RESUMEN
Brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen affecting macrophages. Macrophages release some antibrucella components such as lysozymes (LZ), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrite intermediates (RNI) which prevent intracellular survival of Brucella. The present study compared the antibrucella activity of bovine and murine macrophages following stimulation with B. abortus lipopolysaccharides. Our results revealed increased production of these antibrucella substances in murine macrophages as compared to bovine macrophages. The differential production of these antibrucella components explained the differential B. abortus killing ability of these species (bovine and mice) that was measured in terms of intramacrophagic survival of Brucellae in murine and bovine macrophages.
RESUMEN
Lysozymes are antibacterial enzymes widely distributed among organisms. Within the animal kingdom, mainly three major lysozyme types occur. Chicken (c)-type lysozyme and goose (g)-type lysozyme are predominantly, but not exclusively, found in vertebrate animals, while the invertebrate (i)-type lysozyme is typical for invertebrate organisms, and hence its name. Since their discovery in 1975, numerous research articles report on the identification of i-type lysozymes in a variety of invertebrate phyla. This review describes the current knowledge on i-type lysozymes, outlining their distribution, molecular mechanism and in vivo function taking the representative from Venerupis philippinarum (formerly Tapes japonica) (Vp-ilys) as a model. In addition, invertebrate g-type and ch-type (chalaropsis) lysozymes, which have been described in molluscs and nematodes, respectively, are also briefly discussed.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various saline solution formulae have been used frequently in patients with rhinosinusitis. However, there are not enough scientific evidences supporting the effect of irrigation of the nose with saline solution. We investigated the effects of saline solution on mucus secretion, vascular response, subjective symptoms and nasal cavity air-space volume changes using in vitro and in vivo test. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In vitro study, inferior turbinate mucosa were harvested from patients who had chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. These were incubated with 0.9%, 3%, 6% of saline solutions, and control solution. Concentrations of mucin and lysozyme were measured from them. In vivo study, the nasal cavity of normal control group and patients with septal deviation were irrigated with 0.9%, 3%, 6% of saline solutions. Lavage fluids were collected from the ipsilateral and contralateral sides to measure the concentrations of varies constituents such as mucin, lysozyme, total protein, and albumin. Patients recorded subjective symptoms and nasal cavity air-space volume was assessed by acoustic rhinometry after each irrigations. RESULTS: In vitro study, the concentrations of mucin and lysozyme were increased in the dose-dependent manner by increasing the osmolarity. In vivo study, the sensation of rhinorrhea, pain and nasal blockage were increased as the concentration of saline increased. Furthermore, the concentrations of mucus and total protein also increased by increasing concentration of saline solution at ipsilateral side. However, contralateral reflex-mediated effect were negligible. There was no change in air-space volume. CONCLUSION: The saline solution induced secretion of mucus mignt be through axon reflex mediated neuronal effect. The increased mucus may change the rheology of mucus which, in turn, could increase mucociliary action in the nasal cavity.