Mnemotecnias para la aplicación e interpretación del electroencefalograma de amplitud integrada en recién nacidos / Mnemonics for the use and interpretation of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in newborn infants

La electroencefalografía (EEG) siempre ha sido considerada una materia especializada, que amerita de entrenamiento para su aplicación e interpretación; esto ha provocado que el acceso a estos estudios quedara confinado a neurólogos y neurofisiólogos. El recién nacido ingresado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN) amerita de monitorización neurológica para establecer diagnóstico y pronóstico, por lo que se necesita una herramienta sencilla y accesible para el personal de la UCIN. Estas características han sido cubiertas por el electroencefalograma de amplitud integrada (aEEG) que, a través de patrones visuales simples de la actividad cerebral, permite el abordaje de la condición neurológica. El objetivo de este ensayo se orienta al manejo de mnemotecnias que faciliten la identificación de patrones visuales normales y patológicos en el aEEG. La nomenclatura empleada, aunque puede parecer simple, pretende crear una idea fácilmente asimilable de los conceptos básicos para la aplicación e interpretación de la neuromonitorización con aEEG.

An electroencephalography (EEG) has always been considered a specialized field, whose use and interpretation requires training. For this reason, access to these monitoring studies has been restricted to neurologists and neurophysiologists. Newborn infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) require neurophysiological monitoring to establish their diagnosis and prognosis, so a simple and accessible tool is required for NICU staff. Such features have been covered by amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), which, through simple visual patterns of brain activity, allows to approach neurological conditions. The objective of this study is to help with the management of mnemonics that facilitate the identification of normal and pathological visual patterns in an aEEG. Although simple in appearance, this nomenclature is intended to create an easy-to-understand idea of basic concepts for the use and interpretation of neurophysiological monitoring with aEEG.

Recent advance in intracranial pressure waveform and its application in patients with severe neurological diseases / 中华神经医学杂志

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is an important way to observe the condition of patients with severe neurological diseases; at present, ICP detection mainly relies on mean ICP, but with the progress of scientific and technological means and deepened research in related fields, ICP waveforms and their related derivative indicators have attracted more and more attention from clinicians. Based on the types and morphologies of ICP waveforms and their related derivative indexes, such as pressure response index and pressure amplitude index, relationships of ICP waveforms with brain tissue compliance and brain tissue lesions, and their clinical application are reviewed to provide some references for application of ICP waveforms in patients with severe neurological diseases.

A case-crossover study on association between short-term atmospheric NO2 exposure and outpatient visits due to pediatric neurological system conditions in Shijiazhuang / 环境与职业医学

Background Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a crucial component of traffic pollutants, has been shown in studies to exert toxic effects on the nervous system. However, there is a limited body of research examining the relationship between NO2 exposure and neurological disorders in children. Objective To explore the impact of short-term NO2 exposure on the outpatient visits due to pediatric neurological diseases in Shijiazhuang. Methods From 2013 to 2021, we collected outpatient data related to neurological diseases at the Children's Hospital in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province. We also collected air pollution data and meteorological data of the same city. The air pollution data included daily average concentrations of inhalable particles (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), NO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and daily maximum 8-hour average concentration of ozone (O3). The meteorological data comprised daily average atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Employing a time-stratified case-crossover design, we used conditional logistic regression models to analyze the association between NO2 and pediatric outpatient visits for neurological diseases. Stratification analyses were conducted based on gender (male, female) and age groups (0-6 years, 7-14 years). Results The study included a total of 154348 valid pediatric outpatient visits for neurological diseases. The daily average concentration of NO2 was 49.3 μg·m−3 for the study period. The results from the single-pollutant model indicated that NO2 increased the risk of pediatric neurological outpatient visits, with the highest association observed at lag0. Specifically, for every 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in atmospheric NO2 exposure, there was a 1.40% increase (95%CI: 1.05%, 1.74%) in pediatric neurological outpatient visits. The stratification analyses revealed that increased atmospheric NO2 exposure was associated with an elevated risk of neurological outpatient visits for girls (ER=1.54, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.08) and children aged 7-14 years (ER=2.35, 95%CI: 1.68, 3.02). Even after introducing PM2.5 (ER=1.96, 95%CI: 1.49, 2.43), SO2 (ER=2.09, 95%CI: 1.62, 2.55), and O3 (ER=1.40, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.74) to the models, the impact of NO2 exposure on pediatric neurological outpatient visits remained statistically significant. The results of the multi-pollutant model also indicated a significant association (ER=2.53, 95%CI: 1.97, 3.08). Conclusion The effect of short-term exposure to atmospheric NO2 on the outpatient visits of children with neurological diseases in Shijiazhuang is acute and independent, especially for children aged 7-14.

