Patrones de herbivoría en Vassobia breviflora (Solanaceae): variación en el daño foliar y selección natural mediada por herbívoros / Patterns of herbivory in Vassobia breviflora (Solanaceae): variation in foliar damage and natural selection mediated by herbivorous

Resumen La selección mediada por herbívoros moldea la evolución de los caracteres defensivos en las plantas. El conocimiento acerca del rol de los herbívoros como mediadores de selección es escaso y más aún si se consideran los grupos funcionales de herbívoros. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron (1) describir la variación en rasgos foliares entre poblaciones, entre plantas dentro de una población y a nivel sub-individual (intra-planta), (2) explorar la relación entre la variación en el nivel de herbivoría y rasgos foliares, (3) determinar la relación entre rasgos foliares y patrones de daño y (4) estimar los regímenes de selección por diferentes grupos funcionales de herbívoros. Realizamos este estudio en cuatro poblaciones de Vassobia breviflora en el noroeste de Argentina (Yungas). Los rasgos foliares considerados fueron: tamaño, área foliar (af), forma (relación longitud/ancho de la hoja; laf) y proporción de área foliar removida (pafr) (N = 1 582 hojas, 57 plantas). Los herbívoros consumieron 15.6 % del área foliar y 76.8 % de la variación en la pafr ocurrió a nivel sub-individual. El patrón de daño fue dominado por herbívoros cortadores (70 %), seguido de un patrón de herbivoría punteada (22 %), 5 % mixto y 1 % minador. Se detectó selección no lineal para laf (γii = -0.180, EE = 0.76, P < 0.05), y selección correlacional entre el daño cortador y af (γij = -1.297, SE = 0.62, P < 0.05) y entre el daño punteado y af (γij= -1.130, SE=0.76, P < 0.05). La selección natural favoreció plantas con hojas pequeñas y alta remoción foliar y hojas grandes con menor daño y se detectó selección en contra de hojas grandes con mayor daño. Además, deducido de la relación entre el tipo de daño y la adecuación relativa, la selección favorecería el daño punteado por sobre el cortador. Las plantas resolverían el conflicto con los herbívoros según el tipo de daño y la selección natural regularía el despliegue foliar como una estrategia para lidiar con la diversidad de herbívoros.(AU)

Abstract Herbivore mediated-selection shapes the evolution of defensive plant traits. Knowledge about the role of herbivores as mediators of selection is scarce and even more if herbivore functional groups are considered. The objectives of this work were (1) to describe the variation in foliar traits between populations and both between and intra-plants within a population, (2) to explore the relationship between the variation in the herbivory level and foliar traits, (3) to determine the relationship between leaf traits and damage patterns and (4) estimate the selection regimes by different herbivore functional groups. We conducted this study in four populations of Vassobia breviflora in Northwestern Argentina (Yungas). The foliar traits considered were size, leaf area (af), shape (leaf length / width ratio; laf) and proportion of leaf area removed (pafr) (N = 1 582 leaves, 57 plants). The herbivores consumed 15.6 % of the leaf area and 76.8 % of the variation in the pafr occurred at the sub-individual level. The damage pattern was dominated by cutter herbivores (70 %), followed by a dotted herbivory pattern (22 %), mixed 5 % and 1 % miner. Nonlinear selection was detected for laf (γii = -0.180; EE = 0.76; P < 0.05), and correlational selection between the cutter damage and af (γij = -1.297; SE = 0.62; P < 0.05) and between the dotted damage and af (γij = -1.130; SE = 0.76; P < 0.05). Natural selection favored plants with small leaves and high foliar removal and large leaves with less damage and selection against larger leaves with greater damage was detected. In addition, deduced from the relationship between the damage type and the relative fitness, the selection would favor the dotted damage over the cutter one. The plants would resolve the conflict with the herbivores according to the damage type and natural selection would regulate the foliar display as a strategy to deal with the herbivore diversity.(AU)

