Factores asociados con síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos en estudiantes de medicina durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 en Perú: un estudio transversal / Factors associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru: a cross-sectional study

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos entre estudiantes de medicina de Perú durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 y sus factores asociados. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal en 270 estudiantes de medicina de una universidad pública peruana. Los participantes fueron reclutados mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Los síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos fueron evaluados con la Escala de Yale-Brown de Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo (Y-BOCS). Luego del análisis descriptivo, se empleó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para determinar los factores asociados a Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo probable (TOC probable). Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia crudas (RPc) y ajustadas (RPa), junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos fue de 13,3% en estudiantes de medicina. Durante el análisis bivariado, los estudiantes con TOC probable eran más jóvenes (p=0,044) y tenían un nivel más bajo de conocimiento sobre COVID-19 (p=0,045). En el modelo crudo, se encontró una menor prevalencia de TOC probable entre aquellos con un nivel adecuado de conocimiento en comparación con aquellos con un nivel inadecuado (RPc: 0,52; IC del 95%: 0,28 a 0,98). Sin embargo, después de ajustar por otras variables, ninguna de las variables descritas fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones. Uno de cada diez estudiantes de medicina presentó síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos clínicamente significativos. Implementar futuras intervenciones es crucial para preservar el bienestar mental de esta población vulnerable.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among medical students in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study in 270 medical students from a Peruvian public university. Participants were recruited through non-probability sampling. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Scale (Y-BOCS). After the descriptive analysis, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to determine the factors associated with probable obsessive compulsive disorder (probable OCD). The crude (PRc) and adjusted (PRa) prevalence ratios were calculated, along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 13.3% in medical students. During bivariate analysis, students with probable OCD were younger (p=0.044) and had a lower level of knowledge about COVID-19 (p=0.045). The crude model showed a lower prevalence of probable OCD among those with an adequate level of knowledge compared to those with an inadequate level (PR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.98). However, after adjusting for other variables, none of the described variables were statistically significant. Conclusions. One in ten medical students presented clinically significant obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Implementing future interventions is crucial to preserve the mental well-being of this vulnerable population.

Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practices of second year MBBS students about over the counter drugs

Background: The utilization of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among medical students during academic exams has raised concerns about health risks and potential implications. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of OTC drug utilization among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using pre-validated questionnaire. The data obtained was tabulated, analysed and the results were calculated in percentages.150 students had participated in this study of which 100 were selected by simple random sampling. Results: The use of OTC drugs was common amongst undergraduate students. Majority of students (92%) who participated in the study had used OTC drugs at some point in their life. Commonly used OTCs were antacids (73%) and the most common indications for use of OTCs was cough and cold (92%). 87% of students preferred OTC drugs due to ease and convenience while 44% preferred OTC drugs due to lack of time to consult the doctor. Doctors (32.3%) followed by family and friends; textbook/journals were found to be the most common source of information on OTC drugs. Conclusions: A tendency to choose self-medication over doctor’s consultation by most of the undergraduate medical students was consistently seen in the present study. This unrestrained use of OTC drugs certainly possesses several health risks. Awareness should be created among undergraduate medical students to restrict the use of OTC drugs and efforts should be undertaken to increase the sale of drugs without prescription.

Caffeine consumption among medical students: an exploratory study in a medical school in a sub–Himalayan state of India

Background: Among the psychostimulants, caffeine is the most commonly used compound with beneficial effects in low to moderate intake. Medical students due to extended scholastic work do indulge in caffeine intake. The present study aimed to explore the prevalence, determinants and its positive and negative effects among medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Jammu, India. Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in the month of December, 2023. Online questionnaire was shared with all the undergraduate MBBS students of the medical school and were directed to submit their responses. Data thus collected was entered into Excel spread sheet and analysed. Results: Prevalence of caffeine intake among the respondents was 85.7%. The most common caffeinated beverage consumed was tea followed by coffee while energy drinks were least consumed. Among the reasons for consumption, feeling refreshed and combating drowsiness were cited as two main reasons. Respondents reported gastritis (41%), insomnia (30%), anxiety (18%) and palpitation (18%) as major side effects post consumption. Conclusions: The frequency of caffeine use among the respondents was more on the regular days in contrast to stress related exam days as reported in other studies. Intake of caffeinated beverages favourable time was morning. More studies are recommended to study long term results of consumption of caffeinated beverages.

