Is the use of ozonated oil effective in the treatment of oral lesions? Systematic review of clinical studies / ¿Es el uso del aceite ozonizado efectivo en el tratamiento de las lesiones orales? Una revisión sistemática de estudios clínicos

Abstract The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) of the therapeutic effect of ozonated oil for oral lesions treatment. A SR was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The Medline (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo and LILACS were investigated, together with manual searches, to extract all publications until December 2020, including randomized and non-randomized clinical trials reporting the effects of ozonated oils on the management of oral lesions when compared with other methods. The risk of bias (RoB) of the studies included were assessed by using the RoB 2 tool and ROBINS-I. After analyzing the titles and reading the abstracts, 1932 articles were excluded; the remaining 25 passed a full-text evaluation. Ultimately, 13 articles were included in this SR. There was heterogeneity of the results regarding healing times and intervals of ozonated oil application for the treatment of each type of oral lesion, but in general, there was a shorter healing time when ozonated oil was used as therapy, and no adverse effects were reported. Despite the limited information found and the lack of rigorous methodological standards for the use of ozonated oil on oral lesions, a positive effect was suggested. The findings indicated an advantage in terms of shorter healing times when compared with other conventional treatments. No adverse effects were reported, showing safety and reliability for patient's treatment.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática (RS) del efecto terapéutico del aceite ozonizado sobre las lesiones orales. Se realizó una RS siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Se realizaron búsquedas en Medline (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo y LILACS, y búsquedas manuales, que abarcaron hasta diciembre de 2020, de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados que informaran sobre el efecto de los aceites ozonizados en el tratamiento de las lesiones orales en comparación con cualquier otro método. El riesgo de sesgo (RoB) de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante la herramienta RoB 2 y ROBINS-I. Tras analizar los títulos y leer los resúmenes, se excluyeron 1932 artículos; los 25 restantes pasaron una evaluación exhaustiva del texto completo. Finalmente, se incluyeron 13 artículos en esta RS. Hubo heterogeneidad de resultados en cuanto a los tiempos de cicatrización y los intervalos de aplicación del aceite ozonizado para el tratamiento de cada tipo de lesión oral, pero en general, hubo un menor tiempo de cicatrización cuando se utilizó el aceite ozonizado como terapia, y no se comunicaron efectos adversos. A pesar de la limitada información encontrada y de la falta de normas metodológicas rigurosas sobre el uso de aceite ozonizado en lesiones orales, se sugirió un efecto positivo del uso de aceite ozonizado para el tratamiento de lesiones orales. Los resultados indicaron una ventaja en términos de menor tiempo de curación en comparación con otros tratamientos convencionales; además, no se notificaron efectos adversos, por lo que se demostró una opción de tratamiento segura y fiable para los pacientes.

Short-term effects of air pollutants on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang / 环境与职业医学

Background Affected by concentration, composition, and population tolerance of air pollutants, the relationship between air pollutants and population health has regional differences. There is still a research gap in Guiyang. Objective To explore the short-term effects of air pollutant concentrations in low-pollution areas on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. Methods Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between air pollutants, meteorological factors, and respiratory outpatient volume from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 in Guiyang City. A single pollutant distribution lag nonlinear model and a multi-pollutant interaction model were established based on Poisson distribution. A three-dimensional diagram was drawn to display the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory outpatient volume. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the attribution risk and lag effect of air pollutant concentration on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang City. Results The results of the single pollutant model showed that fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum relative risk (RR) and 95%CI values of PM2.5, NO2,CO, and SO2 appeared on Day 2, 0, 5, and 6, respectively, which were 1.019 (1.015, 1.023), 1.146 (1.122, 1.171), 1.129 (1.116, 1.143), and 1.046(1.040, 1.052), respectively. For every quartile concentration increment of PM2.5, NO2, CO, or SO2, the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases increased by 0.943% (0.111%, 1.782%), 4.050% (3.573%, 4.529%), 0.595% (0.317%, 0.874%), or 0.667% (0.235%, 1.100%), respectively. The maximum RR (95%CI) of O3 was 1.015 (1.007, 1.023) and appeared on Day 0. The results of multi-pollutant model showed that PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 all elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum RR values of PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 appeared on Day 14, 0, 5, 7 and 0, respectively, which were 1.027 (1.021, 1.034), 1.213 (1.179, 1.248), 1.059 (1.043, 1.074), 1.016 (1.005, 1.026), and 1.024 (1.015, 1.033), respectively. Compared with the single pollutant model, the RR values of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in the multi-pollutant model showed an upward trend, while the RR values of CO and SO2 in the multi-pollutant model showed a downward trend. Conclusion The impact of low concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 on human health cannot be ignored.

