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Objective To analyze the content changes of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 after pulping of mountain cultivated ginseng. Methods The HPLC-UV method was performed on an Innoval ODS-2 chromatographic column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), gradient elution of acetonitrile and water with column temperature 30 ℃, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detected at 203 nm with injection volume as 20.0 μL. Results The content of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2 were changed from 0.651, 0.506, 0.363, 0.014, 0.023, 0.031 mg/g to 0.517, 0.413, 0.105, 0.122, 0.214, 0.098 mg/g after pulping of mountain cultivated ginseng. The calibration curve was liner within 2.5-100 mg/L for ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2, respectively, with the correlation r2 > 0.999 5 and perfect precision, stability, and repeatability. The average recoveries ranged from 95% to 105%, and RSD values varied from 1.25% to 3.5%. Conclusion The content of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 in mountain cultivated ginseng were changed after the pulping. The content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, and Rb1 was reduced and rare ginsenoside Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 was increased by 8.7 times, 9.3 times, and 3.2 times respectively after the pulping. The HPLC method for simultaneous determination of six kinds of ginsenosides has good accuracy and reliability and can provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation of mountain cultivated ginseng pulp.
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Growth year is one of the important factors for the quality of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). For age differentiation of MCG, rhizome extracts of ginseng aged from 11 to 15 years were analyzed using a non-targeted approach with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based on plant metabolomics technique. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to compare the derived patterns among the samples. The results showed that the chemical constituents of MCG rhizome extracts of ginseng aged from 11 to 15 years were different. The data set was subsequently applied to metabolite selection by variable importance in the projection (VIP) for sophisticated classification with the optimal number of metabolites. The OPLS-DA model of MCG has a high interpretability and predictive capability, which established by selecting metabolites of MCG aged from 11 to 15 years. By this approach, MCG samples aged from 11 to 15 years, which are the most in demand in the Chinese ginseng market, can be precisely differentiated on the basis of selected metabolites. This proposed analytical method is fast, accurate, and reliable for discriminating the growth year of MCG. Moreover, this study supplies a new method for the age discrimination of other Chinese medicinal materials.
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Mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG), also called "Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen", is intentionally seeded and grows in mountainous forest but without any artificial management, which belongs to the herbaceous plants classified in the Araliaceae family and the genus Panax L. MCG has high medicinal value and wide range of pharmacological effects, which had been reported with many kinds of effective components, such as saponins, volatile oil, polysaccharides, protein, and inorganic elements. There is a phenomenon that something regards as real, shoddy, varying of quality in MCG market. Currently, a lot of measures are applied to the identification and evaluation of MCG. This paper summarizes the progress in study on the chemical constituents, the identification and evaluation of MCG, and provides the references for the further development, utilization, and quality control of MCG.
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In present study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS)-based plant metabolomics approach was established to investigate the metabolic profiles of the leaves, main root, branch root, and rhizome of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng (MCG). The UHPLC-QTOF/MS data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) to find the potential characteristic components of the four parts of MCG in a quick way. The four different parts could be separated into four different groups of phytochemicals according to the PCA scores. The chemical constituents in four parts of MCG were obviously different. The identities of 81 major peaks that were detected in the four parts of MCG and the potential markers were identified by comparison with the reference compounds or were tentatively assigned by matching the retention time,empirical molecular formula and fragment ions with those of the published compounds of the Panax species. This proposed analytical method is fast, accurate, and reliable for differentiating the different parts of MCG. Moreover, this study supplied a new method for the quality evaluation of other Chinese medicinal materials.