Assessment of oral health knowledge among the medical graduates of private and government colleges: a cross-sectional survey

Background: General health and oral health are interconnected, with oral health being a fundamental component. It is critical for life long human well-being. Oral health issues pose a significant concern for public health. Medical students should also have better knowledge of oral hygiene so that they can provide oral health education and guidance to their patients when requested. Many people seek medical care from their primary care provider for oral health problems. Therefore, doctors must have sufficient knowledge about oral health and play an important role in promoting oral health. This study aimed to assess the oral health knowledge of medical graduates from private and government colleges in Nellore, India. Methods: A Cross-sectional study using a pre-designed survey consisting of 25 questions with Likert scale options. The study included medical graduates from all private and government colleges. Questions about oral health issues and their relationship to overall health. Data was collected, compiled, and analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Compared to government medical college students, 83.8% of private college students believe that dental caries and periodontal diseases are plaque-mediated diseases. 90.3% of government medical college students agree with the statement "tobacco is only the risk factor for oral cancer" compared to private college students. Conclusions: Medical students lack awareness of oral health issues. Frequently, oral health concerns are neglected as they focus on classroom dynamics and students’ behavior.

A cross-sectional study to know the prevalence, pattern, and contributing factors associated with nomophobia in medical students

Background: Now-a-days, Smartphone offers people great opportunities and luxuries. According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI); in 2021, India had roughly 180.96 million mobile users, and issues by mobile phone use have been significantly increased in recent years Nomophobia is a modern phobia that appeared in this digital era. It is the conjunction of "nonmobile" and "phobia� and refers to the worry, anxiety, and discomfort associated with not having a mobile device when needed. The objectives of this study are to understand (a) prevalence of nomophobia in medical students; (b) association of Nomophobia with self-esteem among medical students; and (c) association of nomophobia with life satisfaction among medical students. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, single-centred, self-assessable questionnaire-based study. 700 students (pursuing MBBS, internship or residency) from the government medical college, Bhavnagar were enrolled. The participants were assessed by proforma containing demographic details, a questionnaire of Nomophobia (NMPQ), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The statistical analysis was done with Graph Pad Instat version 3.06 (San Diego, California, US). Proportions were compared by using the Chi-square test while NMPQ, RSES, and SWLS scores were compared by the Students t test. Results: We found all participants had some degree of nomophobia (29% mild, 31.29% moderate, and 5.43% severe). Nomophobia had a significant association with self-esteem and satisfaction with life. Conclusions: Participants with nomophobia are more likely to experience low self-esteem and poor satisfaction with life.

Qualitative study of attitude and efficacy of first year students to early clinical exposure in ultrasound and orthopedics

Background: Traditional Indian medical education limits first-year MBBS students to classroom settings, delaying clinical exposure until the second year. Early clinical exposure (ECE) aims to integrate basic sciences with clinical practice, enhancing student understanding and interest through direct patient interaction. Aim was to assess first-year MBBS students' perceptions of ECE. Objectives were to introduce clinical settings to first-year students, and to explore students' experiences and attitudes towards ECE.Methods: The study was conducted at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati, involving 100 first-year MBBS students. Ethical clearance and permissions were obtained. Students participated in bedside teaching in small groups over four weeks, focusing on clinical conditions and diagnostics. Observations in the radiology department included first-trimester ultrasounds with patient interaction. A qualitative approach using focus group discussions and a post-test questionnaire was employed.Results: Learning and knowledge: 81% found ECE helpful, interest in topic: 75% reported increased interest, motivation: 84% felt motivated to learn more, correlation with clinical features: 60% found it helpful, ward rounds: 89% valued participation, knowledge sharing: 87% appreciated discussion opportunities, and overall utility: 79% recognized ECE's utility. Feedback indicated significant enhancements in learning, interest, and motivation, despite some neutral or negative responses.Conclusions: ECE is a vital teaching tool that improves first-year MBBS students' understanding, motivation, and professional skills. Despite logistical challenges, its overall positive impact on medical education justifies its implementation.

