Advances in the study of exosomes in ophthalmic applications / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Exosomes are commonly found in blood, urine, saliva, ascites, amniotic fluid and other body fluids, and are involved in intercellular communication, signal transduction, transport of genetic material, maintenance of internal environmental homeostasis and immune regulation, with a wide range of important biological functions. Exosomes transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to target cells and facilitate intercellular communication.As research continues, they have been found to play important roles in physiological and pathological processes, and are important biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It plays an important role in immunomodulation, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis in many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and brain diseases. More researches suggest that exosomes also play an important role in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. In this review, the research history and biological functions of exosomes, as well as their pathogenesis and prospects for the application in ophthalmic diseases, including corneal diseases, glaucoma, ocular trauma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis and intraocular tumors, were discussed

Research progress of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Amniotic membrane is the innermost membrane in human placenta. It supports epithelialization and has the characteristics of anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenesis. It is gradually widely used in ophthalmic surgery and other surgical operations. In recently years, the amniotic membrane has been used more frequently in ophthalmic clinic and has achieved better curative effect. This article reviews the application of amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular diseases such as ocular burn, conjunctival disease, corneal disease, pterygium, glaucoma and macular hole. It is expected that amniotic membrane transplantation will bring new ideas for the treatment of ocular diseases.

Advances in research on biological information of ophthalmology disease / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Bioinformatics, an emerging discipline focusing on genomics and proteomics, is both comprehensive and interdisciplinary of biology, computer science, information engineering and statistics. In the ophthalmic biological genetic research, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous and retina are ideal bioinformatic research objects in the field of ophthalmic biological genes because of their abundance in biological information. Genomics testing techniques have the characteristics of high efficiency and accuracy, which helps us to screen the differentially expressed genes related to ophthalmic tumors and genetic diseases; Proteomics can help us analyze the protein expression profile and functional changes caused by the high and low gene expression in intraocular fluid or isolated cells in diseases states, revealing the mechanism of disease. This paper mainly summarizes the application of bioinformatics in ophthalmic diseases, and preliminarily envisage its impact on the current treatment, the existing problems and the development trend in the future.

Research progress on the exosomes in ophthalmic diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of sizes ranging from 50-150nm in diameter. Exosomes can deliver bioactive molecules(<i>e.g.</i> proteins, lipids, DNA, microRNA, <i>etc.</i>)into target cells which play an important role in cell-cell communication. Researches demonstrated that exosomes mediated cell-cell communication can impact cell apoptosis, invasion, migration, immune response and oxidative repair ability of recipient cells. Recently, researches on exosomes developed rapidly in the field of ophthalmology. This review summarized the latest research progress of exosomes in ophthalmic diseases.

TRPM3/miR-204 in the regulation of ophthalmic diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are one of the most important regulatory factors of gene expression, which involved in the growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis of various cells, tissues and organs. TRPM3 is located in human chromosome 9 and belongs to M sub-family of the transient receptor potential(TRP)channels. MiR-204 is located on TRPM3 intron 6 and participates in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression through cleavage or translation inhibition of target mRNAs. Studies have shown that TRPM3/miR-204 complex locus plays an important role in the occurrence and development of eye diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, corneal neovascularization, corneal wound healing, retinal diseases, optic nerve diseases and so on. In this paper, the biological function of TRPM3/miR-204, its expression and regulation in the eyes and its correlation with a variety of ophthalmic diseases are reviewed.

Desenvolvimento de sistema estruturado com inteligência artificial para apoio no diagnóstico de patologias oftalmológicas mais relevantes / Development of a structured artificial intelligence system to support the diagnosis of the most relevant ophthalmic diseases

