Survey research on the perceptions and issues of ordinary women regarding cosmetic acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the awareness and perceptions of cosmetic acupuncture among ordinary women.[Method] A questionnaire method was adopted, with a target population of 1,000 ordinary women living in Shizuoka prefecture, which is considered a suitable location for test marketing in Japan.Questionnaires were distributed through the Chambers of Commerce in the prefecture by age group, according to the population ratio, and responses were obtained. The items included (1) basic information; (2) presence and type of facial cosmetic concerns; (3) experience of acupuncture, awareness of cosmetic acupuncture, the medium through which they learned of it, perception of effects, and experience of cosmetic acupuncture; (4) effects and types of cosmetic acupuncture, presence or absence of adverse effects, current treatment status, desired treatment outcomes and reasons for seeking treatment, wishes from treatment clinics, and wishes from practitioners; and (5) 1 month's investment in beauty.[Result] The response rate was 56.2%, and 91.8% of the participants perceived that they had facial cosmetic concerns; 28.8% had experience with acupuncture, whereas 42.0% had knowledge regarding cosmetic acupuncture. Television (45.3%) was the primary source of information regarding this. The most prevalent perception of the effects of cosmetic acupuncture was lifting (44.8%), and 43.2% of the 521 participants inexperienced with cosmetic acupuncture consented to treatment. Participants mostly reported being somewhat interested in the procedure as their reason for wanting to receive treatment (45.3%). The most common reason for opting out of treatment was due to pain (52.6%). Of those who experienced cosmetic acupuncture, 60.0% said they experienced positive effects, and lifting (62.5%) is the most frequently perceived outcome, which matched the commonly held perception. However, among the participants, 45.0% reported negative effects, while 47.5% received the treatment two or more times in the past but did not continue. Participants mainly wanted clean treatment centers and skilled practitioners. The most common monthly investment in beauty was between 3,000 yen and 5,000 yen (28.5%).[Discussion/Conclusion] The results suggest that many women have cosmetic concerns regarding their faces and expect lifting from cosmetic acupuncture. The low treatment rate among women and their reasons for not seeking re-treatment were elucidated in this study, despite their degree of awareness. Further, the problems associated with the development of cosmetic acupuncture were clarified.

Uma relação possível entre os inclassificáveis e a modernidade líquida / A possible relationship between the unclassifiable and liquid modernity / Una posible relación entre los inclassificables y la modernidad neta

A psicanálise muito se ocupou de compreender as sociedades e sujeitos que a compõem, e, disto, Freud desenvolveu as três estruturas clínicas. Contudo, foi com Lacan que a psicose foi mais explorada teórica e clinicamente. Depois, com Miller e a "formalização" do termo "psicose ordinária", em 1998, há também os "inclassificáveis", que escapam destas estruturas. Na sociologia, Bauman cria o termo "Modernidade Líquida", para se referir a este tempo de desbussolamento do sujeito, de escape e perda de referencial, que nos motivou a discutir, teoricamente, quais as relações entre essa modernidade e as estruturas psíquicas existentes e reconhecidas pela psicanálise Freud-lacaniana. Tal discussão foi realizada através de revisão bibliográfica das obras de Freud, Lacan, Miller e Bauman, resultando no entendimento de que as formas de gozo se multiplicaram e seu valor simbólico para o sujeito se estilhaçou; aquilo que era a regra, hoje é mais um dos desvios dos sintomas.

Psychoanalysis was very concerned with understanding the societies and subjects that compose it, and, from this, Freud developed the three clinical structures. However, However, with Lacan psychosis started to be more explored theoretically and clinically. Then, with Miller and the "formalization" of the term "ordinary psychosis", in 1998, there are also the "unclassifiable", who escape these structures. In sociology, Bauman coined the term "Liquid Modernity", to refer to this time of subject disbussing, of escape and loss of reference, which motivated us to discuss, theoretically, which relationships are between this modernity and the existing psychic structures and recognized by Freud-Lacanian psychoanalysis. Carried out through a bibliographic review from Freud, Lacan, Miller and Bauman's work, which results in the, resulting in the understanding that the forms of jouissance multiplied and their symbolic value for the subject shattered; what used to be the rule, today is yet another symptom deviation.

El psicoanálisis se preocupó mucho por comprender las sociedades y los sujetos que lo componen y, a partir de ello, Freud desarrolló las tres estructuras clínicas. Sin embargo, fue con Lacan que la psicosis se exploró más teórica y clínicamente. Luego, con Miller y la "formalización" del término "psicosis ordinaria", en 1998, también están los "inclasificables", que escapan a estas estructuras. En sociología, Bauman acuñó el término "Modernidad líquida", para referirse a este tiempo de discusión de sujetos, de escape y pérdida de referencia, que nos motivó a discutir, teóricamente, cuáles son las relaciones entre esta modernidad y las estructuras psíquicas existentes y reconocido por el psicoanálisis freud-lacaniano. Dicha discusión se llevó a cabo mediante una revisión bibliográfica de las obras de Freud, Lacan, Miller y Bauman, dando como resultado la comprensión de que las formas de goce se multiplicaron y su valor simbólico para el sujeto se hizo añicos; lo que solía ser la regla, hoy es otra desviación de síntoma.