Evaluating the efficacy of Dfrag tablets on human sperm DNA fragmentation - insights from a prospective clinical study

Background: Infertility affects approximately 8-10% of couples worldwide. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation index (DFI) has emerged as a significant factor in infertility research, highlighting its importance in understanding reproductive health.Methods: This prospective clinical study aimed to assess the impact of Dfrag� tablets, a unique nutraceutical combination containing vitamin D3 (600 IU), selenomethionine (40 mcg), coenzyme Q10 (100 mg), and astaxanthin (8 mg), on high sperm DFI over a 3-month period. The study utilized the sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD) to measure DFI and examined semen parameters before and after the intervention.Results: Dfrag� tablets were found to significantly improve semen volume, total sperm count, sperm concentration, and progressive motility within the 3-month treatment period. The study reported an average reduction of 36% in DNA fragmentation levels post-treatment with Dfrag� tablets. However, no significant changes were observed in total motility or sperm morphology.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of Dfrag� tablets in reducing sperm DNA fragmentation and improving key semen parameters associated with fertility.

Sleep quality and its correlates among undergraduate students of a medical school in North Karnataka, India

Background: Poor sleep quality is a global health concern and is fast becoming one of the silent epidemics. Sleep quality among medical students is of particular interest as they are considered high risk groups for developing sleep related issues because of their demanding schedules. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of poor sleep and its correlates among undergraduate medical students of a medical school in Belgaum, India. Methods: An institutional based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 293 undergraduate medical students using a self-administered questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The potential determinants of quality of sleep were identified using logistic regression. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant and adjusted odds ratio with 95%CI was used to present the strength of association. Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality among medical students was 69.3%. Factors like gender, female students (AOR=2.381, 95%CI=1.359-4.172), being overweight or obese (AOR=2.499, 95%CI=1.297-4.817) were associated with poor sleep quality. Students with good sleep hygiene (AOR=0.415, 95%CI=0.231-0.745) and who did not use technology during bedtime (AOR=0.38, 95%CI=0.168-0.878) were less likely of having poor sleep quality at p<0.05. Conclusions: Prevalence of poor sleep quality among substantial proportion of medical students in the current study is alarming. The already existing personal and professional development programme committee can conduct routine screening to assess sleep quality among students and focus on programmes to improve their sleep hygiene.

Assessment of frequency and factors associated with low back pain among undergraduate medical students in Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute: a cross-sectional study

Background: A large percentage of young adults suffer from low back pain. Due to their demanding curriculum, medical students are most susceptible. This study aims to assess the frequency and factors associated with low back pain among undergraduate medical students at a college in Bangalore. Methods: An online cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted among undergraduate medical students at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data with a significance level of p <0.05. Results: Of the 250 students enrolled, 45.6% had low back pain. Long hours of sitting were the common factor aggravating the pain. The logistic regression analysis revealed that Phase 3 (part 2) MBBS (OR=2.53, 95% CI: 1.34 - 4.66), overweight (BMI>25) (OR=3.03, 95% CI: 1.42-6.50), coffee consumption regularly (OR=1.761, 95% CI: 1.007-3.009), Family history of LBP (OR=5.900, 95% CI: 3.182-10.939), duration of exercise/sports 1-2 hours per week (OR=1.691, 95% CI: 1.023-2.794), spending >8 hours for electronic gadgets daily (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.14-3.59) were found to be independently associated with low back pain. These results demonstrate an increased risk of low back pain among medical students with high BMI, lack of physical activity and increased electronic device usage. Conclusions: It highlights the necessity of focused treatments to control stress, minimize extended periods of sitting, enhance physical activity, and support proper posture among medical students. By preventing and managing low back pain, medical students can improve overall performance and quality of life.