Introdução: A inteligência artificial (IA) está revolucionando a área da saúde. Na oftalmologia, esta tecnologia pode possibilitar diagnósticos mais rápidos e precisos, impedindo a progressão das alterações na visão. Médicos e algoritimosalgoritmos podem ser mais eficientes quando trabalham juntos. Desenvolver um software de IA com alta especificidade e sensibilidade para apoio no diagnóstico de algumas patologias oftalmológicas. Métodos: O software de deep learning foi construído através de redes neurais valendo de duas bases computacionais MobileNet e Inception. Para o treinamento do banco de dados foram utilizadas 2.520 imagens de glaucoma, retinopatia diabética, toxoplasmose ocular, papiledema, descolamento de retina e retina normal. Para a validação foi utilizado 428 imagens patológicas e normais para os cálculos de sensibilidade e de especificidade. Todas as imagens foram cedidas da Sociedade Americana de Especialistas da Retina. Resultados: Os resultados de sensibilidade e especificidade foram no MobileNet de 91% (IC 95%, 89-92%) e 98,5% (IC 95%, 98-99%); no Inception, de 91,4% (IC 95%, 89-93,5%) de 98,4% (IC 95%, 98-98,8%), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois métodos utilizados. Conclusão: O software apresentou resultados promissores na distinção das condições oftalmológicas pesquisadas. (AU)

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing health care. In ophthalmology, this technology can enable faster and more accurate diagnoses, preventing the progression of vision Physicians and algorithms are most effective when working together. To develop an AI software with high specificity and sensitivity to support the diagnosis of some ophthalmic diseases. Methods: A deep learning software was built through neural networks using two computational bases, MobileNet and Inception. For training the database, 2520 images of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, ocular toxoplasmosis, papilledema, retinal detachment, and normal retina were used. For validation, 428 pathological and normal images were used for calculations of sensitivity and specificity. All images were obtained from the American Society of Retina Specialists. Results: The results of sensitivity and specificity were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89-92%) and 98.5% (95% CI, 98-99%) on MobileNet, and 91.4% (95% CI, 89-93.5%) and 98.4% (95% CI, 98-98.8%) on Inception, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion: The software showed promising results in distinguishing the main ophthalmic conditions surveyed. (AU)

Research status and progress of miR-15a in ophthalmological diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#miRNA-15a(miR-15a)is a non-coding small molecule RNA located on 13q14 gene. It affects the growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis of all organs and cells of the whole body. As the study progressively deepened, it was found that the role of miR-15a in different tissues and cells was not entirely consistent. Sometimes it plays a role in suppressing cancer, and sometimes it promotes cancer. The signal pathways it affects are complex and diverse. With the deepening of biological research into cell signaling pathways, miRNA-15a has become a miRNA more extensively studied. But in the ophthalmology, the corresponding research is not much. In this article, we mainly focus on the mechanism of miR-15a and its current research situation in ophthalmic diseases, so as to provide a reference for further study and their treatment.

Research progress on application of artificial intelligence in pediatric ophthalmology / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#In recent years, artificial intelligence(AI)technology has developed rapidly, and its practice and application in the medical field have brought new possibilities to the development of the medical industry. In the field of general ophthalmology, AI technology based on machine learning(ML)has greatly improved the efficiency of diagnosis, but less progress has been made in pediatric ophthalmology. At present, AI technology has been applied to the automatic detection of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), pediatric cataracts, inspection of strabismus and refractive error, prediction of high myopia in the future, diagnosis of dyslexia through eye tracking and research of ophthalmic images. This article reviews the current status, progress, and future development of AI in pediatric ophthalmology.

Research status and progress of miR-15a in ophthalmological diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#miRNA-15a(miR-15a)is a non-coding small molecule RNA located on 13q14 gene. It affects the growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis of all organs and cells of the whole body. As the study progressively deepened, it was found that the role of miR-15a in different tissues and cells was not entirely consistent. Sometimes it plays a role in suppressing cancer, and sometimes it promotes cancer. The signal pathways it affects are complex and diverse. With the deepening of biological research into cell signaling pathways, miRNA-15a has become a miRNA more extensively studied. But in the ophthalmology, the corresponding research is not much. In this article, we mainly focus on the mechanism of miR-15a and its current research situation in ophthalmic diseases, so as to provide a reference for further study and their treatment.