Neurophilic herpesvirus: a powerful tool for neuroscience research / 生物工程学报

Viruses are powerful tools for the study of modern neurosciences. Most of the research on the connection and function of neurons were done by using recombinant viruses, among which neurotropic herpesvirus is one of the most important tools. With the continuous development of genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques, several recombinant neurophilic herpesviruses have been engineered into different viral tools for neuroscience research. This review describes and discusses several common and widely used neurophilic herpesviruses as nerve conduction tracers, viral vectors for neurological diseases, and lytic viruses for neuro-oncology applications, which provides a reference for further exploring the function of neurophilic herpesviruses.

Exosomes derived from neural stem cells regulates neural stem cells and applicates in nervous system diseases / 中华神经医学杂志

In recent years, studies have shown that transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) help neural tissues regenerate and return to normal through paracrine action rather than just replacing cells. Exosomes are essential paracrine mediators that can participate in cell communication through substance transmission. This review focuses on NSCs regulated by exosomes and their application in treatment of nervous system diseases, in order to provide important references for further research and clinical application of NSCs exosomes..

Advances and Applications of Brain Organoids / 神经科学通报·英文版

Understanding the fundamental processes of human brain development and diseases is of great importance for our health. However, existing research models such as non-human primate and mouse models remain limited due to their developmental discrepancies compared with humans. Over the past years, an emerging model, the "brain organoid" integrated from human pluripotent stem cells, has been developed to mimic developmental processes of the human brain and disease-associated phenotypes to some extent, making it possible to better understand the complex structures and functions of the human brain. In this review, we summarize recent advances in brain organoid technologies and their applications in brain development and diseases, including neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, psychiatric diseases, and brain tumors. Finally, we also discuss current limitations and the potential of brain organoids.

Encefalitis asociada a astrovirus bovino neurotrópico, ¿una enfermedad subdiagnosticada en Sudamérica? / Neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis: An underdiagnosed diseasein South America?

Resumen Describimos un caso de encefalitis asociada a infección por astrovirus bovino neu-rotrópico en una vaca lechera, raza Jersey, del departamento de San José, Uruguay. Esterepresenta el segundo caso reportado de esta condición en el hemisferio sur. La vaca, únicaafectada de un rodeo de 70 bovinos, manifestó signos clínicos neurológicos con curso de 2 días,luego de los que murió espontáneamente. El examen histopatológico reveló meningoencefalitislinfocítica, histiocítica y plasmacítica, con necrosis neuronal, sin cuerpos de inclusión. No sedetectaron en el cerebro otros agentes infecciosos, incluyendo el virus de la rabia (Lyssavirus),alfaherpesvirus bovino-1 y alfaherpesvirus bovino-5 (Varicellovirus), virus de la diarrea viralbovina (Pestivirus), virus del Nilo Occidental (Flavivirus), Listeria monocytogenes, Histophi-lus somni y otras bacterias. Dado que el descubrimiento de astrovirus neurotrópicos en variasespecies de mamíferos, incluidos humanos, es reciente, proponemos que los casos de encefalitis por astrovirus pudieron haber pasado inadvertidos en Sudamérica. Discutimos brevementeel diagnóstico patológico diferencial de encefalitis infecciosas en bovinos.

