Normative database for Spaeth Richman contrast sensitivity test for Indian eyes

Purpose: To ascertain normative database of contrast sensitivity (CS) using Spaeth/Richman CS test (SPARCS) in the Indian population. Methods: This cross?sectional study enrolled 200 healthy individuals, and CS was tested in both eyes of each participant using SPARCS. A detailed ocular examination was done before enrollment to rule out pathologies that may affect CS. A practice test was performed in the right eye (OD), followed by uniocular testing in each eye and a final binocular test. Results: Data of 400 eyes of 200 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria was evaluated. The average age of subjects was 46.57 ± 16.77 years (range 21–79 years), with a slight female preponderance (53%, n = 106). A statistically significant decline in average SPARCS scores was noted with increasing age (P < 0.05), ranging from 86.68 (20–29 years age group) to 67.44 (70–79 years age group). Higher scores were noted in binocular testing than uniocular testing (Interclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.83; P < 0.001). Females achieved statistically significant higher total scores in uniocular SPARCS testing (both OD and OS), but there was no significant difference noted between the two genders in binocular testing. Correlation between practice and main tests was statistically Significant with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.54 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Normative database for SPARCS was established for Indian eyes, with a decreasing trend noted in peripheral as well as central CS scores with increasing age.

Normal Baseline Values for Isometric Shoulder Strength in Scaption for Healthy Filipino Individuals in the 20-30 year Age Group

@#Introduction: Isometric shoulder strength is vital in the management of individuals suffering from shoulder diseases such as rotator cuff tears. Normal values for the working Filipino population who are at risk of developing shoulder problems are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the isometric baseline isometric shoulder strengths in scaption of healthy Filipino individuals aged 20- 30 years old without a history of a shoulder injury. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study measuring the isometric strength values using the handheld IDO isometer of dominant and nondominant shoulder of healthy Filipino individuals aged 20 to 30 years old. Results: There is no significant difference in the mean isometric shoulder strength between the dominant and nondominant arm for both sexes. The male gender scored higher values compared to the female gender and is statistically significant. Conclusion: There is no difference in isometric shoulder strength between the dominant and non-dominant shoulder. Strength differences favour the male gender.

Comparison between time-domain and spectral-domain OCT in the detection of retinal nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma patients / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the use of the instruments' built-in normative databases, the sensitivities of time-domain optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT) and spectral-domain OCT(Spectralis OCT) in the detection of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 35 patients with open angle glaucoma were included. A total of 69 hemiretinas with photographically identified RFNL defects were analyzed using the fast RNFL scan of Stratus OCT and the circle scan in Spectralis OCT. The OCT parameters were evaluated at 5% and 1% abnormality levels using the instruments' built-in normative databases. The diagnostic sensitivity of each parameter was compared between the two devices. RESULTS: The Spectralis OCT detected RNFL defects within each quadrant more frequently than the Stratus OCT at both the 5% (79 7% vs 63 8%,P=0 01) and 1% (56 5% vs 40 6%, P = 0 01) abnormality levels. At the 1% abnormality level,the sensitivity was significantly higher in the standard sector of Spectralis OCT than in the clock-hour sector of the Stratus OCT(68 1% vs 39 1%,P<0 01). CONCLUSIONS: Using the instruments' built - in normative databases, the diagnostic sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT parameters was higher than that of the Stratus OCT parameters for detecting glaucomatous RNFL defects.

Choroidal thickness evaluation of healthy eyes, central serous chorioretinopathy, and fellow eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in Indian population.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to establish a normative database of subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) in healthy young Indians using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Evaluation and comparison of CT of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and fellow eyes were also performed. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, cross‑sectional, and observational study. It included 112 normal eyes of 112 healthy volunteers who had no evidence of ocular or systemic disease, 84 CSC eyes with acute, treatment‑naïve CSC, and 69 fellow eyes with no evidence of neurosensory detachment or pigment epithelium detachment on SD OCT. Complete history, examination, and SD OCT were performed in all eyes. Results: The mean age of 81 patients (84 eyes) with CSC was 35.04 ± 8.86 years, 69 fellow eyes was 34.61 ± 8.71 years, and 112 healthy volunteers (112 eyes) was 33.16 ± 9.4 years (P < 0.05). The mean subfoveal CT of CSC eyes was 429 ± 74.18 μ, fellow eyes was 360 ± 57.99 μ, and normal eyes was 301.80 ± 46.59 μ (P < 0.001). Conclusion: CT varies not only with age, axial length, and refractive error but also with races. Therefore, it is important to establish a normative database in a particular population before carrying out further research in diseased states. CT in CSC eyes is significantly thicker than fellow eyes, and CT of fellow eyes is significantly thicker than normal eyes. This reinforces the fact that choroidal permeability is increased in both eyes of patients with CSC.

Quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in normal Indian population.

The purpose of this study was to measure peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in normal Indian eyes, for which, 210 normal volunteers were recruited. One eye of each subject underwent RNFL scanning at 3.4 mm circle diameter around optic nerve using SD OCT. The data were analyzed to determine RNFLT in the sample population and its variation with age and gender. The average peripapillary RNFLT was 114.03 ± 9.59 μm. There was no effect of gender on RNFLT parameters. Age had significant negative correlation with average (P = 0.005), superior (P = 0.04), temporal (P = 0.049), and nasal quadrants (P = 0.01) RNFLT. Inferior quadrant RNFLT also had a negative correlation with age, but it was not statistically significant (P = 0.15).

Multifocal electroretinogram in normal emmetropic subjects: Correlation with optical coherence tomography.

Aim of the Study: To establish the normative database for multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) parameters in a normal emmetropic population. To correlate the data so obtained with the central macular thickness obtained using the optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan. Materials and Methods: mfERG data were obtained from 222 eyes of 111 emmetropic subjects. The amplitude (nv/deg2) and implicit times (ms) of the first-order kernel mfERG responses (N1, P1, and N2 waves) were obtained and grouped into five rings (Ring 1: Central 2°, Ring 2: 2–5°, Ring 3: 5–10°, Ring 4: 10–15°, Ring 5: >15°). The central macular thickness (CMT) was obtained using the macular thickness scan protocol of the OCT. Results: The mfERG data obtained were used to create a normative database. The amplitudes of the mfERG waves were maximum in the fovea and progressively decreased with increasing eccentricity (P = 0.0001). The latencies of the P1 and N2 waves were longest in the central ring and progressively shortened with eccentricity (P = 0.0001). No statistically significant correlations were observed between central ring 1 parameters and the CMT. Conclusion: This study establishes normative database for mfERG parameters in an emmetropic population. No statistically significant correlation was noted between CMT and mfERG parameters.