Neuro-ophthalmic Analyses of Head Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the types and clinical features of neurological diseases after head trauma. METHODS: From March 2010 to December 2018, a total of 177 patients were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of neurological ophthalmic diagnoses and frequencies, the types of head injuries, and the prognoses. RESULTS: Cranial nerve palsy was the most common (n = 63, 35.6%), followed by traumatic optic neuropathy (n = 45, 25.4%), followed by optic disc deficiency, ipsilateral visual field defect, Nystagmus, skewing, ocular muscle paralysis between nuclei, and Terson syndrome. Neuro-ophthalmic deficits occurred in relatively strong traumas accompanied by intracranial hemorrhage or skull fracture. However, convergence insufficiency and decompensated phoria occurred in relatively weak trauma such as concussion. The prognoses of the diseases were poor (p < 0.05) for traumatic optic neuropathies and visual field defects. The prognoses of neurological diseases were poor if accompanied by intracranial hemorrhages or skull fractures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After head trauma, various neuro-ophthalmic diseases can occur. The prognosis may differ depending on the type of the disease, and the strength of the trauma may affect the prognosis.

Accelerating the construction of artificial intelligence diagnostic platform based on ophthalmic imaging database / 中华实验眼科杂志

With the global trend of aging populations,the prevalence of blindness is expected to increase.However,due to deficiencies and imbalances,medical resources are far from satisfactory for ophthalmic disease diagnosis and management,particularly in primary medical facilities of developing countries.Eyeball is a visualized organ with its superficial position and transparent refractory media.Therefore,many ophthalmic diseases can be screened and diagnosed from images and photographs,such as cataract,cornea diseases and retinopathy,etc.As the development of data mining technology and accumulation of large amount of ophthalmic clinical data,the conditions are ripe for establishment of artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic platform.Currently,attention should be focused on integrating the abundant ocular imaging resources,practically applying the data mining technology and gradually developing the universal AI platform for the management of ophthalmic disease.

Experience of LV Hai-jiang in Using Raising Yang Therapy for Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases / 中国中医药信息杂志

Since Nei Jing, through the development and supplement of ancient physicians, syndrome differentiation of TCM ophthalmology has been gradually improved. To the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, LI Dong-yuan's Pi Wei Lun paid attention to spleen and stomach,which made raising yang therapy has been accepted and widely used in medical subjects. After 40 years of clinical practice and inheritance and innovation of LI Dong-yuan's raising yang therapy, Professor LV Hai-jiang gradually formed his own experience features of using raising yang therapy to treat ophthalmic diseases. Combined with the clinical medical records, this article reviewed diagnosis and treatment experience of Professor LV in using raising yang therapy to treat ophthalmic diseases from the aspects of raising yang and removing obstruction in collaterals, raising yang and dissipating heat, activating blood circulation and expelling stasis, and eliminating dampness and phlegm.

Experience of LV Hai-jiang in Using Raising Yang Therapy for Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases / 中国中医药信息杂志

Since Nei Jing, through the development and supplement of ancient physicians, syndrome differentiation of TCM ophthalmology has been gradually improved. To the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, LI Dong-yuan's Pi Wei Lun paid attention to spleen and stomach,which made raising yang therapy has been accepted and widely used in medical subjects. After 40 years of clinical practice and inheritance and innovation of LI Dong-yuan's raising yang therapy, Professor LV Hai-jiang gradually formed his own experience features of using raising yang therapy to treat ophthalmic diseases. Combined with the clinical medical records, this article reviewed diagnosis and treatment experience of Professor LV in using raising yang therapy to treat ophthalmic diseases from the aspects of raising yang and removing obstruction in collaterals, raising yang and dissipating heat, activating blood circulation and expelling stasis, and eliminating dampness and phlegm.

Research progress of miR-204 in the regulation of ophthalmic diseases / 中华实验眼科杂志

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short nucleotide non-coding RNAs which widely exist in eukaryotic organisms,involved in the body's life process,including cell growth,differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis and autophagy.MiR-204-5p is located on chromosome TRPM3 in the 9q21.12 large intron 6 expression,and miR-204 plays an important role in corneal wound healing process;and it regulates retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tight junction integrity and maintains the blood retina barrier in a quiescent state;in human trabecular meshwork cells,miR-204 appears to play an important role in the regulation of responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress,apoptosis,and production of inflammatory mediators.Identification of additional target genes will be necessary to fully understand the biological functions of miR-204.These studies found that it is a multidimensional expression in the eye,suggesting that miR-204 is likely to be the key miRNA in different eye diseases.This article reviews the biosynthesis of miRNA,the relationship between miR-204 and diabetic keratopathy,RPE cells,human trabecular meshwork cells,age-related cataract,diabetic retinopathy,retinoblastoma and autophagy,and explore the prevention of ocular refractory diseases with new targets.