Distribución espacial de antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) en aguacate en el Estado de México, México / Spatial distribution of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) in avocado in the State of Mexico, Mexico

Resumen El aguacate (Persea americana) es una especie cuyo cultivo es de gran importancia nutricional y económica para México; sin embargo, como cualquier otro cultivo, a menudo se ve afectado por plagas y enfermedades que limitan su comercialización a nivel mundial. El hongo fitopatógeno Colletotrichum gloeosporioides es el agente causal de la antracnosis en el aguacate y se manifiesta en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo del fruto, así como en poscosecha y durante el almacenamiento, en condiciones de alta humedad relativa (80%) y temperaturas desde los 20 ◦C. Las pérdidas económicas a causa de este hongo pueden ser de hasta el 20% de la producción. En el presente estudio se aplicaron métodos geoestadísticos para definir la distribución espacial de antracnosis en frutos de aguacate cultivar Hass en cuatro municipios del Estado de México, durante el periodo de enero a junio de 2017. La distribución de la antracnosis se ajustó a modelos gaussianos y exponenciales en la mayoría de los casos. Los mapas de infestación realizados mediante krigeado muestran más de un centro de agregación de la enfermedad. Este análisis permitió estimar la superficie infestada: se encontró una infestación de más del 50% en los primeros muestreos y de hasta un 98% en los muestreos de junio en todas las zonas estudiadas. © 2019 Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. en nombre de Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Persea americana is a species of great nutritional and economic importance for Mexico, however, like any other agricultural crop, it is affected by pests and diseases that limit its worldwide commercialization. The phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causative agent of anthracnose in avocado and manifests itself in the early stages of fruit development as well as in post-harvest and storage, under conditions of high relative humidity (80%) and at temperatures from 20°C, causing losses economic up to 20% of production. Applying geostatistical methods the present study aims to define the spatial distribution of anthracnose in Hass avocado fruits in four municipalities of the State of Mexico during the period from January to June 2017. The results show that the distribution of anthracnose was adjusted to gaussian and exponential models in most, the infestation maps made through the kriging show more than one centerof aggregation of the disease, based on it the infested surface was estimated, finding an infestation of more than 50% in the first samples and up to 98% in the samplings belonging to the month of June in all the areas studied. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Clinical Observation on Effect of Toujie Quwen Granules in Treatment of COVID-19 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） Toujie Quwen granules in the treatment of coronavirs disease-2019（COVID-19） in the early stage, and its effect on relevant inflammatory index expression of COVID-19. Method:A total of 65 COVID-19 cases were diagnosed and divided into 2 groups: the treatment group （n=32） and the control group （n=33）. Before and after treatment，TCM syndrome score，WBC，LYM，LYM%，NEU%，PCT，CRP and D-dimer were compared. Result:After 10 days of treatment，the TCM syndrome score of the treatment group was significantly reduced（P<0.05），while the absolute value of lymphocyte was up-regulated，with statistically significant differences（P<0.05）， according to the inter-group comparison, there were statistically significant differences in the absolute value of LYM and NEU%（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in WBC count and LYM%. The levels of CRP，PCT and D-dimer in the two groups were reduced after treatment，with statistically significant differences between two groups （P<0.05）. After treatment，the differences of CRP and PCT was statistically significant between both groups（P<0.05），but the difference in D-dimer was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the effect of chest CT examination between the both groups. Conclusion:The clinical syndrome and inflammatory particles of COVID-19 can be alleviated by early and timely use of Toujie Quwen granules.

Clinical features of ordinany and severe COVID-19 cases / 预防医学

Objective @#To compare the clinical characteristics of ordinary and severe coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) cases, so as to provide basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. @*Methods @#We recruited 77 COVID-19 cases in Wenzhou Central Hospital from January 15 to February 29, 2020, collected their general information, clinical symptoms, laboratory test and CT scan results, and compared the clinical features of ordinary and severe cases.@*Results@# There were 50 ordinary cases and 27 severe cases. The age, prevalence of hypertension and other baseline diseases of severe cases were higher than those of ordinary cases ( P<0.05 ) . The maximum body temperature during 1-3 days of hospitalization, proportion of body temperature rising, prevalence of cough, yellow phlegm, hemoptysis, chest tightness and shortness of breath of severe cases were higher than those of ordinary cases ( all P<0.05 ) . The proportion of pulmonary consolidation, glazing and patch shadow, the number of solid changes and the cumulative number of lesions of severe cases were higher than those of ordinary cases ( all P<0.05 ) . The values of LYM during 1-10 days of hospitalization, total T-lymphocyte percentage, CD4 count and percentage, CD8 count, Hb and oxygenation index of severe cases were lower than those of ordinary cases; while the values of LDH and NLR during 1-10 days of hospitalization, N8R, AST, ferritin, CRP during 1-7 days of hospitalization and D-dimer of severe cases were higher than those of ordinary cases ( all P<0.05 ). @*Conclusions@#Severe COVID-19 cases have older age, higher prevalence of baseline diseases, fever, shortness of breath symptoms, more lung consolidation and lesions, significantly decreased lymphocyte level ( especially CD4 ) , and increased LDH, NLR, ferritin and CRP.