Individual and interactive effects of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 on mortality of circulatory system diseases in Ningxia / 环境与职业医学

Background The impact of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) on the mortality of circulatory system diseases cannot be ignored. However, whether the interaction between PM2.5 and O3 can affect population health is rarely reported and requires study. Objective To investigate the individual and interactive impacts of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 on the mortality of circulatory system diseases in the population of Ningxia region. Methods The data of 119647 deaths due to circulatory system diseases, daily average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, and meteorological data in Ningxia from 2013 to 2020 were retrieved. PM2.5 was divided into low, medium, and high concentrations according to the primary and secondary national limits (35 and 75 μg·m−3) of the Ambient air quality standards. Similarly, O3 was divided into low, medium, and high concentrations according to the national limits (100 and 160 μg·m−3). Using a generalized additive mixed model based on quasi Poisson distribution, the impacts of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 as well as their interaction on the mortality of circulatory system diseases were analyzed using the population data of Ningxia region. Results During the target period, males and the ≥ 65 year group accounted for larger proportions of deaths due to circulatory system diseases (55.47% and 79.87% respectively). The daily average concentration of PM2.5 (40.25 μg·m−3) exceeded the national primary limit. In the single pollution model, the highest cumulative lag effects for mortality from circulatory system diseases were PM2.5 exposure over previous 1 d (lag01) and O3 exposure for previous 2 d (lag02), and their excess risk (ER) values were 1.03% (95%CI: 0.67%, 1.40%) and 1.02% (95%CI: 0.57%, 1.50%), respectively. The results of concentration stratification analysis showed that the most significant risks of death from circulatory system diseases [ER (95%CI): 1.12% (0.32%, 1.92%) and 0.95% (0.13%, 1.79%) respectively] were found at medium PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. The interaction analysis revealed that under, a synergistic effect on the risk of death from circulatory system diseases was identified (relative excess risk due to interaction=3.08%, attributable proportion of interaction=2.90%, synergy index=1.89) when considering the coexistence of PM2.5 and O3 above the primary limit. As the concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 increased, the synergistic effect increased the risk of death from circulatory system diseases in the general population, men, women, and the ≥ 65 years group. Conclusion Both atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 can increase the risk of death from circulatory system diseases, and the two pollutants have a synergistic effect on the risk of death from circulatory system diseases.

Effects of systemic ozone administration on the fresh extraction sockets healing: a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study in rats

Abstract Studies have highlighted numerous benefits of ozone therapy in the field of medicine and dentistry, including its antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms, its ability to modulate the immune system effectively, reduce inflammation, prevent hypoxia, and support tissue regeneration. However, its effects on dental extraction healing remain to be elucidated. Objective Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of systemically administered ozone (O3) at different doses in the healing of dental extraction sockets in rats. Methodology To this end, 72 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups after extraction of the right upper central incisor: Group C - control, no systemic treatment; Group OZ0.3 - animals received a single dose of 0.3 mg/kg O3; Group OZ0.7 - a single dose of 0.7 mg/kg O3; and Group OZ1.0 - a single dose of 1.0 mg/kg O3, intraperitoneally. In total, six animals from each group were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days after the commencement of treatment. Bone samples were harvested and further analyzed by descriptive histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry for osteocalcin (OCN) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) protein expression. Results All applied doses of O3 were shown to increase the percentage of bone tissue (PBT) after 21 days compared to group C. After 14 days, the OZ0.7 and OZ1.0 groups showed significantly higher PBT when compared to group C. The OZ1.0 group presented the most beneficial results regarding PBT among groups, which denotes a dose-dependent response. OCN immunostaining was higher in all groups at 21 days. However, after seven and 14 days, the OZ1.0 group showed a significant increase in OCN immunostaining compared to C group. No differences in TRAP+ osteoclasts were found between groups and time points. Conclusion Therefore, O3 therapy at higher doses might be beneficial for bone repair of the alveolar socket following tooth extraction.