Review on progress of choroidal thickness / 中华实验眼科杂志

The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) into clinical practice has changed methods of the ophthalmic clinical diagnosis and treatment.With the progression of new technology,OCT has obtained a true,non-invasive optical biopsy of the posterior segment.With advancements in OCT image processing software,more refined details of the posterior segment can be analysed,such as choroid.Recently,high-definition selective imaging processing software can reduce noise and construct the best possible image by evaluating all the pixel data.And decreased signal strength posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is compensated by this image enhancement software,which enables visualization of the border between choroidal tissue and sclera.Thus,choroidal thickness can be accurately measured by OCT.Choroidal thickness is affected by many factors,such as body position,age,intraocular pressure,ocular axial length,refractive error,systolic blood pressure,etc.The choroid is an important part of blood supply in the eyes,which plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of many diseases affecting the retina.Choroid is significantly correlated with many ophthalmic diseases,for example,ophthalmic diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR),myopic maculopathy,age-related macular degeneration (AMD),retinitis pigmentosa,normal tension glaucoma (NTG),high myopia,idiopathic macular hole may cause thinning of the choroid;ophthalmic diseases including central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC),polypoid choroid vasculopathy (PCV),Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH),open angle glaucoma (OAG),angle-closure glaucoma (ACG),central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO),multiple evanescent white dot syndrome may cause thickening of choroid.This article reviews the characteristics of choroid thickness,the influencing factors of choroidal thickness and the changes of choroid thickness in ophthalmic diseases.

Recent advances in regulation of autophagy in ocular diseases / 眼科新进展

Autophagy is of highly conserved self degradation under physiological and pathological conditions.Recent studies has been shown that autophagy play the important role in the development of ocular diseases.This article reviews the role of autophagy in the development of ocular diseases,and provides new ideals for clinical treatment of ocular diseases.

Advance in research on the relationship between mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and ophthalmic diseases / 中华实验眼科杂志

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly evolutionary conserved protein kinase and plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth, growth factors and cell energy, and thus contributes to the formation of nutrition, metabolism and aging processes.Recent studies found that mTOR signaling pathway is associated with cell cycle, protein synthesis and metabolism, and it is an important pathway of diseases such as development of tumor,metabolic disorders,nervous system disease and inflammation.The relationship between mTOR signaling pathway and ophthalmic diseases was reviewed in this article.

A week in neuro-ophthalmology: The Singapore experience

Objective@#To report the frequency of neuro-ophthalmologic cases seen over one working week by a senior neuro-ophthalmologist in Singapore and to determine a pattern in the incidence of neuro-ophthalmic diseases.@*Methods@#A retrospective review of 57 consecutive neuro-ophthalmologic cases seen by one senior neuro-ophthalmologist from June 14 to 18, 2010 was done. All patients underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmologic examination. Demographic data and clinical diagnoses were gathered.@*Results@#A total of 57 patients were seen. Thirty-one percent (18) of these patients were new consultations while the remaining 61% (39) were follow-up visits. Fifty-two percent were females (30) with a mean age of 53 years while 47% were males (27) with a mean age of 49 years. Nineteen cases involved disorders of the optic nerve followed by disorders of ocular motility (11), optic chiasm, visual pathways, and/or visual cortex (14). Among the cases involving the optic nerve, 5 were ischemic optic neuropathy. In respect to disorders of ocular motility, ocular myasthenia gravis (n=5) was the most common condition seen. Pituitary adenomas comprised the bulk of the disorders of the optic chiasm (4). The remaining neuro-ophthalmic cases were almost evenly distributed. A very rare case of Froin’s syndrome was also seen.@*Conclusion@#Overall, during the five-day neuro-ophthalmologic clinic, majority of cases were ischemic in nature, reminding readers that systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, commonly manifest in the eye. Hence, better systemic control of these diseases is necessary.