Sobrecarga del cuidador de pacientes con trastornos mentales en la sala de corta estancia del Hospital Psiquiátrico de Paraguay, año 2018 / Caregiver overload of patients with mental disorders in the short-stay ward of the Psychiatric Hospital of Paraguay, year 2018

Introducción: El cuidador es un individuo que tiene la responsabilidad de satisfacer las necesidades físicas y psicológicas del paciente. El término "sobrecarga del cuidador" se utiliza para describir el costo físico, emocional y financiero de proporcionar dicha atención. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los niveles de sobrecarga en cuidadores de pacientes con trastornos mentales en la sala de corta estancia del Hospital Psiquiátrico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte trasversal, donde se aplicó la Escala de Zarit de Sobrecarga del cuidador en cuidadores de pacientes que acuden a la sala de corta estancia del Hospital Psiquiátrico, Asunción, Paraguay, en total 79 participantes. Resultados: El 74,7% de los cuidadores son mujeres y las edades están comprendidas entre los 21 y 85 años. Sobre la situación de convivencia del cuidador se obtiene que el 39,2% está casado y el 25,3% está soltero. El 43% tiene estudios primarios y el 40,5% realiza tareas domésticas. Sobre la frecuencia de cuidado a los familiares los cuidadores refieren que 79,7% lo realizan permanentemente, el 12,7% algunas horas al día, el 6,3% algunas horas a la semana, y el 1,3% algunos días al mes. Teniendo en cuenta la Escala de Zarit y la clasificación por niveles de sobrecarga se obtiene que el 65,8% no tiene sobrecarga, el 15,2% tiene sobrecarga leve y el 19% tiene sobrecarga intensa. Conclusión: La sobrecarga intensa fue del 19% por lo que es fundamental que los Servicios de Psiquiatría del país puedan ofrecer atención psiquiátrica y psicológica a los familiares y cuidadores de pacientes con diagnóstico de algún trastorno mental.

Introduction: The caregiver is an individual who has the responsibility to meet the physical and psychological needs of the patient. The term "caregiver burden" is used to describe the physical, emotional, and financial cost of providing such care. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of overload in caregivers of patients with mental disorders in the short-stay ward of the Psychiatric Hospital. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, where the Zarit Scale of Caregiver Overload was applied to caregivers of patients who attend the short-stay ward of the Psychiatric Hospital, Asunción, Paraguay, with a total of 79 participants. Results: 74.7% of the caregivers are women and the ages are between 21 and 85 years. Regarding the situation of coexistence of the caregiver, it is obtained that 39.2% are married and 25.3% are single. 43% have primary studies and 40.5% do housework. Regarding the frequency of caring for family members, caregivers report that 79.7% do it permanently, 12.7% a few hours a day, 6.3% a few hours a week, and 1.3% a few days a week. month. Taking into account the Zarit Scale and the classification by levels of overload, it is obtained that 65.8% have no overload, 15.2% have mild overload and 19% have intense overload. Conclusion: The intense overload was 19%, so it is essential that the Psychiatric Services of the country can offer psychiatric and psychological care to relatives and caregivers of patients diagnosed with a mental disorder.

An experimental study of blood clearance, tissue distribution and safety of high dose intravenous fish oilmedium chain triglycerides lipid emulsion in mice / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To evaluate the blood clearance,tissue uptake and distribution as well as safety of high dose-40 mg intravenous fish oil/'medium chain triglycerides (FO/MCT:2 ∶ 8,wt/wt) lipid emulsions iu mice by measuriug the contents of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) level in blood.Methods FO/MCT emulsions were radiolabeled with nondegradable [3H] cholesteryl ether to trace core particle metabolism in C57BL/6J mice following a bolus injection.For high dose,TG was 40 mg,100 times of low dose.Blood samples were obtained within 25 min to analyze TG and FFA concentrations;extracted organs were used to measure the tissue distribution of lipid emulsions.Results No animal in either group died,and no fat overload syndrome evidence was found after high dose injection.Compared with low dose,high dose injection increased the plasma TG and FFA concentrations rapidly;the emulsions were cleared significantly slower during 25 min after administration in mice;blood has a higher uptake ratio in organs,but heart has a lower one;there was no significant difference in liver and lung uptake ratio between the two groups.Conclusions High dose injection of FO/MCT is not fatal in mice.The animals only experience hypertriglyceridemia and high level of free fatty acids during a significant slower blood clearance period compared to low dose.Although blood clearance is slower,the blood uptake rate increases for further metabolism and clearance.Heart and lung functions are not affected as a lower cardiac and pulmonary uptake;blood uptakes more emulsions to further metabolize.FO/MCT may not induce fat overload syndrome in mice when administered with a super high dose.

