The Policy and Practice of Medical Device Emergency Approval at the Local Level under the Circumstance of COVID-19 Disease / 中国医疗器械杂志

This research analyzed Chinese emergency approval policies and practices of medical devices at the local level under the circumstance of COVID-19 disease. The legal basis and administrative system were clarified, the implementation and characteristics of emergency approval policies were investigated, the products information including total approved number, product type and license's validity period were counted. Advices as enhancing the standardization of emergency approval system, strengthening registration guidance and optimize information disclose and management were provided.

Pagamento por serviços ambientais contribuindo para a saúde ambiental, uma análise em nível local / Payments for environmental services that contribute to environmental health, a local level analysis

O presente artigo tem como objetivo propor que os mecanismos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais sejam utilizados como uma contribuição para a melhoria da saúde ambiental, partindo do nível local e discutindo a relação entre as mudanças trazidas por esses mecanismos e a melhoria da saúde ambiental. O campo de estudo foi o município de Rio Grande da Serra (SP), com 100% de seu território em área de proteção de mananciais, com população em alta vulnerabilidade social e localizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Foi conduzido em três fases: i) revisão da literatura; ii) coleta de dados; e iii) análise do conjunto. As informações relativas à saúde ambiental do município foram disponibilizadas por parte da prefeitura municipal de Rio Grande da Serra e coletadas junto à Cetesb, IBGE e Datasus, sendo posteriormente analisadas para a obtenção de um grupo de serviços ambientais com capacidade de contribuir para a melhoria da saúde ambiental em nível local. Concluiu-se que os serviços ambientais com maior capacidade de melhoria nessa área são a regulação climática, seguida por controle de erosão e retenção de sedimentos, aprovisionamento de água e benefícios culturais e recreacionais...

This paper aims to propose that the mechanisms for Payments of Environmental Services are used as a contribution to the improvement of environmental health, based on the local level. It seeks to discuss the relationship between the changes brought by these mechanisms and the improvement of environmental health. The studied area was the city of Rio Grande da Serra, São Paulo state, with 100% of its territory in watershed protection area, population in high social vulnerability and in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. The study was conducted in three steps: i) a literature review; ii) data collection; e iii) analysis of data. The information about the local environmental health was provided by the Municipality of Rio Grande da Serra and collected at CETESB, IBGE and DATASUS, being later analyzed in order to define a group of environmental services capable of contributing to the improvement of environmental health at the local level. It concludes that the environmental services with greater capacity to improve environmental health are climate regulation, followed by erosion control and sediment retention, supply of water and recreational and cultural goods...

Local Level Complexities in Governance of Climate Change Mitigation Practices and Adaptation Measures in U. S. Cities.

While global negotiations regarding climate change between nations are underway around the world, locally scaled policies and measures for climate protection and resilience are drafted and implemented by municipalities across the globe. These political units, with their small contributions to the much larger issue at hand are unable to fully receive adequate gains of their policies for their local stakeholders, as theory states that local level administrators would find it difficult to reduce emissions for the benefit of the global citizenry. In other words, municipalities are concerned with the provision of locallybased public goods and services. For climate policies however, they are locally producing a global public good. On the other hand, local level leaders have an advantage as they control many of the factors related to emissions, such as land use decisions, residential and commercial regulations, transit options and solid waste disposal. This is perhaps fitting due to the nature of the place-based vulnerability where impacts are experienced in the forms of inundation, heat waves, bushfires or rising sea levels. Additionally, due to their structure, it is comparatively easier to implementing such policies successfully than many international policy makers who have struggled with such goals or milestones due to added complications. This essay will explore the rudimentary complexities at the city level and observe the paradox of participation and engagement in sustainable addressing global climate change.

Avaliação econômica em Saúde na esfera de atenção local à saúde / Health economic evaluation in a local level government health care system

O estudo tem por finalidade contribuir com a reflexão sobre a possibilidade de se operacionalizar avaliações econômicas em saúde nas esferas de atenção local à saúde e a consequente apreensão dos resultados de estudos para efeito de decisão pelos gestores. Para subsidiar essa reflexão, se utilizou como objeto de análise a avaliação realizada sobre o custo do Programa SAMU/192 no município de Belo Horizonte (MG), dados relativos à efetividade do programa e uma revisão nas bases eletrônicas de dados (SciELO e Medline) sobre o uso de estudos para efeito de decisão. A análise apontou que, mesmo para uma simples avaliação de gastos, ainda existem problemas relativos à disponibilidade de dados, como também no que concerne aos dados para subsidiar a avaliação sobre sua efetividade, e em relação à definição de sistemas e o relacionamento entre sistemas de informação. Assim como mostrou que os estudos são pouco utilizados pelos gestores, levando à conclusão de que a condução e a utilização, para efeito de gestão, de estudos deste porte ainda são pouco factíveis nesta esfera de governo.

This work aims to contribute to the discussion about the possibility of applying health economic evaluations at local level government healthcare system, and consequently use the results of this study into decision making. In order to subside this reflexion, it was analyzed the SAMU/192 Program costs evaluation in the city of Belo Horizonte, as well as data concerning effectiveness of the program and a review on electronic databases (SciELO and Medline) about the application of studies in decision making. The analysis showed that even for a simple evaluation on expenditure, there are still unsolved problems of data availability as well as of data effectiveness on information systems definition and association. It showed that decision makers do not use the result of studies for decision making either. So, we conclude that there is no possibility to apply a health economic evaluation research and have the results used in a local level government health care system.