Assessment of Nozzle Spray Characteristics for Agriculture Spraying

The studies on the operational parameters of selected nozzles were conducted in the laboratory using a patternator with the operational parameters of four types of nozzles (hollow cone, 3-way discharge nozzle (3D), flood type, and solid cone nozzle), five operating pressures (400, 500, 600, 800, and 1000 kPa), and five nozzle heights (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 m). The effects of independent variables on spray discharge, droplet size, uniformity coefficient, droplet density, and spray angle were studied. It was observed that the discharge rate increased by increasing the operating pressure, and discharge varied for different types of nozzles. The Hallow cone nozzle exhibited a minimum discharge rate of 0.515 l/min, and the maximum discharge rate recorded was 1.546 l/min for the 3D nozzle. The droplet size decreases with increasing operating pressure. As the operating pressure increased, the size of the droplets formed into fine particles. The maximum droplet size of 251 µm was produced by the 3D nozzle, and the minimum was 117 µm by the Hallow cone nozzle. The spray uniformity increased with an increase in operating pressure. Spray uniformity was minimal in cases of low operating pressure because of the size of the droplets. Droplet density increased with an increase in operating pressure. Spray angle increases with increasing operating pressure. The spray angle is decreased by increasing the nozzle height because of gravity. Spray angles are different for different nozzles.

Performance Evaluation of a Pump as Turbine in a Simplified Pico Hydropower System with Provision for Water Recycling

The performance of a pump used as a turbine (PAT) in a simplified Pico hydropower system with the provision for recycling water to an overhead reservoir (OHR) 7.2 m high was investigated. A vertical PVC pipe of diameter 0.0762 m reduced into four replaceable nozzles of diameters 0.0635, 0.0508, 0.0381 and 0.0254 m was used as penstock. A 1.5 Hp surface pump was used to lift water from an underground reservoir to the OHR and the PAT was coupled to a generator by a pulley and belt drive. The volume of water discharged was monitored for each nozzle diameter till the OHR was empty, and the voltage developed and current flowing through the load measured. The flow rate, shaft power, and efficiency of the PAT for the no-load tests and then including the electrical power for the on-load tests were computed. The highest and lowest efficiency of the system (0.694 and 0.497) corresponded to nozzle diameters of 0.0635 and 0.0254 m respectively, while the highest efficiencies for each nozzle diameter (0.684, 0.629, 0.550 and 0.497) were recorded for the highest respective flow rates for the no-load tests. For the on-load tests, the highest and lowest power developed (2.976 and 2.760 kW) were obtained for the largest and lowest nozzle diameters, with the highest power for each nozzle diameter corresponding to the highest respective flow rates. These results indicate the critical role played by the nozzle diameter in producing the torque required for power generation. This confirms the critical role of flow rate and available head for determining the site feasibility in conventional hydropower practice. Overall, the results show good potential for the system to be implemented as a clean, stand-alone, small power generation unit that will enhance end-user control.

Monte Carlo simulation and verification of a scanning proton beam nozzle / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To establish an accurate simulation model for proton scanning beam using Monte Carlo (MC) code.Methods The MC model of proton scanning beam treatment nozzle was established by using MC code FLUKA combined with the geometric structure of the treatment nozzle in Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC).The MC beam model was established through the simulation of the integrated depth dose distribution (IDD) in water and the lateral profile in air at the isocenter points.The model was used to simulate the depth and lateral dose profile of Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) of proton beam.The calucated result were compared with TPS calculation values.Results For the distal R90,the deviations of simulation and measurement at all energies were less than 0.5 mm.For distal fall off (R80-20),the deviations between simulation and measurement at each energy were within 0.1 mm.The biggest difference between measurement and simulation of the proton beam spot size was within 0.45 mm.The result of simulation and TPS calculation of proton SOBP matched well,with the γ index pass rate being higher than 90％ (Criteria:2 mm,2％).Conclusions The MC code FLUKA can be used to model the nozzle of scanning proton beam,which can meet the clinical requirements and accurately simulate the proton beam transport in material.After construction and verification on the basis of measurement,this model can be used as a dose verification tool to evaluate clinical proton treatment plans,in order to reduce the beam time for dose verification and thus increase the number of patient treatment in proton therapy.