Edge effect and phenology in Erythroxylum tortuosum (Erythroxylaceae), a typical plant of the Brazilian Cerrado / Efeito de borda e fenologia em Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart. (Erythroxylaceae), uma planta típica do Cerrado brasileiro

The edge of a forest fragment can be considered a zone of transition between the interior of the fragment and the surrounding habitat matrix. Plants along the edge are more exposed to disturbance and microclimate variation than interior plants, resulting in the so-called edge effect. In this study, we compared leaf area, fluctuating asymmetry and chemical (water, nitrogen and tannins) leaf traits between Erythroxylum tortuosum plants inhabiting the edge with those growing in the interior of a cerrado fragment in Brazil. We also describe the temporal variation in the vegetative and reproductive phenological events of E. tortuosum plants throughout the season. Nitrogen, leaf area and fluctuating asymmetry did not differ between the two plant groups. Young leaves of the edge plants had significantly higher levels of tannins and lower levels of water than those of interior plants. We suggest that differences in leaf chemical concentrations between edge and interior plants may occur due to factors such as light intensity, wind, temperature and leaf age rather than plant stress. With respect to plant phenology, most reproductive events occurred during the spring. Leaf buds and young leaves prevailed during the rainy season. In the dry season, however, the vegetative events decreased due to leaf senescence followed by leaf abscission.

A borda de um fragmento florestal pode ser considerada uma zona de transição entre o interior do fragmento e a matriz de habitat. As plantas localizadas na borda estão mais expostas a distúrbios e variações microclimáticas do que as plantas do interior, resultando no chamado efeito de borda. Neste estudo, a área foliar, a assimetria flutuante e os caracteres químicos das folhas (água, nitrogênio e taninos) foram comparados entre plantas de Erythroxylum tortuosum situadas na borda e no interior de um fragmento de cerrado brasileiro. A variação temporal de eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de E. tortuosum também foi investigada durante o período de estudo. Nitrogênio, área foliar e assimetria flutuante não diferiram entre os dois grupos de plantas. As folhas jovens das plantas localizadas na borda apresentaram, significativamente, níveis mais altos de taninos e menores níveis de água do que as plantas do interior. Sugere-se que as diferenças nos conteúdos químicos foliares entre as plantas da borda e do interior devem ter ocorrido em razão de fatores como intensidade luminosa, vento, temperatura e idade foliar e não por causa do nível de estresse da planta. Com relação à fenologia, a maioria dos eventos reprodutivos ocorreu durante a primavera. Os botões foliares e as folhas novas prevaleceram durante a estação chuvosa. No entanto, na estação seca, os eventos vegetativos decresceram por causa da senescência das folhas, seguida pela abscisão foliar.

Plant functional traits with particular reference to tropical deciduous forests: A review.

Functional traits (FTs) integrate the ecological and evolutionary history of a species, and can potentially be used to predict its response as well as its influence on ecosystem functioning. Study of inter-specific variation in the FTs of plants aids in classifying species into plant functional types (PFTs) and provides insights into fundamental patterns and trade-offs in plant form and functioning and the effect of changing species composition on ecosystem functions. Specifically, this paper focuses on those FTs that make a species successful in the dry tropical environment. Following a brief overview, we discuss plant FTs that may be particularly relevant to tropical deciduous forests (TDFs). We consider the traits under the following categories: leaf traits, stem and root traits, reproductive traits, and traits particularly relevant to water availability. We compile quantitative information on functional traits of dry tropical forest species. We also discuss trait-based grouping of plants into PFTs. We recognize that there is incomplete knowledge about many FTs and their effects on TDFs and point out the need for further research on PFTs of TDF species, which can enable prediction of the dynamics of these forests in the face of disturbance and global climate change. Correlations between structural and ecophysiological traits and ecosystem functioning should also be established which could make it possible to generate predictions of changes in ecosystem services from changes in functional composition.