Efficacy of 3D max mesh versus common mesh for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: In inguinal hernia repair, the choice of mesh based on the characteristics of a single piece of mesh remains controversial. The long-term outcome of hernia recurrence and mesh-specific complications need to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of 3D Max mesh versus common mesh for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair on surgical outcomes and quality of life. METHODS: 142 patients with uncomplicated inguinal hernia who received treatment between February 2013 and January 2016 in Qinhuangdao Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital were included in this study. These patients consisted of 131 males and 11 females and were aged 18-60 years. They were randomly divided into a 3D Max mesh group (n=80) and ordinary mesh group (n=62) according to the mesh materials used. Surgical details and outcomes, recurrence rate, complications and hospitalization costs were recorded. Quality of life was evaluated before surgery, 2 weeks and 1, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery using the Carolinas Comfort Scale. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Qinhuangdao Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, China (approval No. 2013-002-02). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The operation time, time to ambulation, and hospitalization expense in the 3D Max mesh group were significantly reduced compared with the ordinary mesh group (P 0.05). (2) The pain sensation score in the 3D Max mesh group at 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery was significantly lower than that in the ordinary mesh group (P 0.05). (3) These results suggest that compared with ordinary mesh, 3D Max mesh can effectively shorten operation time, decrease hospitalization expense, and decrease the incidence of postoperative short-time chronic pain.

Evolution of the concept of extra ordinary point and standardization of related terms / 针刺研究

Through an analysis of the historical development of the concept of extra ordinary point, it is found that the terms of "Qi point" "extra ordinary point" "Loujing point" "extra meridian point" and "Bie point" used in the ancient medical books in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties actually expressed two different concepts of "extra ordinary points with the magical effects" and "extra points other than the meridian points". The standardized term for the former concept should be "extra ordinary point" (Qi point for short), and the standardized term for the latter concept should be "extra meridian point", which is also called "Loujing point" and "Bie point". Since these two different concepts are not clarified in modern acupuncture textbooks, especially the misreading of "Jing Wai", no consensus has been reached on the definition of "extra ordinary point" and "extra meridian point", and the standardized terms have not been decided, which changed from "extra ordinary point" to "Qi point" and "extra point" and recently returned to "extra ordinary point". These confusions in textbooks have a direct impact on the determination of the related acupuncture terms used in national and international standards.

Applying intervention mapping approach to a program for early intervention in first-episode mental crisis of a psychotic type

Abstract The holotropic mind perspective, an integral part of the framework of transpersonal psychology, has been considered a revolutionary approach to a certain spectrum of experiences in Non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC) which conventional approaches tend to treat indiscriminately as pathological processes, because PHM recognizes in these experiences their healing and evolutionary potential. This article describes the needs assessment, implementation, and evaluation of an experiential and educational program on the holotropic mind perspective and its praxis, Holotropic Breathwork® (HB), with students and professionals from the Group for Early Intervention in First-Episode Mental Crisis of a Psychotic Type of the University of Brasilia. The intervention aimed to establish change goals and objectives that would promote the adoption of the holotropic mind perspective's elements, such as a framework to broaden and strengthen mental health programs that assist people experiencing NOSC. The stages developed, inspired by the Intervention Mapping protocol, included a needs assessment; elaboration of change objective matrices; selection and description of methods based on theory and their applications; conception, planning, and implementation of the intervention; and results evaluation. Participants reported that the intervention allowed the expansion of their theoretical-conceptual and technical frameworks, giving them a less pathologizing understanding of and approach to NOSC and allowing them to perceive and manage such states, not as indiscriminately pathological expressions, but as phenomena inherent to the human condition that can be accepted and cared for without the exclusionary and exhaustive bias of mental disorders. Limitations and practical implications are discussed.

Spatial dependency and correlation of properties of soil cultivated with oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon / Dependência espacial e correlação das propriedades do solo cultivado com dendezeiro, Elaeis guineensis, em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Oriental

Geostatistics is a tool that can be used to produce maps with the distribution of nutrients essential for the development of plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the spatial variation in chemical attributes of soils under oil palm cultivation in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and their spatial dependence pattern. Sixty spatially standardized and georeferenced soil samples were collected at each of three sampling sites (DU1, DU2, and DU3) at 0-20 cm depth. Evaluated soil chemical attributes were pH, Al3+, H+Al, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P, and organic matter (OM). The spatial dependence of these variables was evaluated with a semivariogram analysis, adjusting three theoretical models (spherical, exponential, and Gaussian). Following analysis for spatial dependence structure, ordinary kriging was used to estimate the value of each attribute at non-sampled sites. Spatial correlation among the attributes was tested using cokriging of data spatial distribution. All variables showed spatial dependence, with the exception of pH, in one sampling site (DU3). Highest K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and OM levels were found in the lower region of two sampling sites (DU1 and DU2). Highest levels of Al3+ and H+Al levels were observed in the lower region of sampling site DU3. Some variables were correlated, therefore cokriging proved to be efficient in estimating primary variables as a function of secondary variables. The evaluated attributes showed spatial dependence and correlation, indicating that geostatistics may contribute to the effective management of agroforestry systems with oil palm in the Amazon region.