Influence of working pressure and spray nozzle on the distribution of spray liquid in manual backpack sprayers / Influência da pressão e da ponta de pulverização na distribuição de caldas em pulverizadores costais manuais

Manual backpack sprayers are widely used in rural properties in Brazil. However, studies that assess their working characteristics, especially spray tip models and working pressure conditions, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess how much the working pressure and spray tips influence the distribution quality of phytosanitary spray solutions in manual backpack sprayers. Four spray nozzles (standard flat-fan Magnojet TP11002, turbo flat-fan TeeJet TT11002, hollow-cone TeeJet TXA8002, and disc-core) were assessed in a patternator table at 1, 2, 3, and 4 bar. Analyses of spray distribution profile were performed by symmetry and the coefficient of variation (CV) analysed by the Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Spray tip models and working pressure influenced in more than 100% the distribution uniformity values of spray solution and in about 50% the useful range of the phytosanitary treatment. Among the models assessed in this study, the turbo flat-fan spray nozzle presents the best set of characteristics to be indicated for manual backpack sprayers aiming at field phytosanitary treatments.(AU)

O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais no Brasil é amplamente disseminado em propriedades rurais. Entretanto, são escassos os trabalhos de pesquisa que avaliem as suas características de trabalho, sobretudo modelos de ponta de pulverização e condições de pressão de trabalho. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quanto os modelos de pontas e a pressão de trabalho influenciam na qualidade da distribuição de caldas fitos-sanitárias com pulverizadores costais manuais. Foram avaliados em mesa de deposição quatro modelos de pontas de pulverização (jato plano convencional Magnojet TP 11002; jato plano defletor Teejet TT 11002; jatos cônicos vazios TeeJet TXA 8002 e "chapinha" original), a 1, 2, 3 e 4 bar de pressão. As análises do perfil de distribuição dos jatos foram realizadas por simetria e o coeficiente de variação analisado pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os modelos de pontas de pulverização e a pressão de trabalho influenciaram em mais de 100% os valores de uniformidade de distribuição da calda, e cerca de 50% na largura da faixa útil de tratamento fitos-sanitário. Dentre os modelos avaliados neste trabalho, o de jato defletor é o que apresenta o melhor conjunto de características para ser indicado a equipar os pulverizadores costais manuais para os tratamentos fitossanitários de campo.(AU)

Condition optimization of the flow cytometry MoFlo Astrios EQ on single-cell sorting in 96-well plate / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To optimize the method of the flow cytometry MoFlo Astrios EQ on single-cell sorting in 96-well plate. Methods • Using different aperture nozzles and sorting ways, the 32D, U937, iBMDM and 293T cells were used for single-cell sorting after the precise adjustment of the instrument and various parameters. The hole numbers with single cell and single-cell clones were detected after sorting. Results • In the single-cell sorting mode, the hole numbers with single cell were 83-91 by 70 μm nozzle and 87-93 by 100 μm nozzle. After 7-10 days of culture, the hole numbers with single-cell clones were 36-58 by 70 μm nozzle. In 100 μm nozzle, the hole numbers with single-cell clones were 53-78 by electrostatic charge sorting and 69-81 by straight-down sorting, respectively. Conclusion • In single-cell sorting, a better cell viability and higher cloning rate are observed in 100 μm nozzle and straight-down sorting.