Ozone therapy improves early stages of osseointegration in ovariectomized rats

Abstract Objective the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of ozone therapy (OZN) on peri-implant bone repair in critical bones by installing osseointegrated implants in the tibia of ovariectomized rats. Methodology ovariectomy was performed on 30 Wistar rats, aged six months (Rattus novergicus), and, after 90 days, osseointegrated implants were installed in each tibial metaphysis. The study groups were divided into the animals that received intraperitoneal ozone at a concentration of 700 mcg/kg — OZ Group (n=15) — and a control group that received an intraperitoneal saline solution and, for this reason, was named the SAL group (n=15). The applications for both groups occurred during the immediate post-operative period on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th day post-surgery. At various stages (14, 42, and 60 days), the animals were euthanized, and tests were performed on their tibiae. These tests include histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses, computerized microtomography, sampling in light-cured resin for calcified sections, and confocal microscopy. The obtained data were then analyzed using One-way ANOVA and the Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and student t-tests (P<0.05). Results our findings indicate that the OZ group (3.26±0.20 mm) showed better cellular organization and bone neoformation at 14 days (SAL group, 0.90±1.42 mm) (P=0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed that osteocalcin labeling was moderate in the OZ group and mild in the SAL group at 14 and 42 days post-surgery. The data from the analysis of calcified tissues (microtomography, histometric, and bone dynamism analysis) at 60 days showed no statistically significant differences between the groups (P=0.32). Conclusion it was concluded that ozone therapy anticipated the initial phases of the peri-implant bone repair process.

Assessment of Efficiency of Bioactive Glass, Self-Assembling Peptide, and Ozone Remineralising Agents on Artificial Carious Lesion

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the efficacy of bioactive glass, self-assembling peptide, and ozone-remineralizing agents on the artificial carious lesion. Material and Methods: On the extracted 60 premolar teeth, an artificial carious lesion/demineralization was created. Later, the remineralization of demineralized teeth was done with respective remineralizing agents (Group A: Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (bioactive glass), Group B: Self-assembling peptide, Group C: Ozone remineralizing agents and Group D (Control): De ionized water. The degree of demineralization and remineralization were evaluated using the Vickers Hardness Number. Results: There was a decrease in microhardness from baseline to demineralization in all the groups, and this reduction was found to be statistically considerable. After the remineralization of demineralized samples with respective remineralizing agents, there was an increase in microhardness of 312.38, 276.67, and 254.42 in groups A, B, and C, respectively. In contrast, in Group D, there were no changes. Conclusion: Bioactive glass and self-assembling peptides had higher remineralizing capacities, which can be used to treat early carious lesions.

Effect of N-acetyl cysteine, rifampicin, and ozone on biofilm formation in pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: an experimental study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of specific concentrations of antibiofilm agents, such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), rifampicin, and ozone, for the treatment of pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PRKp). OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effectiveness of antibiofilm agents, such as NAC, rifampicin, and ozone, on biofilm formation in PRKp at 2, 6, 24, and 72 h. DESIGN AND SETTING: This single-center experimental study was conducted on June 15, 2017, and July 15, 2018, at Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey. METHODS: Biofilm formation and the efficacy of these agents on the biofilm layer were demonstrated using colony counting and laser-screened confocal microscopy. RESULTS: NAC at a final concentration of 2 μg/mL was administered to bacteria that formed biofilms (24 h), and no significant decrease was detected in the bacterial counts of all isolates (all P > 0.05). Rifampicin with a final concentration of 0.1 μg/mL was administered to bacteria that formed biofilm (24 h), and no significant decrease was detected in bacterial count (all P > 0.05). Notably, ozonated water of even 4.78 mg/L concentration for 72 h decreased the bacterial count by ≥ 2 log10. CONCLUSION: Different approaches are needed for treating PRKp isolates. We demonstrate that PRKp isolates can be successfully treated with higher concentrations of ozone.