An insight into self-medication patterns of analgesics among medical students: a comprehensive analysis of factors and determinants

Background: Self-medication is widely practiced globally as a major form of self-care for pain management. Unfortunately, with the COVID-19 pandemic, prescription-only drugs are now increasingly being self-prescribed. This study was conducted to study self-medication practices of analgesics and associated factors among medical students of Lahore. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 432 participants. The participants were all current MBBS students (age group=18-25 years) studying in various medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The significance value was set at p<0.05. The study was conducted from September, 2021 to October, 2021. Results: Self-medication practices were found to be high among medical students of Lahore, 296 (68.5%) out of total participants (432). Of all the analgesics, acetaminophen was the most preferred for relief of pain of various etiologies (64.58%). The most common reason of self-medication was headache (50.69%). Reason for self-medication for the majority of study population was that disease was not severe enough and did not merit to consult a doctor (36.34%). Conclusions: Education on self-medication should be introduced at the undergraduate level to create awareness among students. The study also indicates the need for establishing health clinics in universities so that the students may benefit from the professional advice of trained health staff in the clinics rather than practicing self-prescription. Periodic survey about self-medication practices is required to improve awareness, prevent health issues related to adverse drug reactions of self-medication practices, and prevent economic burden on healthcare system in Pakistan.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on diet and lifestyle of undergraduate medical students of South India-a cross sectional study

Background: COVID-19, infectious disease caused by the Corona virus, caused economic and social disruptions all over the World. In order to contain this pandemic, complete/partial lock down was declared in different parts and thus restricting all human activities. Lifestyle behaviours, especially eating habits, physical activity and sleep patterns changed causing complications such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress increased among the public. Methods: The study is conducted among medical students to find out the extent of after effects of COVID pandemic on the diet and life style of medical students. Online questionnaire was used to access the lifestyle and exercise patterns of medical students across South India. Results: The study reveals that the pandemic has led to notable shifts in the daily routines, eating habits, and overall well-being of this demographic. Factors such as increased stress, remote learning, and limited social interactions have played a crucial role in these changes. Significant change in hours of sleep, and change in sitting and screen time has been observed. Slight increase in the daily intake of fruits and vegetables, intake of balanced diet and immunity-boosting food, consumption of junk food/fast food and fried food has been observed. The consumption of unhealthy food when bored or stressed is also slightly increased. There is also slight change in quality of sleep and participation in exercise.

A study to assess the prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among medical students in Patna, Bihar

Background: Internet use has evolved into an inseparable routine of human life, and it has revolutionized the world with its infinite possibilities. This study aims to assess the prevalence and pattern, associated factors and its consequences/side effects of Internet addiction among medical students in Patna, Bihar. Methods: This is a cross sectional study done among 400 students in tertiary care centre of Bihar. The 20-item Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to measure internet addiction. Results: Out of 400 participants, 38.3% were mild, 25% moderate and 3.5% were severely addicted to internet. Feeling bored was the triggering factor for increased use, apart from using this for academics, entertainment, and social media. Conclusions: Internet use can have an addictive potential and can become a behavioural disorder, if used for long which can ultimately interfere in our daily activities. Thus, assessing the problem at regular interval will give an insight to planning in future.