A geoestatística é uma ferramenta utilizada para produzir mapas de distribuição de nutrientes essenciais para o desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variação espacial dos atributos químicos do solo sob cultivo de dendê em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Oriental brasileira, e seu padrão de dependência espacial. Sessenta amostras de solo espacialmente padronizadas e georreferenciadas foram coletadas em cada um de três locais de amostragem (UD1, UD2 e UD3), na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Os atributos químicos do solo avaliados foram: pH, Al3+, H+Al, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, capacidade de troca catiônica do solo (CTC), P e matéria orgânica (MO). A dependência espacial dos atributos foi avaliada com análise semivariográfica, ajustando-se três modelos teóricos (esférico, exponencial e gaussiano). Após a análise de dependência espacial, a krigagem ordinária foi empregada para estimar os valores de cada atributo em locais não amostrados. A correlação espacial entre os atributos foi testada utilizando a cokrigagem para espacialização dos dados. Todas as variáveis mostraram dependência espacial, exceto pH em UD3. Os maiores teores de K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e MO foram encontrados na região mais baixa da paisagem, em UD1 e UD2. Os maiores teores de Al3+ e H+Al foram observados na região mais baixa da paisagem, em UD3. Algumas variáveis foram correlacionadas, portanto a cokrigagem mostrou-se eficiente na estimativa das variáveis primárias em função das secundárias. Os atributos avaliados mostraram dependência e correlação espacial, indicando que a geoestatística pode contribuir para o manejo efetivo de sistemas agroflorestais com dendê na região amazônica.

Modeling the Social and Epidemiological Causes of Hearing Loss / Modelando las Causas Sociales y Epidemiológicas de la Pérdida de Audición

Abstract Hearing loss result from genetic causes, complications at birth, certain infectious diseases, chronic ear infections, noise exposure, demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, education, and study site) and cardiovascular factors (smoking status, hypertension, diabetes and stroke). In this study, we propose a new mathematical model formulated by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that takes into account the some causes of hearing loss. The analysis of the model is investigated. In addition, numerical simulations are presented in order to validate our theoretical results.

Resumen La pérdida de audición se debe a causas genéticas, complicaciones en el nacimiento, enfermedades infecciosas, otitis crónica, exposición al ruido, características demográficas (edad, sexo, raza, educación y sitio de estudio) y factores cardiovasculares (estado de fumar, hipertensión, diabetes y accidente vascular cerebral). En este estudio, proponemos un nuevo modelo matemático formulado por ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias (ODE) que toma en cuenta las causas de la pérdida de la audición. El análisis del modelo se estudia. Además, se presentan simulaciones numéricas para validar nuestros resultados teóricos.

Clinical evaluation of toothbrushing effects of the manual toothbrush with the bristles made of 3 different materials / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To compare the effects of ordinary nylon toothbrush,bamboo fiber toothbrush and silicone rubber toothbrush. Methods: 30 and 156 college students were respectively included by the enrolment criterion and were respectively divided into 3 groups. Tooth brushes with the same specification and with the 3 materials were respectively used in the 3 goups with the same methods. Plaque index(PI) (n = 10) was examined before and 1 month after use of the brushes; gingival index(GI) was examined(n = 52) before,1 and 3 month after use of the brushes. Results: 1 month after use of the brushes full mouth PI removal rate(n = 10) and GI reduction(n = 52) were not statistically different among the 3 group(between each 2 groups,P＞ 0. 05). 3 months after use of the brushes GI reduction of the silicone rubber toothbrush group was more than that of ordinary nylon toothbrush and bamboo charcoal toothbrush groups(P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion: Plaque removal efficiency of the 3 kinds of toothbrush is similar. The silicone rubber toothbrush is more effective for gigiva health than ordinary nylon toothbrush and bamboo charcoal toothbrush.

Uniqueness Properties of The Solution of The Inverse Problem for The Sturm-Liouville Equation With Discontinuous Leading Coefficient

Abstract The present paper studies uniqueness properties of the solution of the inverse problem for the Sturm-Liouville equation with discontinuous leading coefficient and the separated boundary conditions. It is proved that the considered boundary-value is uniquely reconstructed, i.e. the potential function of the equation and the constants in the boundary conditions are uniquely determined by given Weyl function or by the given spectral data.

Família e amadurecimento: do colo à democracia / Family and maturity: from the lap to the democracy

O estudo constata, de início, que, diferentemente da psicanálise freudiana para a qual é o complexo de Édipo que instaura o triângulo e a família, em Winnicott é a existência da família que propicia, pela instauração da saúde, a ocorrência da situação edipiana. Em seguida, mostrase que a existência de uma família e sua pertença a ela só chega ao indivíduo como um fato a ser levado em conta num dado momento do amadurecimento em que já é possível o estabelecimento de relações com pessoas externas e separadas do eu. O estudo assinala, ainda, a importância crucial que Winnicott atribui à família enquanto ampliação do colo materno, o primeiro dos "círculos cada vez mais amplos" que irão aguardar a criança ao longo do amadurecimento na direção da autonomia e da socialização.

The study shows that unlike Freudian psychoanalysis for which it is the Oedipus complex which establishes the triangle and the family, in Winnicott it is the existence of the family which gives rise to the Oedipal situation, if health is preserved. We then show that the existence of a family and the belonging to it only comes to the individual as a fact to be taken into account at a given moment of development, when it is already possible to establish relationships with external individuals, separated from the self. The study also points to the crucial importance that Winnicott attaches to the family as an expansion of the mother's lap, the first of the "everwidening circles" awaiting the child throughout the maturational processes in the direction of autonomy and socialization.