Insuflación rectal con ozono en infecciones intestinales / Rectal Insufflation with Ozone in Intestinal Infections

Introducción: Las infecciones intestinales se relacionan con trastornos del sistema inmune y de la microbiota intestinal. Pueden ser recurrentes y producir otras alteraciones intestinales y sistémicas, que empeoran con la terapia antimicrobiana. La ozonoterapia ha sido usada en el tratamiento de infecciones intestinales. Objetivos: Recopilar información sobre los efectos biológicos, terapéuticos y la seguridad de la administración del ozono por insuflación rectal en el tratamiento de las infecciones intestinales. Métodos: Para la búsqueda de información se empleó el motor de búsqueda Google Académico. Se consultaron artículos en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Además, se realizó una búsqueda general en los idiomas español e inglés, a partir de los artículos más relevantes acerca del estudio. Se utilizaron como palabras clave: infecciones, insuflación, microbioma gastrointestinal, ozono como términos más concretos. En el estudio no se aplicó ninguna restricción acerca del ámbito geográfico ni de la edad. Conclusiones: La aplicación rectal de ozono es segura, tiene acciones biológicas y terapéuticas útiles para tratar las infecciones intestinales. Actúa como inmunomodulador y protector de la microbiota intestinal, lo que permite enfrentar esta problemática de salud desde el punto de vista preventivo, curativo y de rehabilitación de los daños causados, tanto por los gérmenes como por los efectos de los antibióticos(AU)

Introduction: Intestinal infections are related to disorders of the immune system and intestinal microbiota. They can be recurrent and produce other intestinal and systemic alterations, which worsen with antimicrobial therapy. Ozone therapy has been used in the treatment of intestinal infections. Objectives: To compile information on the biological, therapeutic effects and safety of the administration of ozone by rectal insufflation in the treatment of intestinal infections. Methods: Google Scholar search engine was used for searching information. Articles were consulted in PubMed and SciELO databases of the Virtual Health Library. In addition, a general search was carried out in Spanish and English, based on the most relevant articles about the study. The keywords used were infections, insufflation, gastrointestinal microbiome, ozone as more specific terms. No restrictions on geographic area or age were applied in the study. Conclusions: The rectal application of ozone is safe, it has useful biological and therapeutic actions to treat intestinal infections, acting as an immunomodulator and protector of the intestinal microbiota, which allows us to face this health problem from a preventive, curative and rehabilitation point of view of the damage caused, both by germs and by the effects of antibiotics(AU)

Ozonoterapia como apoyo en el tratamiento de la úlcera del pie diabético. Presentación de un caso

Una de las complicaciones más comunes de la diabetes mellitus es la úlcera del pie diabético, como una fuente importante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 43 años, con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de siete años de evolución, remitida desde el Cuerpo de Guardia del Policlínico Universitario Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, de Abreus, con el diagnóstico de pie diabético neuroinfeccioso complicado con un absceso. Se realizó drenaje del absceso, modificación del tratamiento con insulina y desbridamiento de la lesión. Además, se indicó antibiótico y Heberprot-P®. Ante la ausencia de evolución satisfactoria, se realizó nuevo desbridamiento, con amputación de tercer y cuarto dedos del pie izquierdo; se retomó el tratamiento inicial, eta vez combinado con ozonoterapia vía local y rectal. A partir de la semana 18 la paciente evolucionó favorablemente, con presencia de buena granulación, desaparición gradual del dolor y aceleración del proceso de cicatrización completa de la lesión, además de conseguir un control metabólico eficiente. El caso descrito confirma la eficacia y seguridad del uso combinado del Heberprot-P® y la terapia con ozono.

One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic foot ulcer, as an important source of morbidity and mortality. The case of a 43-years-old patient with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, of seven years of evolution, referred from the Emergency Department of the Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy University Polyclinic, Abreus, with the diagnosis of neuroinfectious diabetic foot complicated with an abscess is presented. Drainage of the abscess, modification of insulin treatment, and debridement of the lesion were performed. In addition, antibiotics and Heberprot-P® were indicated. In the absence of satisfactory evolution, new debridement was performed, with amputation of the third and fourth toes of the left foot; the initial treatment was resumed, this time combined with local and rectal ozone therapy. From week 18 on, the patient progressed favorably, with the presence of good granulation, gradual disappearance of pain and acceleration of the complete healing process of the lesion, in addition to achieving efficient metabolic control. The described case confirms the efficacy and safety of the Heberprot-P® combined use and ozone therapy.