Lifestyle-related behaviour modifications during examinations in undergraduate medical students in India

Background: Examinations are formal tests conducted to assess a student's knowledge. Despite their paramount importance, they can impact students physically and mentally by causing stress and anxiety. Hence, identifying the changes that hamper a student's lifestyle, during examinations, in order to prevent the development of unhealthy behavioral patterns is the goal of this study. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among undergraduate medical students of Mysuru over a period of 2 months from February 2023 to April 2023 in 120 participants. Data was collected using an online questionnaire, entered into M.S. Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all the categorical variables. Results: 61.7% of the study participants showed extreme examination stress. Only 39.3% consumed 3 balanced meals daily. A complete lack of physical activity was observed in 38.1%. Regular caffeine consumption was noted in 46.4% and 27.4% showed unusual amounts of junk food daily. Irregular sleeping patterns were found in 23.8%, sleeping at odd times beyond 1 am was noted in 59.5% and deficient sleep duration (<6 hours) was observed in 46.6% of the surveyed population. Conclusions: The findings from this survey highlight the significant impact of examinations on the lifestyle-related behaviors of undergraduate students such as high prevalence of extreme examination stress, irregular eating habits, lack of physical activity, and sleep deprivation.

Comparative analysis of stress levels and quality of life among medical students in Southern Asia and South Caucasus

Background: Medicine is a challenging study and is known for its demanding nature. This also results in increased stress levels among students. Understanding factors that influence stress and quality of life from medical students in different regions is important for the development of effective interventions and support systems. Methods: A meticulous quantitative method approach has been utilized. This research is done via data fetched through a questionnaire. Statistical analyses are comprised of t-tests and correlation tests to employ a dissection of quantitative data while the data is subjected to analysis to uncover the underlying patterns and nuances. These results showcase crucial disparities in the stress levels between medical students in Southern Asia and the South Caucasus while imparting light on factors impacting the quality of life experienced by students in both regions. Results: The implications of this study hold primary significance for sharing information with targeted interventions with an aim at bolstering the mental health and academic performance of medical students in both the areas of Southern Asia and the South Caucasus. Conclusions: The major objective of this study is to hold comparisons of stress levels and quality aspects of life in Southern Asia and South Caucasus, with the identification of the multifaceted factors that contribute to the stress levels among students in both regions, understanding the various challenges and sharing a glimpse of actionable implications for interventions which are aimed at bolstering students’ well-being.

Assessment of risk factors for hypertension among undergraduate students in a medical college of Himachal Pradesh, India

Background: Hypertension is a commonest cardiovascular disorder and is major cause of premature death worldwide. An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low and middle-income countries. So present study was undertaken to assess the risk factors for hypertension among First year MBBS students so that suitable preventive measures may be undertaken. Methods: It is cross sectional study conducted among first year MBBS students in DRKGMC Hamirpur. The duration of study is three months. The tools of study used were modified structured pretested self-administered questionnaire; WHO stepwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS). Weighing machine, measuring tape, digital BP apparatus and steadiometer. Results: A total of 115 students of MBBS first year participated in the study. There were a total of 31.3% (36) boys and 68.7% (79) girls. Thirty three percent (38) had a family history of hypertension. 16.52% (19) had a BMI more than the normal. Among the study participants only 5 students (4.35%) used to consume alcohol and smoke cigarettes. Most of study participants consume fast food and junk food. Conclusions: High prevalence of different modifiable risk factors for hypertension revealed among the study subjects.There is need to screen the modifiable risk factors from very early age.

Consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina: um panorama global / Alcohol consumption by medical students: a global overview / Consumo de alcohol por estudiantes de medicina: una visión global

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas representa um dos principais fatores de risco de envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito. Objetivou-se analisar o panorama geral de consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina e as implicações nos acidentes de trânsito. Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e incluídos dez artigos completos disponíveis entre 2010 e 2022, em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Resultou que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos estudantes variou de 76,6% a 81,2%, e que ingerir bebidas alcoólicas expõe os motoristas ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito 68% maior do que os que não estão expostos a tal fator. Concluiu-se que os estudantes de medicina, população jovem, apresentam um alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, e os motivos envolvidos apontam para o nível de pressão do curso, alta carga horária, períodos do curso mais avançados, festas acadêmicas e morar sem os pais.