Estatística descritiva e estacionaridade em variáveis geoquímicas ambientais / Descriptive statistics and stationarity in environmental geochemical variables

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os dados de atributos geoquímicos a fim de verificar sua estacionaridade e correlacionar a normalidade estatística com o uso da técnica de krigagem ordinária. A escolha da krigagem ordinária como método geoestatístico aplicado ao trabalho deve-se ao fato de essa ser aconselhada para a realização de estudos em áreas onde existam dados com variáveis que possam apresentar dependência espacial, como é o caso das variáveis geoquímicas, e por ser indicada para dados que apresentam estacionaridade. A metodologia utilizada para a realização desta pesquisa envolveu, além da revisão de literatura, a obtenção de dados dos metais-traço (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr e Pb) extraídos parcialmente de amostras superficiais (0 a 10 cm) de solos e sedimentos coletados em campo. Também foram determinados os valores de pH, salinidade, nitrogênio total, fósforo, matéria orgânica e granulometria. Foram conduzidas análises estatísticas, construções de semivariogramas, aplicação da krigagem ordinária e, por fim, validação cruzada para medir a incerteza da medição prévia dos dados. Neste trabalho, por meio dos variogramas, comprovou-se que, apesar de os dados não serem normais, eles apresentaram estacionaridade. Além disso, o parâmetro da estatística descritiva que mais possui correlação direta com a krigagem ordinária é a variância.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to analyze geochemical data in order to check their stationarity and to correlate the statistical normality using the ordinary kriging technique. The ordinary kriging technique was chosen as the geostatistical method applied to work because such technique is advised for studies in areas where there are data with variables that might present spatial dependence, like the geochemical variables, and also because it is indicated for data presenting stationarity. The methodology used for this research involved, besides literature review, data collection of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr and Pb) that were partially extracted from surface samples (0 to 10 cm) of soils and sediments collected in the field. We also determined the values of pH, salinity, total nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and particle size. Statistical analyzes, semivariogram development, ordinary kriging use and, lastly, cross validation were performed to measure the uncertainty of the previous measurement of data. It was found, in this work, by means of the variograms that although data were ordinary, they showed stationarity. In addition, the parameter of descriptive statistics that mostly correlates directly with the ordinary kriging is variance.

Pharmacokinetics of bullatine A in Aconitum brachypodum total alkaloids gel in transdermal delivery / 中国中药杂志

In this study, the changes of bullatine A in plasma and skin of mice with time in microemulsion gel and ordinary gel of Aconitum brachypodum total alkaloids were compared through UPLC-MS/MS, and their pharmacokinetic parameters were also compared and analyzed, to investigate the feasibility of microemulsion agent in the transdermal drug delivery. UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of bullatine A in plasma and skin had high sensitivity and was in line with the pharmacokinetic study requirements for transdermal drug delivery. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for microemulsion gel in the plasma were as follows: Cmax=(37.62±14.31) μg•L⁻¹, Tmax=(3.40±1.34) h, AUC0-∞=(1 027.7±260) μg•L⁻¹•h⁻¹, MRT=(34.80±12.31) h, MRTlast=(10.68±0.57) h, t1/2=(23.11±9.20) h; main pharmacokinetic parameters for ordinary gel in the blood: Cmax=(52.23±15.90) μg•L⁻¹, Tmax=(4.00±0.00) h, AUC0-∞=(728.60±280.80) μg•L⁻¹•h⁻¹, MRT=(20.69±3.98) h, MRTlast=(9.34±0.42) h, t1/2=(14.69±3.15) h. The results showed that the microemulsion gel had more stable transdermal absorption, longer duration of action and higher bioavailability than ordinary gel, indicating that the microemulsion gel had a good and stable transdermal effect. There was no significant difference in bioavailability of bullatine A in skin between microemulsion gel and ordinary gel.

The Theory and Trend of Microhistory: History of Medicine / 의사학

Microhistory, first developed in the 1970s, is the study of the past on a very small scale applying zoom-in methodology. Although microhistory had been introduced to Korea during the late 1990s, there still exists much of misunderstanding and confusions surrounding its nature. Microhistory is to be distinguished from the monographs which deal with petty subject, or from the history of everyday life, and from the case studies. In the field of the history of medicine, there are not many microhistories proper. Several works that claim to utilize microhistorical approach, could not be categorized as microhistory because they carry strong characteristics of macrohistory, specifically those of the disciplinary history or the case studies. The well known work of Harold J. Cook, Trials of an Ordinary Doctor, is not an exception. These studies fail to materialize the critical mind of microhistory that pursues to write a history from below and to restore the agency of obscure people. However, Guido Ruggiero's "The Strange Death of Margarita Marcellini," David Cressy's Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich's A Midwife's Tale clearly demonstrate the attributes, characteristics, and methodologies of microhistory. These studies well display the emphasis of microhistory, which reveal the complexity of early modern medicine, and the complicated function of individual relationships within each and every social setting. Recently, some scholars begin to suggest that the rigid definition of microhistory should be softened, arguing that there could be various types of microhistory. The history of medicine has many advantage of aptly applying many virtues of microhistory: the de-territoriality of diseases, the peculiar elements of the training and practice in hospitals and medical schools which call for anthropological survey, and the possibility of utilizing doctor's records that contain the confessions of the patients. Also, medical historians need to expand the scope of medical provider for their analysis, incorporating pseudo-medical doctor. The essential property of microhistory should be found in its request for various new subjects and fresh perspectives.

