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Objective::To compare the effect of different medicinal parts of Nandina domestica in reducing toxicity of anti-tumor drug arsenic trioxide, so as to provide the scientific basis for its further development and application. Method::Chronic arsenic trioxide poisoning model was used in this paper. Totally 56 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group (arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1), sodium 2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate group (sodium 2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate 25 mg·kg-1+ arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1), Nandinae Radix group (Nandinae Radix 20 g·kg-1+ arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1), Nandinae Caulis group (Nandinae Caulis 20 mg·kg-1+ arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1), Nandinae Folium group (Nandinae Folium 20 g·kg-1+ arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1), and Nandinae Fructus group (Nandinae Fructus 20 g·kg-1+ arsenolite 40 mg·kg-1). The intragastric administration lasted for 10 days. After the last administration, urine was collected within 24 hours, serum, kidney and liver tissue samples were collected after operation, and serum creatinine (SCr) and urine creatinine (UCr) levels were measured, in order to calculate endogenous creatinine clearance rate (CCr). At the same time, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver and kidney of rats in each group were detected. Some kidneys and livers were fixed with formaldehyde, and the histopathological changes were observed under microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Result::Compared with the model group, the rats in combination group of Nandinae Radix, Nandinae Caulis, Nandinae Fructus have a heavier body mass (P<0.01), the kidney coefficient was lower (P<0.01), the levels of UCr and CCr were significantly increased (P<0.01), the content of MDA in renal tissue was decreased significantly (P < 0.01), the level of MDA in liver tissue was decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the activities of SOD and CAT were significantly increased (P<0.01), the pathological damage of liver and kidney was alleviated. There was no significant difference in the activity of SOD in the liver between the Nandinae Folium combination group and the model group, but the changes of the other indexes were consistent with those of the above three groups. Conclusion::Nandinae Radix, Nandinae Caulis, Nandinae Fructus have significant protective effects on liver and kidney toxicity induced by arsenic trioxide oxidative stress, and Nandinae Folium was the least effective among them.
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Diabetic nephropathy(DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications of Diabetes mellitu. It is one of the leading causes of End-stage renal diseae(ESRD). The pathogenesis of DN is complex and difficult to treat. In recent years, Sodium-glucose cotransport 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have become a research hotspot in the treatment of DN. They could effectively lower blood glucose, improve renal hyperfiltration and hypoxia, reduce urinary protein, weight, blood pressure and uric acid. In addition, SGLT2 is also anti-inflammatory and antioxidative, etc. This article reviews the progress of SGLT-2 inhibitors in 3 aspects, including the hypoglycemic characteristics, the protective effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on the kidney, as well as the adverse reactions of SGLT-2 inhibitors.
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Objective To study the preventive effect and mechanism of Rhubarb extract on renal injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rabbits with cardiac arrest (CA).Methods Twenty-four male Japanese big-ear rabbits were divided into sham operation group, CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group by random number table method, with 8 rabbits in each group. The rabbits in Rhubarb pretreatment group were treated with Rhubarb extract 5 mL·kg-1·d-1 for 7 days; and those in sham operation group and CPR model group were fed with 0.9％ normal saline 10 mL/d for 7 days. After 7 days, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was produced in CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group by 50 V alternating currents stimulation through bottom of the heart leads to the apex to prepare CPR model. The rabbits of the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group were sacrificed at 2 hours after successful resuscitation, and the animals in the sham operated group were sacrificed directly after anesthesia. The levers of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in serum were examined by automatic biochemical analyzer. The positive expression area of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in kidney were examined by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the sham operation group, the levels of BUN and Cr were significantly increased in the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group [BUN (mmol/L):15.53±3.90, 10.51±3.16 vs. 7.03±2.23, Cr (μmol/L): 137.20±12.23, 86.80±7.67 vs. 66.39±5.47, bothP < 0.05]. Compared with the CPR model group, the levels of BUN and Cr were significantly decreased in the Rhubarb pretreatment group [BUN (mmol/L): 10.51±3.16 vs. 15.53±3.90, Cr (μmol/L): 86.80±7.67 vs. 137.20±12.23, bothP < 0.05]. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of NGAL and IL-18 mainly existed in glomerular and tubular cells in patina. Compared with the sham operation group, the positive expression areas of NGAL and IL-18 in kidney were significantly increased in the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group [NGAL (μm2): 208.26±7.58, 136.74±5.33 vs. 98.93±7.83, IL-18 (μm2): 256.48±4.64, 113.22±6.98 vs. 77.06±6.47, allP < 0.05]. Compared with the CPR model group, the positive expression areas of NGAL and IL-18 were significantly decreased in the Rhubarb pretreatment group [NGAL (μm2): 136.74±5.33 vs. 208.26±7.58, IL-18 (μm2): 113.22±6.98 vs. 256.48±4.64,bothP < 0.05].Conclusions CA can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). Rhubarb extract can reduce the expression of NGAL and IL-18 in kidney of rabbits after CPR, and protect the kidney after CPR.