Design and Experiment Study of Micro Droplet GeneratorBased on Ultrasonic Vibration / 分析化学

A micro droplet generator based on V-shape linear ultrasonic motor was prepared to produce micro droplets with higher accuracy in the field of biochemistry.The device was composed of a micro droplet generator which was driven by the V-shaped linear ultrasonic motor, a three-dimensional displacement platform based on V-shaped linear ultrasonic motor, and a micro droplet separation unit based on the piezoelectric vibrator.The generating part consisted of an ultrasonic motor, a medical syringe, a silica flexible tube and a self-made micro nozzle based on glass.Utilizing the drive controller to drive the linear ultrasonic motor, the slipway pushes forward the syringe and the micro droplet was attached to the glass nozzle.The natural mode of the rod nozzle was excited by the piezoelectric vibrator.The attached droplet was separated from the tip of the nozzle after overcoming the viscous force.The separated droplet fell in a certain range.And the radius of the spherical droplet was calculated.In the experiment, distilled water was used as the initial liquid to investigate the characteristics of the micro droplets produced by the device.The experimental results showed that the droplet was attached to the tip of the micro nozzle which was formed by distilled water under the linear motor.By the vibration of the separation unit, the attached droplets formed the spherical droplets by overcoming the viscous forces in the tip of the nozzle.The radius of spherical droplets generated by this device was less than 40 μm by measuring the size.

Research progress of single-particle focusing device and related technologies / 医疗卫生装备

The present situation and research progress of the single-particle focusing device and related technologies were introduced in foreign countries and China. The principles and advantages of different single-particle focusing devices were analyzed from the aspects of liquid and gas single-particle focusing, and it's pointed out that rapid detection of the particles such as bacteria could be realized by liquid and gas single-particle focusing measures. The two measures both had brilliant prospects providing the structure and design were optimized to ensure high detection precision and efficiency, which could be promoted for bio-agents detection and fulminating infectious diseases prevention and treatment.

Tecnologia de aplicação de fungicida no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja: resultados de oito anos de estudos em Minas Gerais E Goiás / Technology of fungicide application in the control of soybean soybean: results of studies in Minas Gerais and Goiás

Diante da importância do controle eficiente e seguro da ferrugem asiática da soja, foi conduzido um projeto de pesquisa de oito anos nesta área focando principalmente a avaliação de métodos de aplicação, pontas de pulverização, volumes de calda e adjuvantes. Este artigo resume os resultados encontrados nestes estudos objetivando avaliar e relacionar os diversos fatores envolvidos na tecnologia de aplicação de fungicidas na cultura da soja. Foram realizados sete ensaios em diferentes áreas, abrangendo as regiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Goiás, conduzidos em lavouras de soja semeadas em safras de verão. Estudaram-se diferentes pontas de pulverização (13), volumes de calda (7), adjuvantes (3) e métodos de aplicação (aéreo e terrestre). As principais variáveis analisadas foram: deposição de calda, severidade da ferrugem, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. A partir da análise dos resultados, observou-se que pontas que produzem gotas médias parecem ser mais adequadas ao controle da ferrugem asiática da soja, evitando também elevados riscos de deriva. Há viabilidade técnica no uso de volumes de calda reduzidos, próximos a 130 L ha-1, na aplicação terrestre. A aplicação aérea também se mostrou viável. A utilização de adjuvantes mostrou-se uma boa ferramenta para auxiliar no controle da ferrugem, contudo seu efeito está relacionado ao tipo de ponta utilizada e ao modo de ação do fungicida, ou seja, ação local ou protetora e mesostêmica ou ação sistêmica. É preciso buscar estratégias que incrementem a deposição de calda na parte inferior da cultura, visto que todos os métodos apresentam dificuldade de cobertura nesta área.