A model for evaluation of key measures for control of chikungunya fever outbreak in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the transmission pattern of Chikungunya (CHIK) fever in community and evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito control, case isolation and other key control measures by using ordinary differential equation (ODE) model.Methods According to natural history of CHIK, an ODE model for the epidemiological anaysis of CHIK outbreak was established.The key parameters of the model were obtained by fitting the model with reported outbreak data of the first CHIK outbreak in China.Then the outbreak characteristics without intervention, the effectiveness of mosquito control and case isolation were simulated.Results Without intervention, an imported case would cause an outbreak in a community with population of 11 000, and cumulative case number would exceed 941 when the total attack rate was 8.55％.The results of our simulation revealed that the effectiveness of case isolation was not perfect enough when it was implemented alone.Although the number of cases could be decreased by case isolation, the duration of outbreak would not be shortened.Differently, the effectiveness of mosquito control was remarkable.In addition, the earlier the measure was implemented, the better the effectiveness would be.The effectiveness of mosquito control plus case isolation was same with mosquito control.Conclusion To control a CHIK outbreak, mosquito control is the most recommended measures.However, case isolation is also necessary as the supplementation of mosquito control.

O psicanalista frente algumas especificidades do trabalho em saúde mental / The Psychoanalyst facing Some Specificities of Mental Health Work / El Psicoanalista frente a Algunos Aspectos Específicos del Trabajo en Salud Mental / Le Psychanalyste face a Quelques Spécificités du Travail en Santé Mentale

Esse artigo aborda algumas especificidades do trabalho em saúde mental e sua relação com a prática institucional da psicanálise, tomando como ponto de partida os manuais psiquiátricos DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), um dos principais instrumentos de trabalho para aqueles que exercem esse tipo de atividade. Procuramos refletir a respeito das peculiaridades que envolvem a elaboração e o uso do manual DSM, e em que medida essas peculiaridades auxiliam ou não na condução dos casos. Consideramos que seu caráter essencialmente descritivo contribui para que as mais diversas nomeações surjam em relação a um determinado caso, o que não significa que esse caso esteja sendo efetivamente tratado. Como exemplo significativo dessa postura, abordamos brevemente os casos denominados crônicos, verdadeiros impasses que, mesmo gerando embaraços, não escapam ao processo de categorização. Na busca por uma apreensão mais apurada dessa temática, contrapomos essa discussão às características de um termo recente no meio psicanalítico, a "psicose ordinária", com o intuito de precisarmos melhor de que forma o psicanalista deve se posicionar na prática institucional, a partir do momento em que a psicanálise se coloca como uma práxis que prima pelas singularidades dos sujeitos que dão corpo ao trabalho em saúde mental.

This report addresses some specificities of the mental health work and its relation with the institutional practice of psychoanalysis, taking as starting point the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) psychiatric manuals, one of the key work instruments to those who exercise this kind of activity. We seek to examine the singularities that comprise the use and preparation of the DSM manual, and at what level these singularities help or not the conduction of cases. We consider that its essentially descriptive character contribute to the appearance of various nominations regarding a particular case, which does not mean that this case is being effectively treated. As a significant example of this stance, we briefly address the chronic cases, which are impasses that, even generating embarrassments, do not escape to the categorization process. In the search for a more accurate apprehension of this theme, we compare this discussion with the characteristics of a recent term in the psychoanalysis field, the "ordinary psychosis", intending to find a more precise way for the psychoanalyst to behave in the institutional practice, from the moment when the psychoanalysis become a praxis that aims mainly the singularities of the individuals who give substance to the mental health work.

Este artículo aborda algunos aspectos específicos del trabajo en salud mental y su relación con la práctica institucional de psicoanálisis, tomando como punto de partida los manuales psiquiátricos DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), uno de los principales instrumentos de trabajo para aquellos que ejercen este tipo de actividad. Buscamos reflexionar sobre las peculiaridades que involucran la elaboración y el uso del manual DSM, y en qué medida estas peculiaridades ayudan o no en la conducción de los casos. Consideramos que su carácter, esencialmente descriptivo, contribuye para que los más diversos nombres aparezcan en relación a un determinado caso, lo no que significa que este caso está siendo efectivamente tratado. Como ejemplo significativo de esta postura, nos dirigimos brevemente a los casos denominados crónicos, verdaderos impases que, de igual manera también generan incomodidades, no desaparecen del proceso de categorización. En la búsqueda de una aprensión más exacta de este tema, contraponemos esta discusión a las características de un término reciente en el medio psicoanalítico, la "psicosis ordinaria", con el objetivo de tener una mejor precisión de qué manera el psicoanalista debe posicionarse en la práctica institucional, a partir del momento en que el psicoanálisis se coloca como una praxis donde priman las singularidades de los sujetos que dan cuerpo al trabajo en salud mental.