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Objective To study the preventive effect and mechanism of Rhubarb extract on renal injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rabbits with cardiac arrest (CA).Methods Twenty-four male Japanese big-ear rabbits were divided into sham operation group, CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group by random number table method, with 8 rabbits in each group. The rabbits in Rhubarb pretreatment group were treated with Rhubarb extract 5 mL·kg-1·d-1 for 7 days; and those in sham operation group and CPR model group were fed with 0.9％ normal saline 10 mL/d for 7 days. After 7 days, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was produced in CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group by 50 V alternating currents stimulation through bottom of the heart leads to the apex to prepare CPR model. The rabbits of the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group were sacrificed at 2 hours after successful resuscitation, and the animals in the sham operated group were sacrificed directly after anesthesia. The levers of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in serum were examined by automatic biochemical analyzer. The positive expression area of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in kidney were examined by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the sham operation group, the levels of BUN and Cr were significantly increased in the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group [BUN (mmol/L):15.53±3.90, 10.51±3.16 vs. 7.03±2.23, Cr (μmol/L): 137.20±12.23, 86.80±7.67 vs. 66.39±5.47, bothP < 0.05]. Compared with the CPR model group, the levels of BUN and Cr were significantly decreased in the Rhubarb pretreatment group [BUN (mmol/L): 10.51±3.16 vs. 15.53±3.90, Cr (μmol/L): 86.80±7.67 vs. 137.20±12.23, bothP < 0.05]. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of NGAL and IL-18 mainly existed in glomerular and tubular cells in patina. Compared with the sham operation group, the positive expression areas of NGAL and IL-18 in kidney were significantly increased in the CPR model group and Rhubarb pretreatment group [NGAL (μm2): 208.26±7.58, 136.74±5.33 vs. 98.93±7.83, IL-18 (μm2): 256.48±4.64, 113.22±6.98 vs. 77.06±6.47, allP < 0.05]. Compared with the CPR model group, the positive expression areas of NGAL and IL-18 were significantly decreased in the Rhubarb pretreatment group [NGAL (μm2): 136.74±5.33 vs. 208.26±7.58, IL-18 (μm2): 113.22±6.98 vs. 256.48±4.64,bothP < 0.05].Conclusions CA can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). Rhubarb extract can reduce the expression of NGAL and IL-18 in kidney of rabbits after CPR, and protect the kidney after CPR.
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Objective To explore the effects of hawthorn proanthocyanidins (HPC) and vitamin C (VC) on kidney protection in insulin-resistance (IR) rats. Methods The IR rats were induced by high-fat diet in order to establish the model of nephropathy in type II diabetic rats, and the high-fat feeding were continued for 2 weeks after the IR rats were made. The contents of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose and microabuminuria (mAlb) in urine were tested. Fifty IR model rats were divided into model, HPC (56 mg/kg), VC (180 mg/kg), combined application of HPC (56 mg/kg) and VC (180 mg/kg), and rosiglitazone (2 mg/kg) groups. Another 10 normal rats were selected randomly to be control group. After continuous ig administration for 20 weeks in each group, these indexs, such as the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin (SI), glucose in urine (24 h), creatinine (Cr), urea nitrongen (UN), uric acid (UA), were all detected. The excretion of urinary total protein (UTP), microabuminuria (mAlb), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also measured. Moreover, the histopathological microstructure of kidney was observed by light microscope. Results After modeling, the levels of FBG, SI and glucose in urine increased significantly (P < 0.01) in comparation with the control group, so does the levels of UN, Cr, UA (P < 0.01) and the excretion rates of UTP, mAlb, NAG (P < 0.01). However, all these indexs were decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after the combined use of HPC and VC, which were more notable than that in HPC and VC group (P < 0.01) and equivalent to that in rosiglitazone group. Conclusion The combined application of HPC and VC can improve the renal function of IR rats and have protective effects on kidney injury.
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En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura actual sobre el manejo apropiado de los medios de contraste utilizados en Radiología, Tomografía Computarizada y Resonancia Magnética, las pautas para el manejo intravenoso, la prevención de reacciones adversas, la clasificación del riesgo en pacientes, y los esquemas de nefroprotección para salvaguardar la salud de los pacientes.
In the present article a revision of the current literature is made about the proper handling of contrast means used in X-Rays, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance, guidelines for intravenous management and prevention of adverse reactions, patient's risk classification and nephroprotection schemes to takecare the Health of patients.
O presente artigo revisa a literatura atual sobre o tratamento adequado dos meios de contraste utilizados em radiologia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, as diretrizes para o uso endovenoso, a prevenção de reações adversas, a classificação de risco a em pacientes é os esquemas para proteção renal para cuidar a saúde dos pacientes.