Tratamiento combinado de catgutpuntura y ozonoterapia en la psoriasis vulgar. Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucia Íñiguez Landín. 2019- 2021

Fundamento: la psoriasis afecta aproximadamente al 2 % de la población mundial, con amplias repercusiones biopsicosociales. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del tratamiento combinado catgutpuntura-ozonoterapia en los pacientes con psoriasis vulgar. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención del tipo antes y después sin grupo de control realizado en el Hospital Lucia Íñiguez Landín, en el período abril 2019 a 2021. La población estuvo constituida por 55 pacientes; la muestra quedó conformada por 29 que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento se utilizó la prueba estadística de diferencia de proporciones con un nivel de confianza de 95 %, considerándose estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad de 40 a 49 años. Los síndromes de insuficiencia del Yin de riñón y Xue de hígado constituyeron los más representativos. Se logró disminuir la severidad de la enfermedad en casi la totalidad de estos. Las reacciones adversas a las terapias empleadas fueron mínimas. Conclusiones: el tratamiento combinado fue considerado parcialmente efectivo.

Background: psoriasis affects approximately 2 % of the world population, with extensive biopsychosocial repercussions. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of the combined catgutpuncture-ozone therapy treatment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Methods: quasi-experimental intervention study of the type before and after without a control group carried out at the Lucia Íñiguez Landín Hospital, from April 2019 to 2021. 55 patients were the population; 29 patients were the sample who met the inclusion criteria. A multivariate analysis of absolute and relative frequencies was performed. To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment, the statistical test of proportions' difference was used with a confidence level of 95%, being considered statistically significant. Results: the female sex and the age group of 40 to 49 years old predominated. Kidney Yin and liver Xue insufficiency syndromes was the most representative. It was possible to reduce the severity of the disease in almost all of them. Adverse reactions to the therapies used were minimal. Conclusions: the combined treatment was considered partially effective.

Analysis of antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and ozonated water against biofilm in oval canals

Abstract This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 8 µg/mL ozonated water agitated by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or PUI combined with EndoActivator (EA) against mature multispecies biofilm. One hundred and five oval-shaped mandibular premolars were instrumented, sterilized, and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus, divided into: control group - saline; O3 group - ozonated water; O3 PUI group - ozonated water with PUI agitation; O3 PUI+EA group - ozonated water with PUI+EA agitation; NaOCl group - NaOCl; NaOCl PUI group - NaOCl with PUI agitation; and NaOCl PUI+EA group - NaOCl with PUI+EA agitation. Microbiological samples were collected before (S1) and after (S2) the disinfection procedures and the data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. In the culture method, there was significant disinfection in the O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). The combination of NaOCl with PUI+EA reduced microbial counts to zero (p˂0.05). In the qPCR method, there was a significant reduction in the total count of viable microorganisms in the O3 PUI, O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). It can be concluded that 2.5% NaOCl with and without agitation, as well as 8 µg/mL ozonated water with its action enhanced by the agitation techniques, were effective in root canal disinfection, and their antimicrobial efficacy is related to the microorganisms present in the biofilm.

Resumo Este estudo in vitro comparou a desinfecção do hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% (NaOCl) e da água ozonizada 8 µg/mL agitados pela irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) e por associação da PUI com EndoActivator (EA) na redução de biofilme misto maduro. Cento e cinco pré-molares inferiores ovalados foram instrumentados, esterilizados e inoculados com Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans e Staphylococcus aureus, divididos em: Grupo controle: soro; Grupo O3: água ozonizada; Grupo O3 PUI: água ozonizada agitada por PUI; Grupo O3 PUI + EA: água ozonizada agitada por PUI e EA: Grupo NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio; Grupo NaOCl PUI: hipoclorito de sódio agitado por PUI; Grupo NaOCl PUI + EA: hipoclorito de sódio agitado por PUI e EA. Amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas antes (S1) e após (S2) os procedimentos de desinfecção e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. No método de cultura, houve desinfecção significativa nos grupos O3 PUI + EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI e NaOCl PUI + EA (p˂0.05), sendo que no grupo NaOCl PUI + EA não houve crescimento de microrganismo (p˂0.05). No método de qPCR, nas contagens dos microrganismos antes e após os protocolos de desinfecção, houve redução microbiana nos grupos O3 PUI, O3 PUI + EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, NaOCl PUI + EA (p˂0.05). Concluiu-se que o NaOCl 2,5% com e sem agitação foi eficiente, assim como a água ozonizada 8 µg/mL potencializada pelos métodos de agitação na desinfecção e que a mesma está relacionada com os microrganismos presentes no biofilme.