Cet article aborde quelques spécificités du travail en santé mentale et son rapport avec la pratique institutionnelle de la psychanalyse, ayant comme point de départ, les manuels psychiatriques DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), l'un des principaux instruments de travail pour ceux qui exercent ce genre d'activité. Nous essayons de réfléchir à propos des particularités qui impliquent le développement et l'utilisation du manuel DSM, et dans quelle mesure ces particularités ces particularités aident ou pas dans la conduite des cas. Nous croyons que son caractère essentiellement descriptif contribue à ce que les désignations les plus variées apparaissent par rapport à un certain cas, ce qui ne signifie pas que ce cas soit en train d'être effectivement soigné. À titre d'exemple significatif concernant ce point de vue, nous avons abordé rapidement les cas dénommés chroniques, de véritables impasses qui, même créant des embarras, n'échappent pas au processus de catégorisation. Dans la recherche d'une connaissance un peu plus affinée concernant ce thème, nous avons interposé cette discussion aux caractéristiques d'un terme récent dans le milieu psychanalytique, la "psychose ordinaire", dans le but de préciser de façon plus exacte le point de vue du psychanalyste dans la pratique institutionnelle, à partir du moment que la psychanalyse est placée comme une praxis qui se distingue par les singularités des sujets qui donnent corps au travail en santé mentale.

O estatuto do inconsciente na clínica sinthomática das chamadas psicoses ordinárias / The statute of the unconscious in the symptomatic clinic called ordinary psychoses / El estatuto del inconsciente en la clínica sinthomática de las llamadas psicosis ordinarias / Le statut de l'inconscient dans la clinique sinthomatique des appels psychoses ordinaires

Em seu primeiro ensino, Lacan confere ao inconsciente o estatuto de estruturado como uma linguagem, em que o Nome-do-Pai é o significante primaz e ordenador da entrada do sujeito no campo simbólico. Nesse ensino, a foraclusão do Nome-do-Pai é o mecanismo que constitui a estrutura clínica da psicose. No último ensino, com a teoria do sinthoma e a partir da obra de James Joyce, Lacan abre uma nova perspectiva para abordar a psicose, não em termos de déficit do Nome-do-Pai, mas como modos borromeanos de amarração dos registros Real, Simbólico e Imaginário. É sob o modelo joyceano que se pode pensar o que Miller, na Convenção de Antibes, denominou psicose ordinária. Assim, se há mudanças no percurso teórico lacaniano, dos anos 1950 aos anos 1970, sobre a abordagem das psicoses, apontariam as psicoses ordinárias para uma outra perspectiva do inconsciente no contexto do último ensino de Lacan, diferente daquela do inconsciente estruturado como linguagem? Este estudo pretende retomar pontos importantes de momentos cruciais do ensino de Jacques Lacan, que permitem compreender alguns giros teóricos desse psicanalista francês e como os mesmos têm efeitos e consequências na clínica, ou surgiram, eles próprios, de questões clínicas. Nesse sentido, considerando o que é chamado de psicose ordinária e fundamentando-se nas discussões lacanianas sobre o sinthoma, isso apontaria para outra abordagem do inconsciente que confere ao registro do real um lugar proeminente, o que Miller aponta como o inconsciente real.

Lacan in his first teaching confers to the unconscious the statute of structured as a language, in which the Name-of-the-Father is the significant primate that orders the entrance of the subject to the symbolic field. In this teaching the foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father is the factor that constitutes the clinic structure of the psychosis. In his latter teaching, with the theory of the sinthome, from James Joyce's work, Lacan opens a new perspective for approaching the psychosis, not in terms of the deficit of the Name-of-the-Father, but as Borromean modes of knotting of the Real, Simbolic and Imaginary registers. It's under Joyce's model that is possible to think what Miller called, at Antibes's Convention, the ordinary psychosis. Thus, if there are changes in the lacanian theoretical path from the 50s to the 70s about the approach of psychoses, would the ordinary psychoses point to another perspective of the unconscious in the context of Lacan's latter teaching different than the unconscious structured as a language? This study intends to retake important points of crucial moments of the Jacques Lacan's teachings, which allow to understand some theoretical turns of this french psychoanalyst and how them have effects and consequences at the clinic, or that came out from clinical issues. In this way, by considering what is called ordinary psychosis and based on the lacanian discussions of the sinthome, this would lead to another approach of the unconscious that gives a prominent place to the register of the real, what Miller points out as unconscious of the real.

Lacan en su primera enseñanza le da al inconsciente el estatuto de estructurado como lenguaje, en el que el Nombre del Padre es el significante primaz ordenador de la entrada del sujeto al campo simbólico. En esta enseñanza la forclusión del Nombre del Padre es el factor que constituye la estructura clínica de la psicosis. En su última enseñanza, con la teoría del sinthome, a partir de la obra de James Joyce, Lacan abre una nueva perspectiva para abordar la psicosis, no en términos del déficit del Nombre del Padre, sino a través de modos borromeos de anudamiento de los registros Real, Simbólico e Imaginario. Es bajo el modelo joyceano que se puede pensar lo que Miller denominó, en la Convención de Antibes, como Psicosis Ordinaria. Así, si hay mudanzas en el recorrido teórico lacaniano de los años 1950 a los años 1970, sobre el abordaje de las psicosis, ¿apuntarían las psicosis ordinarias a otra perspectiva del inconsciente en el contexto de la última enseñanza de Lacan diferentes del inconsciente estructurado como lenguaje? Este estudio pretende retomar puntos importantes de momentos cruciales de las enseñanzas de Jacques Lacan, que permitieran comprender algunos giros teóricos de este psicoanalista francés e como los mismo tienen efectos e consecuencias en la clínica, o surgieron, ellos mismos, de cuestiones clínicas. En este sentido, considerando lo que es llamado de psicosis ordinaria y fundamentándose en las discusiones lacanianas sobre el sinthome, eso apuntaría para otra abordaje del inconsciente que le da al registro del real un lugar prominente, lo que Miller apunta como el inconsciente real.

