye disease in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Methods: Ninety-six patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 were enrolled in the study. To assess clinical complaints, patients completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. To evaluate lacrimal film quality, patients underwent the tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Rose Bengal staining. Dry eye disease was diagnosed when at least two of the three test results were abnormal. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy of the questionnaire as well as of each test alone and combined in parallel and in series were determined. Results: The most sensitive test was the tear breakup time test (98%), whereas the most specific was the Schirmer I test (100%). Rose Bengal staining had the highest overall accuracy (88.64%), whereas the Ocular Surface Disease Index had the lowest overall accuracy (62.65%). The tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index combined in parallel showed increased sensitivity and decreased specificity for all tests. In contrast, when combined in series, these tests demonstrated increased specificity and decreased sensitivity. Conclusion: This study shows the need to use multiple tests to evaluate tear film quality and include a symptom questionnaire as part of the diagnostic algorithm for dry eye disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a precisão da propedêutica do filme lacrimal e propor um algoritmo para o diagnóstico da doença do olho seco em indivíduos infectados com Vírus linfotrópico de células-T humanas tipo 1. Métodos: Noventa e seis pacientes infectados com o vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 foram incluídos no estudo. Para avaliar sintomatologia, os pacientes responderam o questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular. A fim de avaliar a qualidade do filme lacrimal, os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e coloração com Rosa Bengala. A doença do olho seco foi diagnosticada quando, pelo menos, dois dos testes ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e coloração com Rosa Bengala) eram anormais. Foram determinados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo e acurácia do questionário e de cada teste sozinho e combinados em paralelo e em série. Resultados: O teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal foi o mais sensível (98%) e o teste de Schirmer I foi o mais específico (100%). A maior acurácia foi encontrada no teste de coloração com Rosa Bengala (88,64%), enquanto sintomas avaliados usando o questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular teve a menor acurácia geral (62,65%). O teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I e Questionário de Doença da Superfície Ocular quando combinados em paralelo mostraram um aumento da sensibilidade e uma diminuição na especificidade de todos os testes. Por outro lado, combinados em série, teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal, Schirmer I e questionário Índice para Doenças da Superfície Ocular tiveram um aumento na especificidade e sensibilidade diminuída. Conclusão: Este estudo apontou a necessidade de utilizar mais do que um teste para avaliar a qualidade do filme lacrimal, bem como utilizar um questionário de sintomas como parte do algoritmo de diagnóstico para doença do olho seco.

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos (2005-2015) / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs in dogs and cats (2005-2015)

Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.(AU)

This study aimed to carry out the clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs from dogs and cats, surgical removed as clinical indication between 2005-2015. Hundred-one procedures were performed, 93 enucleations (92%) and 8 exenterantions (8%). The procedures were performed on 80 dogs (79% of cases) and 21 cats (21% of cases). The dogs underwent to surgery had ocular perfuration (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), ocular protrusion (n=13, 16%), diagnosis suggestive of neoplasia (n=10, 12, 5%) and other (n=3, 2.97%). Among the clinical diagnosis cats comprise ocular perforation (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14.2%), microphthalmia (n=3, 14.2%), suggestive of neoplasia (n=2, 9.5%), ocular protrusion (n=2, 9.5%) and other (n=2, 9.5%). Twenty-seven samples of ocular bulbs were sent for histopathologic evaluation in Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, being 23 from dogs and four cats. Among the samples of dogs, seven exhibited histopathologic findings compatible with glaucoma, seven ocular perforations, six had intraocular neoplasias, two panoftalmites and condition of Phthisis bulbi. The ocular bulbs of cats received the diagnosis of two intraocular neoplasias, one microphthalmia and ocular perforation. It was found that the secondary glaucoma and ocular perforations are among the leading causes of enucleation in dogs, and associated with primary disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and uveitis. These disorders, unlike neoplasia, may have therapeutic success through early diagnosis and treatment, preventing blindness and removal of the eyeball.(AU)

Are Serum Vitamin D Levels Associated With Dry Eye Disease? Results From the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly important public health problem in Korea. Previous studies conducted in Korea have reported inconsistent results regarding the protective effects of vitamin D on DED, and these discrepancies may be related to the relatively simple questionnaire that has been used. Thus, we evaluated the association of serum vitamin D levels with DED using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI). METHODS: The present study evaluated data from participants in the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease (2014-2015). This group included data from 752 participants, and data from 740 participants (253 men and 487 women) were analyzed in the present study. DED severity was evaluated using the OSDI. RESULTS: Higher serum vitamin D levels were associated with a non-significantly reduced risk of DED in the crude analysis (odds ratio [OR], 0.991; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.971 to 1.011) and in the adjusted analysis (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.966 to 1.010). In the crude analysis of no/mild DED vs. moderate/severe DED, men exhibited a decreased risk with increasing serum vitamin D levels (OR, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.950 to 1.051), while women exhibited an increased risk (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 0.979 to 1.027). In these analyses, we found no significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study support previous reports that serum vitamin D levels are not associated with DED.

Effect comparison of keratoconjunctivitis sicca treated by different medicines after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetes / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To analyzed the effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca treated by different medicines after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetes.METHODS: Totally 78 diabetic patients 78 eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) after phacoemulsification from March 2015 to March 2016 were selected and divided into two groups using random number table.In Group A, 39 eyes were treated with pranoprofen eye drops + artificial tears + Qiming granules.In Group B, 39 eyes were treated with pranoprofen eye drops + artificial tears.the two groups were observed for clinical symptoms, tear film break up time(BUT), corneal fluorescein staining and adverse reaction and so on before and after treatment.RESULTS: Total effective rate of Group A was 97%, significantly higher than that of Group B (64%)(P<0.05).After treatment, symptoms and signs scores of the two groups were significantly lower, BUT were significantly prolonged.At 1, 2wk and 1mo after treatment, symptoms and signs scores of Group A were significantly lower the BUT was longer than those of Group B (P<0.05).Corneal fluorescein staining of Group A at 2wk was lower than that of Group B (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The combined therapy, pranoprofen eye drops + artificial tears + Qiming granules, is able to quickly and effectively improve the clinical symptoms and signs, with no serious adverse reactions for keratoconjunctivitis sicca after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetes.

Ocular lubricants: what is the best choice? / Lubrificantes oculares - qual a melhor escolha?

ABSTRACT: Ocular lubricants are used to supplement one or more layers of the lacrimal film. They are often prescribed to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and other diseases of ocular surface in humans. These lubricants may also protect the ocular surface and promote epithelial regeneration. The active component of ocular lubricants is the lubricating agent. The key properties of different lubricating agents are the electrolyte composition, osmolarity, and addition of preservatives. Although lacrimomimetics are not typically used to treat KCS in dogs, they can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Knowledge of the properties of lacrimomimetics will help in making the appropriate therapeutic choice.

RESUMO: Lubrificantes oculares são usados como suplementos de uma ou mais camadas do filme lacrimal. São frequentemente prescritos para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) no homem e em outras afecções da superfície ocular. Seu uso também pode gerar proteção da superfície ocular e promover regeneração epitelial. Os principais componentes de sua formulação são os agentes lubrificantes e as principais propriedades são a composição eletrolítica, a osmolaridade e a presença de conservantes. Embora lacrimomiméticos não sejam o tratamento da CCS em cães, eles podem ser utilizados como terapia adjuvante. O conhecimento de suas propriedades auxiliará na melhor opção terapêutica.