Abstract We describe a case of neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis in a Jer-sey dairy cow from the department of San José, Uruguay. This represents the second case of thiscondition reported in the Southern Hemisphere. The cow was the only one affected in a herd of70 cows, showing neurological signs with a 2-day clinical course, before dying spontaneously.Histopathological examination revealed lymphocytic, histiocytic, and plasmacytic meningoen-cephalitis with neuronal necrosis, without detectable inclusion bodies. Other infectious agents,including Rabies virus (Lyssavirus), Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 and Bovine alphaherpesvirus-5(Varicellovirus), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (Pestivirus), West Nile virus (Flavivirus), Listeriamonocytogenes, Histophilus somni and other bacteria, were not detected in the brain. We pro-pose that given the recent discovery of neurotropic astroviruses in various mammalian species,including humans, cases of astrovirus encephalitis may have gone undetected in South America.We briefly discuss the differential pathologic diagnosis of infectious bovine encephalitis.

Application of exosomes in brain-targeted delivery / 药学学报

Brain-targeted delivery plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases, but the existence of blood brain barrier (BBB) limits the development of brain-targeted delivery. As cell-derived nanovesicles, exosomes can participate in the transportation of substances between cells to mediate the communication between cells to play a biological regulatory role in vivo. Due to the low immunogenicity, low toxicity, high engineering and natural crossing over BBB, exosomes play an important role in brain-targeted delivery. In this paper, the composition of exosomes, the mechanism of brain targeted delivery and its role in various brain diseases are systematically described.

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases / 中华神经医学杂志

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is an important negative feedback regulation mechanism that maintains the functional stability of the nervous system, acting by regulating the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters or interfering with the synthesis of postsynaptic receptors. A series of studies have demonstrated strong links between homeostatic synaptic plasticity and a variety of seemingly disparate neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, etc. In-depth understanding of homeostatic synaptic plasticity at cellular and molecular levels may help finding new targets and therapies for treatment of these related diseases. In this review, we explore the possible mechanisms of synaptic homeostasis regulatory system in neurological diseases as follows.

Meningoencephalitis caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 5 in Pernambuco, Brazil / [Meningoencefalite causada pelo Bovine alphaherpesvirus 5 em Pernambuco, Brasil]

Objetivou-se descrever a ocorrência do Bovine alphaherpesvirus 5 (BoHV5) como causa de meningoencefalite não supurativa em bovinos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Para tanto, 32 amostras de sistema nervoso embebidas em parafina foram obtidas de animais acometidos por doenças neurológicas atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (CBG-UFRPE), entre 2012 e 2016. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à presença do gene da glicoproteína C do BoHV5 por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Dois animais (6,25%) tiveram resultado positivo à PCR, e sua análise de sequenciamento indicou 100% de similaridade para o BoHV5. Os resultados histopatológicos desses dois animais revelaram lesões multifocais de meningoencefalite não supurativa associada à polioencefalomalácia, presença de corpúsculos de inclusão basofílicos, infiltração de células de Gitter e presença de manguitos perivasculares. A PCR se mostra uma importante ferramenta para diferenciação das infecções por BoHV5 de outras enfermidades neurológicas de bovinos, especialmente a raiva.(AU)

Recent advance in N6-methyladenine methylation regulating neurodevelopment and neurological diseases / 中华神经医学杂志

Among the abundant known modifications that occur within messenger RNA (mRNA), N6-methyladenine (m6A) is the most common post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes, accounting for almost 80% of all RNA methylation modification. At molecule level, m6A, a reversible modification, participates in regulation of the shearing, nucleation, translation, and degradation of mRNA. Existing studies have also revealed that m6A modification is involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes such as DNA damage repair, stem cell self-renew and differentiation, growth and development, learning and memory, and immune regulation; this kind of modification has also become an important research direction in the field of neuroscience recently. This article mainly summarizes recent processes in the molecular mechanisms of m6A methylation and its relevance to the neurodevelopment and neurological diseases, with aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of m6A regulation in this research area.

Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen: A Critical Review / 神经科学通报·英文版

Molecular hydrogen (H

The effects of implementation of neurological intensive care sub-specialized module on doctors satisfaction, nurses’ competency and patient’s outcome

@#Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of implementation of a neurological sub-specialized nursing module in critically ill neurological patients. Methods: We selected 22 neurological nurses from our hospital in Nanchang, China as study subjects. The outcome of 100 neurological patients were documented and evaluated. The period from December 2017 to March 2018 was the preimplementation period, in which the conventional nursing was implemented in 50 patients. The time from April 2018 to July 2018 was the post-implementation period, in which the sub-specialized nursing module was implemented with another 50 patients. We conducted assessment and evaluation consisting of doctor satisfaction, nursing complications (aspiration, diarrhea, pressure sores, and ventilatorassociated pneumonia), and the comprehensive ability of nurses in the pre- and post-implementation periods. Results: The total comprehensive ability score of the nurses after implementing the nursing module was higher than that before the implementation (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate of doctors after implementation (95.45%) was also higher (68.18%) (P < 0.05), and the incidences of nursing complications (aspiration, diarrhea, pressure sores, and ventilator-associated pneumonia) among patients were lower after implementing the nursing module (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The implementation of a sub-specialized nursing module in the care of patients with critically ill neurological diseases can improve the comprehensive ability of nurses and the satisfaction rate of doctors as well as reducing the incidence of nursing-related complications.

Study on risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients with critical neurological disease / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring in patients with critical neurological disease, and the related factors affecting their prognosis. Methods The clinical data of 207 patients with critical neurological disease admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (South District) from January 2016 to March 2017 were analyzed retrospectively, they were assigned into an AKI group (40 cases) and a non-AKI group (167 cases), and according to the prognosis, the patients with AKI were subdivided into a survival subgroup (14 cases) and a death subgroup (26 cases). Clinical data of Glasgow coma score (GCS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ), blood glucose, white blood cell count (WBC), central venous pressure (CVP), blood sodium, cystatin C, urea nitrogen (BUN) etc. index levels and the proportions of patients using glycerin fructose and furosemide before occurrence of AKI were collected. The indexes with statistical significant differences found in the univariate analysis were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to screen out the risk factors influencing the occurrence of AKI and the factors related to the prognosis of the AKI patients; the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to assess the predictive value of risk factors in patients with severe neurological disease to develop AKI. Results The incidence of AKI was 19.3% (40/207) in the patients with critical neurological disease. The hospital mortality in AKI group was significantly higher than that in the non-AKI group [65.0% (26/40) vs. 22.2% (37/167), P < 0.01]. Compared with non-AKI group, GCS (4.44±1.65 vs. 5.39±1.62), CVP [cmH2O (1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa): 7.69±2.66 vs. 8.98±2.56] were obviously lower in AKI group at admission, APACHEⅡ(24.50±3.67 vs. 20.05±4.42), blood glucose (mmol/L: 12.33±6.53 vs. 9.33±3.26), serum sodium (mmol/L: 144.75±10.85 vs. 140.58±5.23), WBC (×109/L: 16.15±6.25 vs. 12.79±4.22), Cystatin C (mg/L: 1.27±0.74 vs. 0.74±0.26) and BUN (mmol/L: 7.81±3.33 vs. 5.53±3.20) and proportion of male [77.5% (31/40) vs. 59.9% (100/167)], patients with the comorbidity of hypotension [37.5% (15/40) vs. 19.8% (33/167)], use of glycerin fructose [17.5% (17/40) vs. 3.6% (6/167)], or use of furosemide [70.0% (28/40) vs. 13.8%(6/167)] were significantly increased in AKI group, there was a statistically significant difference between the above two groups (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the hyperglycemia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.201, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.01-1.42, P < 0.05] and use of furosemide for treatment (OR = 24.493, 95%CI =4.92-120.36, P < 0.01) were the independent risk factors for occurrence of AKI in critical neurological patients. ROC curve analysis showed that blood sugar had certain predictive value of developing AKI in patients with critical neurological disease, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of blood glucose was 0.733, when the optimal cut-off value of blood glucose was 9.05 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 77.5% and the specificity was 62.6%. Compared with the survival subgroup in the patients with AKI, the GCS at admission in death subgroup was significantly lower (3.77±0.87 vs. 5.50±2.03), but their levels of blood glucose (mmol/L: 16.51±9.10 vs. 10.09±2.89) and BUN (mmol/L: 10.26±3.07 vs. 6.48±2.70) were obviously higher than those in the survival subgroup (all P < 0.05). Conclusion AKI is one of the common complications in patients with critical neurological disease, hyperglycemia and the use of furosemide are the independent risk factors of occurrence of AKI in such patients; the blood glucose has moderate predictive value; and lower GCS, higher glucose and BUN levels in AKI patients may enhance their risk of death.

Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and neurologic diseases in newborns / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Objective@#This review aimed to summarize research progress regarding congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection-related nervous system diseases and their mechanisms.@*Data sources@#All literature quoted in this review was retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science using the keywords "Cytomegalovirus" and "Neurologic disease" in English. To identify more important information, we did not set time limits.@*Study selection@#Relevant articles were selected by carefully reading the titles and abstracts. Then, different diagnosis and clinical treatment methods for human CMV infection-related neurologic diseases were compared, and the main mechanism and pathogenesis of neurologic damage caused by CMV were summarized from the selected published articles.@*Results@#cCMV infection is a major cause of neonatal malformation. cCMV can infect the fetal encephalon during early gestation and compromise neurodevelopment, resulting in varying degrees of neurologic damage, mainly including hearing impairment, central nervous system (CNS) infection, neurodevelopmental disorders, ophthalmic complications, cerebral neoplasms, infantile autism, epilepsy, and other neurologic abnormalities.@*Conclusions@#cCMV infection-induced neurodevelopmental abnormalities, which were directly caused by fetal encephalon infection, thus inducing neuroimmune responses to damage nerve cells. Such abnormalities were also caused by suppression of the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells by CMV’s gene products. cCMV infection in the fetal encephalon can also inhibit neuronal migration and synapse formation and indirectly trigger placental inflammation and thus disrupt the oxygen supply to the fetus.

Recent advance in role of circular RNA in neurological diseases / 中华神经医学杂志

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel endogenous noncoding RNA (ncRNA).CircRNA has been widely concerned in recent years and is a hotspot in the field of ncRNA research owing to stable structure,high abundance and organization specificity.More and more studies have shown that circRNA plays a vital role in the regulation of gene expression.It will be more important in the development and progression of neurological diseases.This review will focus on the formation,characteristics and biological functions of circRNA,as well as the possible mechanism by which it modulates neurological diseases.

Endothelial Progenitor Cells' Classification and Application in Neurological Diseases

The therapeutic effects of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on ischemic stroke have been extensively studied in recent years. However, the differences in early EPCs and endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) are still unclear. Clarifications of their respective properties and specific functioning characteristics contribute to better applications of EPCs in ischemic diseases. In this review, we discuss cellular origin, isolation, culture, surface markers of early EPCs and EOCs and relevant applications in neurological diseases. We conclude that EOCs possess all haracteristics of true endothelial progenitors and have potent advantages in EPC-based therapies for ischemic diseases. A number of preclinical and clinical applications of EPCs in neurological diseases are under study. More studies are needed to determine the specific characteristics of EPCs and the relevant mechanisms of EPCs for neurological diseases.