Lacan, dans son premier enseignement, donne à l'inconscient, le statut de structuré comme un langage, dans lequel le Nom-du-Père est le significant primat ordonnateur de la entrée du sujet dans le champ symbolique. Dans cet enseignement, la forclusion du Nom-du-Père est le mécanisme qui constitue la structure clinique de la psychose. Dans le dernier enseignement, avec la théorie du sinthome, à partir de l'œuvre de James Joyce, Lacan ouvre une perspective nouvelle pour aborder la psychose, non pas en termes de déficit du Nom-du-Père, mais comme modes borroméens de nouage des registres Réel, Symbolique et Imaginaire. C'est sous le modèle joycean qui on peut penser ce qui Miller a appelé, dans la Convention d'Antibes, Psychose Ordinaire. Ainsi, s'il ya des changements dans le parcours théorique lacanien, des années 1950 aux années 1970, sur l'abordage des psychoses, les psychoses ordinaires, indiqueraient-t-elles vers une autre perspective de l'inconscient dans le contexte de dernier enseignement de Lacan, différente de celle de l'inconscient structuré comme un langage? Cette étude vise à reprendre les points importants des moments cruciaux d'enseignement de Jacques Lacan, qui nous permet de comprendre quelques tours théoriques de cette psychanalyste français, et comment ils ont des effets et des conséquences dans la clinique, ou ils ont émergé, eux-mêmes, de questions cliniques. En ce sens, compte tenu de ce qu'on appelle la psychose ordinaire, et en s'appuyant sur les discussions lacaniennes sur le sinthome, ce serait pointer vers une autre approche de l'inconscient qui donne au réel, une place eminent, ce que Miller montre comment l'inconscient réel.

Psicopatía y delincuencia: comparaciones y diferencias entre ofensores sexuales y delincuentes comunes en una cárcel chilena / Psychopathy and crime: comparisons and differences betweensexual offenders and ordinary criminals at a prison in Chile / Psicopatia e delinquência: comparações e diferenças entre osofensores sexuais e delinquentes comuns em uma cadeia chilena

En esta investigación se compararon ofensores sexuales y delincuentes comunes de una cárcel chilena en relación con la psicopatía. La muestra constó de 57 agresores sexuales y 82 delincuentes comunes, todos condenados y recluidos en el Centro Cumplimiento Penitenciario de laciudad de Puerto Montt, Chile. El instrumento utilizado en esta investigación fue el Psychopathy Checklist-Revised(PCL-R), de Robert Hare. Los resultados demuestran que el nivel de psicopatía parece no influir de manera significativa en el hecho de estar condenado por algún tipo de delito sexual; por otra parte, se aprecian niveles moderados de psicopatía en personas condenadas por delitos no violentos. A medida que aumentan las características psicopáticas se aprecia una asociación positiva conla participación en delitos violentos y/o de sangre. Se concluye que los ofensores sexuales y delincuentes comunes reincidentes presentan niveles mayores de psicopatía.

In this research a comparison relating to psychopathy was made between sexual offenders and ordinary criminals in a prison in Chile. The sample consisted of 57 sexual aggressors and 82 common delinquents, all of them convicted and held at the correction facilities of the “Centro de Cumplimiento Penitenciario” in the city of Puerto Montt, Chile. The instrument used in this study was Robert Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The results show that the psychopathy level does not seem to affect in a significant way the fact that convicts have been sentenced for some kind of sexual crime. On the other hand, moderate psychopathy levels are observed in individuals charged withnon-violent offenses. As psychopathic features increase,a positive association with violent and/or bloody crimes is evidenced. The conclusion is that sexual offenders and recidivist common criminals exhibit higher psychopathy levels.

Nesta investigação compararam-se ofensores sexuais e delinquentes comuns de uma cadeia chilena com relação à psicopatia. A amostra consistiu em 57agressores sexuais e 82 delinquentes comuns, toda condenados e recluídos no Centro Cumprimento Penitenciário da cidade de Puerto Montt, o Chile. O instrumento usado nesta investigação foi PsychopathyChecklist-Revised (PCL-R), de Robert Hare. Os resultados demonstram que o nível da psicopatia parece não influir de maneira significativa no fato de ser condenado por algum tipo de crime sexual; por outro lado, estimam-se os níveis moderados de psicopatia nas pessoas condenadas por crimes não violentos. À medida que aumentam as características psicopáticas aprecia-se uma associação positiva com a participação em crimes violentos e/ou de sangue. Conclui-se que os ofensores sexuais e delinquentes comuns reincidentes se apresentam níveis maiores da psicopatia.