Gene Expression Endpoints Following Subchronic Thiamethoxam Exposure in Adult Male Rabbits

Aim: to investigate the sub chronic toxicity of thiamethoxam on some parameters of reproductive performance in adult male rabbits including gene expression of LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR. Method: sixteen adult male Chinchilla rabbits were divided into two equal groups. Animals in the first group were treated orally with TMX at dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. The second group was served as control. Result: Obtained results showed that TMX increased the relative weight of some reproductive organs including testis and prostate. Hormonal analysis revealed that, TMX induced a significant elevation in the serum testosterone level, while the concentrations of FSH and LH hormones did not exhibit any alterations between treated and control groups. In addition, LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR genes were down regulated in TMX treated group. Conclusion: Administration of thiamethoxam for 90 days in male rabbits induced a noticeable adverse effect on serum testosterone level and down regulated genes related to male rabbit reproductive performance

Microorganisms capable of degrading neonicotinoids and their metabolic pathways: a review / 生物工程学报

Neonicotinoid compounds are usually considered harmless and eco-friendly in terms of their targeted toxicity compared to that of pyrethroids and phosphorus-containing pesticides. However, overuse of neonicotinoid insecticides resulted in the accumulation of its residuals or intermediates in soil and water, which consequently affected beneficial insects as well as mammals, yielding pollution and secondary risks. This review summarized the recent advances in neonicotinoid degrading microorganisms and their metabolic diversity, with the aim to address the urgent need for degrading these insecticides. These advances may facilitate the development of controllable and reliable technologies for efficiently transforming neonicotinoid insecticides into value-added products by synthetic biology and metagenomics.

Exposure of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to pollen grains of soybean plants (Glycine max L) originated from treated seeds / Exposição de Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) aos grãos de pólen de plantas de soja (Glycine max L) originadas de sementes tratadas

Residues of plant protection products have been reported in floral resources such as pollen, but the potential risks of pollinator exposure are still unclear. Therefore, studies are needed to assess the risk of exposure/intoxication of bees, as they collect these resources to maintain their colony. The present study used a randomized design with five treatments: thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, fipronil, and a control. Pollen was collected from two soybean plants per repetition during their entire flowering period, mixed with 8 g of sugar cake (distilled water + sugar), and offered to adult bees that were then followed for the assessment of mortality over time (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h after initial exposure). Among the generalized linear models evaluated, the beta binomial model was the best fit. The treatments were compared within each time period by overlapping credibility intervals using Bayesian inference. The probability of bee mortality was low in the first hours of evaluation and gradually increased over time in all chemical treatments. When comparing the means of the beta-binomial model, no statistical differences among treatments was observed, indicating a mortality similar to that of the control group.(AU)

Resíduos de produtos de proteção de plantas têm sido relatados em recursos florais como o pólen, mas os potenciais riscos da exposição aos polinizadores ainda não estão claros. Portanto, tornam-se necessários estudos para avaliar o risco da exposição/intoxicação das abelhas, já que necessitam destes recursos para a manutenção da colônia. O presente estudo utilizou um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos: tiametoxam, clotianidina, imidacloprid, fipronil e testemunha. O pólen foi coletado durante todo o período de floração de duas plantas de soja por repetição e incorporado a 8 g de pasta candi (água destilada + açúcar), e oferecido às abelhas adultas e logo após foi avaliada a mortalidade ao longo do tempo (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 e 32 h após a exposição inicial). Dentre os modelos lineares generalizados testados o modelo do tipo beta binomial foi o que melhor se ajustou. Os tratamentos foram contrastados dentro de cada intervalo de tempo pela sobreposição dos intervalos de credibilidade através Inferência Bayesiana. A probabilidade de mortalidade das abelhas foi pequena nas primeiras horas de avaliação, aumentando gradativamente ao longo do tempo em todos os tratamentos. Ao comparar as médias do modelo beta-binomial, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, indicando uma mortalidade padrão inclusive na testemunha.(AU)

Toxicity and motor changes in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L) exposed to fipronil and imidacloprid

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the in vitro toxicity and motor activity changes in African-derived adult honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) exposed to lethal or sublethal doses of the insecticides fipronil and imidacloprid. Mortality of bees was assessed to determine the ingestion and contact lethal dose for 24 h using probit analysis. Motor activities in bees exposed to lethal (LD50) and sublethal doses (1/500th of the lethal dose) of both insecticides were evaluated in a behavioral observation box at 1 and 4 h. Ingestion and contact lethal doses of fipronil were 0.2316 ? 0.0626 and 0.0080 ? 0.0021 μg/bee, respectively. Ingestion and contact lethal doses of imidacloprid were 0.1079 ? 0.0375 and 0.0308 ? 0.0218 μg/bee, respectively. Motor function of bees exposed to lethal doses of fipronil and imidacloprid was impaired; exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil but not imidacloprid impaired motor function. The insecticides evaluated in this study were highly toxic to African-derived A. mellifera and caused impaired motor function in these pollinators.