Evaluación antifúngica del ozono contra Candida albicans: estudio in vitro / Antifungal evaluation of ozone against Candida albicans: in vitro study

Introducción: la Candida albicans (C. albicans) es un patógeno fúngico que puede causar infecciones superficiales o potencialmente mortales. Los biofilms de C. albicans muestran rasgos fenotípicos únicos, el más destacado es su notable resistencia a una amplia variedad de agentes antimicóticos. Una de las alternativas para inhibir el crecimiento de este microorganismo es el ozono debido a sus propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas y virucidas; sin embargo, escasa información ha sido reportada en C. albicans. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto fungicida del ozono en C. albicans. Material y métodos: la metodología consistió en agregar ozono a tubos de ensayo con medios de caldo nutritivo en diversas concentraciones y tiempos de ozonización. El efecto fungicida fue determinado con la determinación del número de colonias de C. albicans en agar nutritivo a través de procedimiento microbiológicos estandarizados por triplicado. Resultados: todas las muestras con ozono mostraron adecuados niveles de inhibición de crecimiento del microorganismo. Además, el efecto fungicida del ozono se encontró para ser significativamente dependiente del tiempo de ozonización y de la concentración. Conclusión: el uso de terapia con ozono podría tener potencial en el control de infecciones micóticas causadas por la presencia de C. albicans (AU)

Introduction: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a fungal pathogen that can cause superficial or life-threatening infections. Biofilms of C. albicans display unique phenotypic traits, the most prominent being their remarkable resistance to a wide variety of antifungal agents. One of the alternatives to inhibit the growth of this microorganism is ozone due to its bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal properties; however, little information has been reported on C. albicans. Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effect of ozone on C. albicans. Material and methods: the methodology consisted in adding ozone to test tubes with nutrient broth media in various concentrations and ozonation times. The fungicidal effect was determined by determining the number of colonies of C. albicans in nutrient agar through standardized microbiological procedures in triplicate. Results: all the ozone samples showed adequate levels of growth inhibition of the microorganism. Furthermore, the fungicidal effect of ozone was found to be significantly dependent on ozonation time and concentration. Conclusion: the use of ozone therapy could have potential in the control of fungal infections caused by the presence of C. albicans (AU)

Ozonation of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. ): effect of column height on the saturation process and changes in quality / Ozonização de castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. ): efeito da altura da coluna no processo de saturação e alterações na qualidade