Asian soybean rust is a serious disease of soybeans. In this way, a research project was conducted focusing primarily on evaluating methods of application, spray nozzles, spray volumes and adjuvants on chemical control of rust. This article summarizes the results of a eight-year study to evaluate factors involved in technology application of fungicides on soybeans. Seven experiments were conducted in different areas, including regions of Goiás and Triângulo Mineiro (Brazil), on soybean crops sown in summer. It was studied different spray nozzles (13), spray volumes (7), adjuvants (3) and application methods (aerial and ground). The main evaluated variables were: spray deposition, disease severity, weight of 1,000 grains and yield. It was observed that medium droplets seem more appropriate to control Asian rust, also avoiding high risk of drift. There are technical feasibility in using reduced spray volumes (near 130 L ha-1) in the ground application. Aerial application also proved feasible. The use of adjuvants proved to be a good tool to assist in controlling the disease, but its effect is related to the type of nozzle used and action mode of fungicides, if them not penetrate in the sub epidermis parts of leaves (topic or mesostemic action) or to penetrate inside the leaves (systemic fungicides action). It is necessary to find strategies to increase the spray deposition at the bottom part of the crop canopy, since all methods have difficulty covering this area.

Aplicação aérea de fungicidas na cultura do arroz irrigado com diferentes bicos de pulverização / Aerial fungicide application on irrigated lowland rice with varying spraying nozzles

Na safra agrícola 2007/2008, foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a deposição e penetração de gotas através de cartões hidrossensíveis e análise cromatográfica. Para isso, utilizaram-se o bico eletrostático, bico hidráulico e atomizadores rotativos de discos com diferentes volumes de calda. As pulverizações foram realizadas no estádio R3 da cultura, com aeronave Ipanema EMB-202, aplicando-se fungicida trifloxistrobina + propiconazole. Através da leitura de cartões hidrossensíveis, determinou-se a densidade de gotas, o diâmetro médio numérico, diâmetro médio volumétrico, amplitude relativa e a penetração de gotas no dossel (%). Também foi utilizada a análise cromatográfica para determinar a penetração do produto no alvo biológico. O bico hidráulico, com taxa de aplicação de 20L ha-1 e 30L ha-1, e o bico eletrostático, com taxa de aplicação de 10L ha-1, obtiveram maior densidade de gotas no terço superior. O uso de atomizadores rotativos de disco com volume de calda de 15L ha-1 apresentou maior densidade de gotas no terço médio e inferior. Para diâmetro médio volumétrico, os bicos eletrostáticos juntamente com os atomizadores rotativos de discos apresentaram os menores valores. A maior homogeneidade de gotas no terço superior foi obtida com atomizadores rotativos de disco com taxa de aplicação de 6L ha-1 e 10L ha-¹. A análise cromatográfica mostrou que a maior quantidade de produto foi retida com bicos eletrostáticos com taxa de aplicação de 10L ha- ¹ no extrato inferior da planta.

In the harvest year of 2007/2008 a study was carried to evaluate the droplets deposition and penetration throughout water sensible cards and gas chromatographic analysis. Were used the hydraulic nozzle, electrostatic nozzle and rotary-disk atomizer spraying systems, with different volumes of spray solution. Aerial applications were performed at R3 stage using the aircraft Ipanema EMB-202 and the fungicide trifloxystrobin + propiconazole. Throughout the lection of the water sensible cards was determinate the droplet density, the medium numeric diameter, the medium volumetric diameter, the relative amplitude and the percentage of droplet penetration in the canopy. Chromatographic analysis was also performed to determinate the fungicide penetration into the biological target. The pulverization systems hydraulic nozzle 20L ha-1 and 30L ha-1 and the electrostatic system 10L ha-1 demonstrated higher droplet density in the upper third. The rotary-disk atomizer 15L ha-1 showed higher droplet density in the mid and low third. To the medium volumetric diameter, the electrostatic nozzles and the rotary-disk atomizer showed the lowest values. The higher homogeneity in the upper third was attained with rotary-disk atomizer at the pulverization rates of 6L ha-1 and 10L ha-1. The chromatographic analysis showed that the higher quantity of product retention was obtained with the electrostatic system at the pulverization rate of 10L ha-1 in the lower plant extract.