A survey of fall-related knowledge and behaviors and ways after injury by chief caregivers of inpatients with neurological disease / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the fall-related knowledge and behaviors and ways after injury by chief caregivers of inpatients with neurological disease.Method We designed a questionnaire of fall-related knowledge,behaviors and ways after injury and used it among 208 chief caregivers of inpatients with neurological disease.Results On fall-related knowledge,the three items with the lowest scores about fall-related knowledge included fall-related medicine,postural hypotension and abnormal excretion.Of fall-prevented behaviour score,the lowest 3 items were three steps for getting up,placing things correctly and using wheelchair protection derive.Of the inquiry and fall measures score,the lowest 3 item were helping the patient up,observation and prevention after fall.There were significant differences in the total scores on education,time for taking care of the patients,history of fall and health education on fall (P＜0.05).The scores of those with education of senior middle school,college or above were significantly higher than those with education of junior middle school or lower (P＜0.001).The following time for taking care of the patients were compared with statistics significant:＜1month and 3～6 month,＜1month and ＞6 months,1～3 months and 3～6 months (P＜0.001).Conclusion The caregivers of the patients with neurological disease are short of knowledge in fall-related knowledge,normal behaviors and should carry out individualized health education to them.

Interference Effect of Prior Explicit Information on Motor Sequence Learning in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most widespread disabling neurological condition in young adults around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of explicit information (EI) on motor-sequence learning in MS patients. Methods: Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), age: 29.5 (SD = 5.6) years and 30 healthy gender-, age-, and education-matched control group participants, age: 28.8 (SD = 6.0) years, were recruited for this study. The participants in the healthy group were then randomly assigned into an EI (n = 15) group and a no-EI (n = 15) group. Similarly, the participants in the control group were then randomly assigned into EI (n = 15) and no-EI (n = 15) groups. The participants performed a serial reaction time (SRT) task and reaction times. A retention test was performed after 48 hours. Results: All participants reduced their reaction times across acquisition (MS group: 46.4 (SD = 3.3) minutes, P < 0.001, and healthy group: 39.4 (SD = 3.3) minutes, P < 0.001). The findings for the within-participants effect of repeated measures of time were significant (F(5.06, 283.7) = 71.33. P < 0.001). These results indicate that the interaction between group and time was significant (F(5.06, 283.7) = 6.44. P < 0.001), which indicated that the reaction time in both groups was significantly changed between the MS and healthy groups across times (B1 to B10). The main effect of the group (MS and healthy) (F(1, 56) = 22.78. P < 0.001) and also the main effect of no-EI vs EI (F(1, 56) = 4.71. P < 0.001) were significant.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that that RRMS patients are capable of learning new skills, but the provision of EI prior to physical practice is deleterious to implicit learning. It is sufficient to educate MS patients on the aim and general content of the training and only to provide feedback at the end of the rehabilitative session.

Recent Updates in Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Potential of Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica, locally well known in Malaysia as pegaga, is a traditional herb that has been used widely in Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and in the traditional medicine of other Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia. Although consumption of the plant is indicated for various illnesses, its potential neuroprotective properties have been well studied and documented. In addition to past studies, recent studies also discovered and/or reconfirmed that C. asiatica acts as an antioxidant, reducing the effect of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. At the in vitro level, C. asiatica promotes dendrite arborisation and elongation, and also protects the neurons from apoptosis. In vivo studies have shown that the whole extract and also individual compounds of C. asiatica have a protective effect against various neurological diseases. Most of the in vivo studies on neuroprotective effects have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, learning and memory enhancement, neurotoxicity and other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, and epilepsy. Recent studies have embarked on finding the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection by C. asiatica extract. However, the capability of C. asiatica in enhancing neuroregeneration has not been studied much and is limited to the regeneration of crushed sciatic nerves and protection from neuronal injury in hypoxia conditions. More studies are still needed to identify the compounds and the mechanism of action of C. asiatica that are particularly involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Furthermore, the extraction method, biochemical profile and dosage information of the C. asiatica extract need to be standardised to enhance the economic value of this traditional herb and to accelerate the entry of C. asiatica extracts into modern medicine.