The consumption of alcoholic drinks represents one of the main risk factors for the involvement in traffic accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze the general panorama of alcohol consumption by medical students and the implications for traffic accidents. SciELO, PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases were consulted, and ten full articles available between 2010 and 2022, in Portuguese and English, were included. The results obtained were that the consumption of alcoholic drinks by students ranged from 76.6% to 81.2%, and that alcohol drinking exposes drivers to involvement in 68% more traffic accidents than those who are not exposed to such factor. It was concluded that medical students, a young population, have a high rate of consumption of alcoholic beverages, and the reasons involved point to the level of pressure of the medical school, high workload, seniority in the program, academic parties, and living without the parents

El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas representa uno de los principales factores de riesgo de implicación en accidentes de tráfico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el panorama del consumo de alcohol por los estudiantes de medicina y las implicaciones en los accidentes de tránsito. Se consultaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y se incluyeron diez artículos completos disponibles entre 2010 y 2022, en portugués e inglés. Los resultados obtenidos fueran que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas osciló entre 76,6% y 81,2%, y que el expone a los conductores a involucrarse en accidentes de tráfico un 68% más que aquellos que non están expuestos a tal factor. Se concluyó que los estudiantes de medicina, una población joven, tienen un alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, y los motivos involucrados apuntan para el nivel de presión del curso, alta carga horaria, períodos más avanzados del curso, fiestas académicas y morar sin los padres

Estilos de vida y factores asociados a la automedicación en estudiantes de medicina humana / Lifestyles and factors associated with self-medication in human medicine students / Estilos de vida e fatores associados à automedicação em estudantes de medicina humana

Los estilos de vida adoptados por las personas pueden influir en la automedicación, al afectar sus decisiones sobre el uso de fármacos sin supervisión médica. Objetivo: Indagar en los factores asociados y estilos de vida que influyen en la automedicación en estudiantes de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo, analítico correlacional y transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario "Automedicación", desarrollado por Espilco y Félix en 2020, a 100 estudiantes, el cual consta de 16 ítems distribuidos en las categorías "Factores" (9 ítems) y "Automedicación" (7 ítems), y ha sido validado con un Alfa de Cbronbach de 0.750. Además, se utilizó un Alfa de Bronbach de 0.943 para evaluar los "Estilos de Vida", que abarcan las siguientes dimensiones: actividad física, salud con responsabilidad, nutrición saludable, gestión de tensiones y relaciones interpersonales. Resultados: Se identificó como factores asociados a la automedicación a: demográficos-culturales, donde el estado civil es el más significativo con una (p=0.0205); sociales, siendo significativo el lugar de accesibilidad del medicamento con una (p=0.0001) y la información del medicamento con una (p=0.0014) y finalmente económicos donde tiene más significancia el ingreso mensual del estudiante con una (p=0.0001). Además, se halló una prevalencia de automedicación del 82%, asimismo el tipo de estilo de vida no saludable (86%) y no hubo relación significativa con la automedicación (p=0.8119). Conclusión: Los factores asociados a la automedicación abarcan aspectos demográficos-culturales, sociales y económicos. Se ha observado una alta prevalencia de automedicación, alcanzando un 82%. No se halló una relación significativa entre el nivel de estilo de vida y la práctica de automedicación en este contexto particular.

The lifestyles adopted by people can influence self-medication, by affecting their decisions about the use of drugs without medical upervisión. Objective: To investigate the associated factors and lifestyles that influence self-medication in Human Medicine students of the National University of Cajamarca. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, correlational and cross-sectional analytical study. The questionnaire "Self-medication", developed by Espilco and Félix in 2020, was applied to 100 students, which consists of 16 items distributed in the categories "Factors" (9 items) and "Self-medication" (7 items), and has been validated with a Cbronbach's Alpha of 0.750. In addition, a Bronbach's Alpha of 0.943 was used to evaluate "Lifestyles", which cover the following dimensions: physical activity, health with responsibility, healthy nutrition, stress management and interpersonal relationships. Results: The following were identified as factors associated with self-medication: demographic-cultural, where marital status is the most significant with one (p=0.0205); social, being significant the place of accessibility of the medication with one (p=0.0001) and medication information with one (p=0.0014) and finally economic where the student's monthly income with one has more significance (p=0.0001). In addition, a prevalence of self-medication of 82% was found, as well as the type of unhealthy lifestyle (86%) and there was no significant relationship with self-medication (p=0.8119). Conclusion: The factors associated with self-medication cover demographic-cultural, social and economic aspects. A high prevalence of self-medication has been observed, reaching 82%. No significant relationship was found between lifestyle level and self-medication practice in this particular context.