Variáveis qualitativas da pulverização em feijão, Bidens pilosa E Brachiaria plantaginea / Qualitative variables of spraying in common beans, Bidens pilosa and Brachiaria plantaginea

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. e de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. presentes na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 (500 ppm). Utilizaram-se cinco pontas de pulverização: jato plano (XR 110015 VS e XR 11002 VS), jato plano duplo (TJ60 11002 VS) e jato cônico (TX-6 VS e TX-8 VS) e dois volumes de aplicação 150 e 200 L ha-1. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Foram amostradas 25 plantas em cada parcela/repetição, de plantas de feijão e plantas daninhas presentes na linha e na entrelinha da cultura. Após a aplicação, as plantas foram coletadas e lavadas em água destilada para quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados ajustaram-se à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que: para as plantas de feijão as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 proporcionaram as deposições mais uniformes, nos volumes de 150 e 200 L ha-1, respectivamente; a ponta TX-6 no volume de 150 L ha-1 apresentou melhor uniformidade de distribuição para ambas as espécies de plantas daninhas presentes na linha da cultura; para as plantas daninhas presentes na entrelinha, no volume de 150 L ha-1, destacaram-se as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 11002 para B. pilosa e B. plantaginea, respectivamente, no volume de 200 L ha-1 destacou-se a ponta TX-8 para ambas as espécies.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the deposition quality of spray solution in common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., present in the crop row and spacing row. Brilliant blue FDC - 1 was used as a tracer solution (500 ppm). Five nozzles were used: flat fan nozzle (XR 110015 VS and XR 11002 VS), double flat fan nozzle (TJ60 11002 VS) and cone nozzle (TX-6 VS and TX-8 VS), and two application volumes: 150 and 200 L ha-1. A randomized blocks design was used, with four replications. 25 plants were sampled for replication in each plot, common beans as well as weeds in crop row and spacing row. After the application, the plants were collected and washed in distilled water for tracer quantification in spectrophotometer. The data adjusted to the regression curve according to the Gompertz model. The results showed that, for the common bean plants, XR 110015 and TJ60 nozzles had provided the most uniform depositions in 150 and 200 L ha-1 application volume, respectively; the nozzle in the volume of 150 L ha-1 had a more uniform distribution for both the species of harmful plants present in the crop line; for the weeds present in the crop row in a volume of 150 L ha-1 the best performances were presented by the XR 110015 nozzle for B. pilosa and the TJ60 nozzle for B. plantaginea. For the volume of 200 L ha-1 , the TX-8 nozzle presented the best performance for both species.

Comparative study in two preservation methods of the sputum aspirator nozzle / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore a simple and safe method for preservation of the sputum aspirator nozzle. Methods Using self-controlled method, the traditional method was to place the nozzle in the glass bottle of disinfectant liquid, the modified method was to fix a sputum tube to a suitable location of the sputum aspirator or bedside with the joint free, after sputum aspiration,the nozzle was connected to the joint. One patient used the same sputum aspirator. The two methods of preservation were alternated every 24 hours. The slippage times of the nozzle were compared, and samples from glass nozzle and joints of disinfectant liquid bottles/spu-tuna tube joints were underwent bacterial culture. Results Significant difference existed in slippage times of the nozzle, the positive rate of bacteria colony in the.glass nozzle and disinfectant liquid bottles/sputum tube joints between the two methods. Conclusions Using sputum aspiration tubes to fix the nozzle of aputum aspi-rator is better than the traditional method of putting the nozzle into the glass bottle of disinfectant liquid,this method proves to be easy, safe,portable and economical and is worthy of clinical application.

Distributing structure of nozzles in medical micro-jet device / 医疗卫生装备

This paper designs a new distributing structure of nozzles in medical micro-jet device on the bases of emulating results. This new structure can improve the output coefficient and flux of drug delivery. Then, a micro-jet device is fabricated by MEMS technology based on this structure. The experiment results indicate that the number of output droplet is approximated to normal distribution on droplet diameter and velocity. Moreover, the droplet velocity and the flux are both improved in this new micro-jet device, whose values are 2.93m/s and 11.77?l/s respectively.