RESUMEN
In Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), the mortality rate forchildren under 5 years of age is high (131 per 1000 live births in 2003),partly as a consequence of poor basic services provided by district hospitals.A simplified management tool, “Ten MR (Minimum Requirement)”, was developed inLao PDR. The tool assured the quality of health services including theprocesses of planning, implementing, self-monitoring, supervision, reportingand evaluation. The tool focused on ten basic services, integratingstakeholders from district hospitals and governing agencies. Each districthospital develops feasible annual activities, designating responsible peoplebased on a consensus between hospital staff and local governing agencies.Hospitals can self-monitor their activities on a monthly basis. Supervisoryvisits to district hospitals by local governing agencies improved activitiesand communication between staff. Visualization of progress promoted the sharingof achievements between staff and highlighted activities in need of more work.In 2004, district hospitals in Vientiane andOudomxay province initiated the introduction of the tool. These districthospitals included primary care hospitals for outpatients, emergency care andin-patients, with a capacity of 10-20 beds, providing care for a population ofbetween 30,000 and 80,000 people. The Ministry of Health recognized theeffectiveness of Ten MR and implemented the expansion of the tool to alldistrict hospitals in Lao PDR from 2011. Ten MR benefits district hospitals andgoverning agencies. Ten MR focuses on the daily routine work, enhancing teamwork and communication between all stakeholders.
RESUMEN
In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the mortality rate among children under 5 years of age is high (131 per 1000 live births in 2003), partly as a consequence of poor basic services provided by district hospitals. A simplified management tool, “Ten MR (Minimum Requirement)”, was developed in Lao PDR. The tool assured the quality of health services including the processes of planning, implementing, self-monitoring, supervision, reporting and evaluation. The tool focused on ten basic services, integrating stakeholders from district hospitals and governing agencies. Each district hospital develops feasible annual activities, assigning responsibility to people based on a consensus between hospital staff and local governing agencies. Hospitals can self-monitor their activities on a monthly basis. Supervisory visits to district hospitals by local governing agencies improved activities and communication between staff. Visualization of progress promoted the sharing of achievements between staff and highlighted activities in need of more work. In 2004, district hospitals in Vientiane and Oudomxay provinces initiated the application of the tool. These district hospitals included primary care hospitals for outpatients, emergency care and in-patients, with a capacity of 10–20 beds, providing care for a population of between 30,000 and 80,000 people. The Ministry of Health recognized the effectiveness of Ten MR and implemented the expansion of the tool to all district hospitals in Lao PDR from 2011. Ten MR benefits district hospitals and governing agencies. Ten MR focuses on the daily routine work, enhancing team work and communication among all stakeholders.
RESUMEN
We assessed the minimum knowledge requirements to be satisfied by care providers for the management of a hot bathing in general medicine.<br> Approximately 1.7% of outpatients questioned the propriety of hot bathing, and a greater percentage asked about the risks of hot bathing in association with several infectious disease or cardiovascular disease.<br> We propose that care providers should be required to satisfy the following as the minimum knowledge requirements for the management of hot bathing; 1) Can explain the effects and risks of hot bathing, 2) Can carry out adequate management for the hot bating of patients with cardiovascular disease, 3) Can explain the propriety of hot bathing for patients with several infectious disease.
RESUMEN
This article presents findings from three separate data sets on food consumption in apparently healthy Malaysian adult males and females aged 22-60 years, and secondary data extracted from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003. Assessment of food intake by 24-hour recall or the food diary method and use of the nutrient calculator- DietPLUS- to quantify intake of macronutrients and dietary fibre (DF) in the primary data, revealed low mean DF intakes of 10.7±1.0 g/day (Course participants, n=52), 15.6 ±1.2 (University sample, n=103), and 16.1 ±6.1 (Research Institute staff, n=25). An alarmingly high proportion of subjects (75 to 95%) in these three data sets did not meet the national population intake goal of 20-30 g DF/day. A list of 39 food items which contain fibre, extracted from the MANS 2003 report as being average amounts consumed daily by each Malaysian adult, provided 19.2 g DF which meant that >50% of Malaysian adults consumed less than the recommended DF intake of 20-30 g/day. This large deficit of actual intake versus recommended intakes is not new and is also observed in developed western nations. What is of great concern is that the preliminary findings presented in this article indicate that the national population goal of 20-30 g DF/day may be beyond the habitual diets of the majority of Malaysians. Appropriately, the authors propose the inclusion of a daily minimum requirement for DF intake in the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines, which would somewhat mimic the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 1999 for dietary fat, as well as the stand taken by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) of the United Kingdom. This minimum requirement, if agreed to, should not be higher than the 16 g DF or so provided by the hypothetical ‘high-fibre’ healthy diet exemplified in this article.
RESUMEN
Global minimum essential requirements in medical education(GMER) was established by the Institute for Intemational Medical Education(IIME),which consisted of members from all over the world,the GMER should be reached by all of the graduates.This paper analyzes the importance and possibilities that the university of the extrovert type ushers in the international medical education standard,and according to actual work,put forward some suggestions.