Os estilos de vida adotados pelas pessoas podem influenciar a automedicação, afetando suas decisões sobre o uso de medicamentos sem supervisão médica. Objetivo: investigar os fatores associados e estilos de vida que influenciam a automedicação em estudantes de Medicina Humana da Universidade Nacional de Cajamarca. Materiais e Métodos: estudo de tipo quantitativo, analítico correlacional e transversal. O questionário "automedicação", desenvolvido por Espilco e Felix em 2020, foi aplicado a 100 estudantes, composto por 16 itens distribuídos nas categorias "fatores" (9 itens) e "automedicação" (7 itens), e foi validado com um Alfa de Cbronbach de 0,750. Além disso, um Alfa de Bronbach de 0, 943 foi usado para avaliar "Estilos de vida", abrangendo as seguintes dimensões: atividade física, saúde com responsabilidade, nutrição saudável, gerenciamento de tensões e relações interpessoais. Resultados: identificou-se como fatores associados à automedicação a: demográficos-culturais, onde o estado civil é o mais significativo com uma (p=0,0205); sociais, sendo significativo o local de acessibilidade do medicamento com uma (p=0,0001) e a informação do medicamento com uma (p=0,0014) e finalmente econômicos onde tem mais significância a renda mensal do estudante com uma (p=0,0001). Além disso, foi encontrada uma prevalência de automedicação de 82%, assim como o tipo de estilo de vida não saudável (86%) e não houve relação significativa com a automedicação (p=0,8119). Conclusão: os fatores associados à automedicação abrangem aspectos demográficos-culturais, sociais e econômicos. Foi observada uma alta prevalência de automedicação, atingindo 82%. Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre o nível de estilo de vida e a prática de automedicação neste contexto particular.

Uso de auriculares y la audición en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad pública de Lima, Perú / Headphone use and hearing in medical students at a public university in Lima, Perú

RESUMEN Introducción: La pérdida auditiva afecta a millones globalmente, especialmente a jóvenes que usan auriculares frecuentemente. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre el uso de auriculares y la audición en estudiantes de medicina en Lima, Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en la Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Participaron 98 estudiantes de medicina (18-32 años) que usaban auriculares regularmente. Se excluyeron aquellos con patologías auditivas previas. La recolección de datos incluyó encuestas sobre el uso de auriculares y audiometrías realizadas en una cabina silente. Los resultados se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Rho de Spearman para evaluar la relación entre las variables. Resultados: El 59,2% de los estudiantes eran mujeres. El 39,2% presentó hipoacusia leve a tonos agudos, mientras que el 36,2% tenía audición normal. El 71,4% reportó disminución de la capacidad auditiva y el 56,1% experimentó otalgia. El uso de auriculares mostró una correlación positiva y significativa con la audición (Rho = 0,298, p = 0,003). El tiempo de exposición también fue significativo (Rho = 0,260, p = 0,010), pero la intensidad del sonido no lo fue (Rho = 0,193, p = 0,057). Conclusión: Existe una relación positiva entre el uso de auriculares y la pérdida auditiva en estudiantes de medicina. Se recomienda implementar programas de concienciación sobre el uso seguro de auriculares y realizar evaluaciones auditivas periódicas para prevenir el deterioro auditivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hearing loss affects millions globally, especially young people who frequently use headphones. Objective: To establish the relationship between headphone use and hearing among medical students in Lima, Peru. Methods: An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Participants included 98 medical students (18-32 years) who regularly used headphones. Those with previous hearing pathologies were excluded. Data collection included surveys on headphone use and audiometries performed in a silent booth. Results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, employing the Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between variables. Results: 59.2% of the students were women. 39.2% had mild hearing loss at high tones, while 36.2% had normal hearing. 71.4% reported decreased hearing capacity, and 56.1% experienced ear pain. Headphone use showed a positive and significant correlation with hearing (Rho = 0.298, p = 0.003). Exposure time was also significant (Rho = 0.260, p = 0.010), but sound intensity was not (Rho = 0.193, p = 0.057). Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between headphone use and hearing loss in medical students. It is recommended to implement awareness programs on safe headphone use and conduct regular hearing evaluations to prevent auditory deterioration.

