RESUMEN
To conduct textual research on the records of Chrysanthemi Flos in the ancient literature from the aspects of name， origin， species， scientific name， origin， harvesting， processing， quality and so on， and the modern literature was sorted out to clarify the relationship between the ancient and modern times， so as to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing Chrysanthemi Flos. Chrysanthemi Flos is an ornamental， edible and medicinal plant in China， it has many aliases， but it has been recorded in this materia medica under the name of Juhua， Ganju and Ganjuhua. Before the Tang dynasty， medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos mainly collected wild products， including yellow flowers and white flowers， of which the mainstream of yellow flowers was originally Dendranthema lavandulifolium and D. potentilloides， the mainstream of white flowers is D. vestitum and D. chanetii. The cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos began in the Northern Song dynasty， and wild D. lavandulifolium， D. potentilloides， D. vestitum and D. chanetii were selected through long-term interspecies and intraspecies crossbreeding， which gradually formed the current cultivar D. morifolium. After chrysanthemums were introduced abroad， foreign scholars began to name chrysanthemums with Linnaeus's plant classification system. In 1792， Mathier named chrysanthemums as Chrysanthemum morifolium and continued to this day， and all the editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia adopted this scientific name. In the Song dynasty， many local varieties such as Nanyangju， Dengzhouhuang and Dengzhoubai appeared. By the time of the Republic of China， five famous authentic varieties， namely Huaiju， Boju， Chuju， Gongju and Hangju， had been cultivated for medicinal purposes. Boju has been the best medicinal variety since the late Qing dynasty. Hangbaiju has been famous for its tea use， especially the best quality of Huju. Chuju has its own unique characteristics， and it is of good quality both for medicine and tea. Gongju has always been a good tea chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemums are traditionally harvested in September of the lunar calendar， but some of the new varieties cultivated nowadays are harvested earlier. The embryo chrysanthemum in Hangbaiju is a commodity type that collects unopened buds in advance. In ancient times， chrysanthemums were mainly dried in the shade， in modern times， drying methods include drying in the shade， drying in the oven and drying in the sun after steaming. At present， hot air drying is mostly used. In terms of processing， Chrysanthemi Flos was used raw products in ancient times， in modern times， it is still widely used， sometimes stir fried（including stir-fried charcoal）. Due to different varieties， producing areas and processing methods， there are certain differences in the proportion of ingredients contained in chrysanthemum. Therefore， it is suggested that chrysanthemums with different varieties， origins and processing methods should be selected according to clinical indications in the development of famous classical formula preparations containing Chrysanthemi Flos.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of lumbar spine corresponding to the prevertebral major vascular structures and the distance of the prevertebral available disc space (DPADS) of L5-S1 between the common iliac arteries and veins with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. METHODS: Three hundred and forty seven lumbar MRI films (200males and 147females) from spinal disorder patients were reviewed. The patients' age ranged 14 to 86 years (mean 45 years). The patients were divided into eight groups by 10-year interval from a teen to the eighties. There were evaluated age-related locational changes in the level of lumbar spine corresponding to the aortic bifurcation (AB) and the origin of inferior vena cava (OIVC). In addition, DPADS of L5-S1 between the common iliac arteries and veins were measured. RESULTS: The common sites of the AB for the entire subject group were at the upper body of L4 (from the upper body of L3 to the lower body of L5). The common sites of the OIVC for the entire subject group were at the level of the L4-L5 disc space (from the upper body of L4 to the lower body of L5). The age-related changes in the location of the AB with a downward shift were statistically significant (p< 0.05). Similarly, age-related changes were observed in the OIVC, although this was more prominent in females (p<0.05). The average DPADS of L5-S1 was 34.48+/-10.00 mm. There were 27 cases(7.8%) who had the DPADS less than 20mm, and this narrow DPADS could make it very difficult to access the anterior disc space of L5-S1 because recently the popularly used anterior lumbar fusion materials were over 10 mm in diameter. CONCLUSION: These results may be helpful to minimize potential vascular injury and morbidity in anterior lumbar spinal surgery.