Elbow Impingement Syndrome in Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

Overhead athletes often suffer from elbow injuries due to repetitive throwing movements. In particular, in the baseball pitching motion, a high shear torque generated in the late corking and early acceleration stage causes tensile loads on the medial elbow and shear force on the posterior of the elbow. These repetitive movements can lead to valgus extension overload syndrome. The valgus extension overload syndrome mainly occurs in overhead athletes, and is characterized by limited elbow flexion and pain at the end of extension. It is necessary to differentiate from the stress fracture or the avulsion fracture of the olecranon which complain of posterior elbow pain through computed tomography. The treatment is primarily rehabilitation that restricts the elbow motion. If refractory or mechanical symptoms persist, arthroscopic surgery may be an effective treatment modality for the removal of the osteophytes. In the surgical field, it is desirable to reconstruct the medial collateral ligament when it is confirmed that the ligament is ruptured. Patients who underwent arthroscopic removal of olecranon osteophytes had immediate active elbow exercises and for 3 months were prohibited from pitching exercises. During this period, they were rehabilitated with the focus on strengthening muscles around the scapula, rotator cuff and shoulder. After 3 months, the pitching exercise is gradually started. Six months after the operation, the elbow strength should be restored to the level at which the game starts. Patients who underwent a combined ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, half pitching are allowed at 6 months.

Síndrome de Burnout / Burnout syndrome

El síndrome de Burnout fue declarado en el año 2000 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como un factor de riesgo laboral por su capacidad para afectar la calidad de vida, salud mental e incluso hasta poner en riesgo la vida. Su definición no se encuentra en el DSM-V, ni en el CIE 10, pero usualmente se describe como una forma inadecuada de afrontar el estrés crónico, cuyos rasgos principales son el agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y la disminución del desempeño personal. En Costa Rica se han realizado pocos estudios para determinar la incidencia del síndrome de desgaste en personal médico del país, los cuales han contado con muestras pequeñas y han arrojado porcentajes que van desde el 20% hasta el 70%.

Burnout syndrome was declared in 2000 by the World Health Organization as an occupational risk factor for its ability to affect the quality of life, mental health and even life threatening. Its definition is not in the DSM-V, or the ICD- 10, but is usually described as an inadequate way to deal with chronic stress, whose main features are emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal performance. In Costa Rica there have been few studies to determine the incidence of burnout syndrome in medical staff in the country, which have had small samples and have yielded percentages ranging from 20% to 70%.

Adequacy of Lipid Emulsion Administration Prescription Rate in a Single Center

PURPOSE: IV-lipid emulsion can be a nutritional supplement to provide essential fatty acids and energy for patients who need total parenteral nutrition support. The recommended administration dose of lipid emulsion is less than 2.5 g/kg/d and the rate should not exceed 0.15 g/kg/h for adult patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of the currently prescribed administration rate of IV-lipid emulsion in a single center. METHODS: We analyzed 1,739 lipid emulsion administration prescriptions in 1,095 patients over 18 years old at Ajou University Hospital from January 1, 2014 to March 31. RESULTS: The median prescription rate of total lipid emulsion was 0.134 (0.012~1.125) g/kg/h, and the exceeding portion of maximum recommended infusion rate was 36.9%. The median administration prescription rate of lipid emulsion was faster in 500 mL emulsions, compared to 250 mL emulsion (0.146 g/kg/h vs. 0.075 g/kg/h; P<0.001) and at emergency room (ER), compared to general ward (0.154 g/kg/h vs. 0.123; P<0.001). The exceeding portion of maximum recommended infusion rate of lipid emulsion was also higher in 500 mL emulsion, compared to 250 mL emulsion (52.2% vs. 30.4%; P<0.001) and at ER, compared to general ward (52.1% vs. 30.4%; P<0.001). Triglyceride level was higher in exceeding recommended infusion rate compared to less, but not statistically significant (119 mg/dL vs. 261 mg/dL; P=0.202). CONCLUSION: Administration prescription rate of lipid emulsion exceeded the recommended rate and this feature was dominant in 500 mL emulsion and at ER. Education and monitoring of lipid emulsion prescription is needed for appropriate lipid administration and prevention of fat overload syndrome.

Hyperextension Overload Syndrome of the Elbow in Baseball Pichers / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Some baseball pichers have the symptom-complex of the elbow joint due to repetitive throwing. The Hyperextension overload syndrome is symptom-complex caused by impingement between olecranon tip and fossa during hyperextension of the elbow. The patients of hyperextension overload syndrome is have some pathology of his elbow such as bony spur on olecranon tip, intra-articular loose body or degenerative arthritis. And they complaint of pain or limitation of extension. The authors diagnosed and treated five cases of hyperextension overload syndrome. All of them had flexion contracture. Three cases of them had cubitus valgus. But no had medial instability of the elbow. Three cases of them had tenderness on the olecranon tip. Four patients treated by excision of osteophyte or loose body with arthroscopic or open operative technique.