Mood and Sleep Quality in Peruvian Medical Students During COVID-19 Pandemic / Estado de Ánimo y Calidad del Sueño de Estudiantes de Medicina Peruanos Durante la Pandemia de COVID-19

abstract Introduction: The prolongation and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an uncertain and devastating panorama in many populations, and the evidence shows a high prevalence of mental health problems in medical students. The objective was to evaluate the association between mood disorders and sleep quality (SQ) in Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 medical students from a private uni versity in Peru. The SQ was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while mood disorders were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). All information was collected by online surveys and then analyzed in the R programming language. Results: The SQ results measured by PSQI were poor in 83.9% of the medical students. In the Poison regression analysis, the results of the bivariate analysis in men show that all mood disorders found the prevalence of poor SQ. However, in the multivariate analysis only stress (PRa = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.08-1.57; P <0.01) and anxiety (PRa = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.56; P < 0.01) increased the prevalence of poor SQ. Women had a similar pattern in bivariate analysis, whereas in multivariate analysis, only severe stress (PRa = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29; P < 0.05) increased the prevalence of poor SQ. Conclusions: This study allows us to observe the consequences that the COVID-19 pandemic is having on medical students in Peru. It also revealed a population group vulnerable to poor quality of sleep and bad mood, which in the future will impact on health. It is suggested to educate medical students about the importance of proper sleep hygiene and the consequences of poor sleep hygiene practices.

resumen Introducción: La prolongación y las consecuencias de la pandemia de COVID-19 generan un panorama incierto y devastador en muchas poblaciones, y la evidencia muestra una alta prevalencia de problemas de salud mental en estudiantes de Medicina. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la asociación entre los trastornos del estado de ánimo y la calidad del sueño (SQ) en estudiantes de Medicina peruanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 310 estudiantes de Medicina de una universi dad privada del Perú. El SQ se midió a través del Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI), mientras que los trastornos del estado de ánimo se evaluaron mediante la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés-21 (DASS-21). Toda la información se recopiló mediante encuestas en línea y luego se analizó en el lenguaje de programación R. Resultados: Los resultados de SQ medido por PSQI fue malo en un 83,9% de los estudiantes de Medicina. En el análisis de regresión de Poisson, los resultados del análisis bivariado en varones muestran que todos los trastornos del estado de ánimo aumentan la prevalencia de mala SQ, pero en el análisis multivariado solo el estrés (PRa = 1,30; IC95%, 1,08-1,57; p < 0,01) y la ansiedad (PRa = 1,34; IC95%, 1,09-1,56; p < 0,01) aumentaron la prevalencia de mala SQ. Las mujeres tuvieron un patrón similar en el análisis bivariado, pero en el análisis multivariado solo el estrés grave (PRa = 1,15; IC95%, 1,01-1,29; p <0,05) aumentó la prevalencia de mala SQ. Conclusiones: Este estudio permite observar las consecuencias de la pandemia COVID-19 en los estudiantes de Medicina de Perú. Se da a conocer que son una población vulnerable a la mala calidad del sueño y el mal humor, lo que en el futuro repercutirá en su salud mental y física y como profesional de la salud. Se propone formar a los estudiantes de Medicina en la importancia de una adecuada higiene del sueño y las consecuencias de las malas prácticas de higiene del sueño.