The objective of this study is to examine the saturation process in a column containing Brazil nuts and possible changes in the quality of the product. Brazil nut samples were initially placed in a cylindrical PVC column 15 cm in diameter and 110 cm in height. The ozone gas concentrations of 2.5, 4.5, 9.0, and 14.0 mg L-1 and a flow rate of 3.0 L min-1 were applied at a temperature of 25 ºC. Ozone gas was injected at the base of the cylindrical column, and the seed column height values adopted were 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 m. Saturation concentration and time were determined. To measure possible changes in the quality of ozonized Brazil nuts, moisture and color, as well as qualitative variables of the crude oil were evaluated at the exposure times of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. To evaluate the quality of the crude oil extracted from ozonized nuts, the free fatty acid content, peroxide value, and iodine value were analyzed. Increasing ozonation times increased ozone concentration at all inlet gas concentrations. Saturation time decreased as the inlet gas concentration was increased, at the different product column heights. There was no change in product moisture in response to ozonation. Ozonation did not induce significant changes in color or in the crude oil, due to the triple interaction between column height, ozone concentration, and exposure time. In conclusion, the height of the product's column influences saturation time and concentration during the ozonation process. Considering the color of the product and characteristics of its crude oil, the use of ozone under the conditions adopted in the present study does not affect the quality of Brazil nuts to the point of rendering them unmarketable.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar o processo de saturação em coluna contendo castanha-do-Brasil e possíveis alterações na qualidade do produto. Inicialmente as amostras de castanha-do-Brasil foram acondicionadas em coluna cilíndrica de PVC de 15 cm de diâmetro e 110 cm de altura. Foram adotadas as concentrações do gás ozônio de 2,5, 4,5, 9,0 e 14,0 mg L-1 e vazão de 3,0 L min-1, na temperatura de 25 ºC. O gás ozônio foi injetado na base da coluna cilíndrica e os valores adotados de altura da coluna de grãos foram de 0,25, 0,50, e 0,75 m. Determinaram-se o tempo e a concentração de saturação. Na avaliação de possíveis alterações na qualidade de castanhas-do-Brasil ozonizadas foram determinados a umidade, coloração e variáveis qualitativas do óleo bruto, com tempos de exposição de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 h. Para avaliação da qualidade do óleo bruto extraído de castanhas ozonizadas foram analisadas o teor de ácidos graxos livres, o índice de peróxido e o índice de iodo. A elevação do período de ozonização promoveu aumento da concentração do ozônio para todas as concentrações de entrada do gás. No que se refere aos valores de tempo de saturação, à medida que se elevou a concentração de entrada do gás, houve redução do tempo de saturação, nas diferentes alturas de coluna do produto. Não houve variação da umidade do produto em decorrência da ozonização. A ozonização não provocou alterações significativas na cor e no óleo bruto, em decorrência da interação tripla entre altura da coluna do produto, concentração do ozônio e tempo de exposição. É possível concluir que a altura da coluna do produto influencia o tempo e a concentração de saturação, durante o processo de ozonização. O uso do ozônio nas condições adotadas no presente estudo não afeta a qualidade da castanhado-Brasil, considerando-se a cor do produto e características do óleo bruto, de tal forma a inviabilizar a comercialização.

Efficiency of topical ozone gel as an adjunct to antibiotics and analgesics on sequelae after extraction of impacted mandibular third molar / Eficiencia del gel de ozono tópico como complemento de antibióticos y analgésicos en las secuelas tras la extracción del tercer molar mandibular impactado

Introduction: Extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar is a common procedure in dentistry. Many complications may arise after this operation, the most common being pain, trismus, and swelling. Systemic medications have been used in an attempt to manage these problems, but because of their side effects, the need for non-medication treatment arises to treat these complications without side effects, such as cryotherapy, ice packs, low-level laser therapy, and ozone. Ozone is one of the most effective antimicrobials used in the dentistry field, and it also has a positive effect on soft tissue healing, activates cellular metabolism, and can react with blood components; for these reasons ozone is used to manage trismus, swelling, and pain after removal of the mandibular third molar. Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of topical ozone gel on complications from the extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were enrolled in the current study and were randomly divided into two equal groups. Preoperatively clinical examination included measurement of facial swelling measurements and maximum mouth opening. The position and configuration of the impacted lower third molar, the surrounding bone, the mandibular canal, and the neighboring tooth were all assessed using a panoramic X-ray. On days 2 and 7, after surgery, the facial swelling dimensions and maximum mouth opening were again assessed. Statistics were used to analyze results. Results: Findings indicate statistical significance for pain, but not for swelling or mouth opening. Conclusions: After lower third molar surgery, topical ozone gel helps reduce postoperative pain.

Introducción: La extracción del tercer molar mandibular retenido es un procedimiento común en odontología. Pueden surgir muchas complicaciones después de esta operación, siendo las más comunes dolor, trismo y edema. Se han utilizado medicamentos sistémicos en un intento de controlar estos problemas, pero debido a sus efectos secundarios, surge la necesidad de tratamientos sin medicamentos para tratar estas complicaciones sin efectos secundarios, como crioterapia, bolsas de hielo, terapia con láser de baja intensidad y ozono. El ozono es uno de los antimicrobianos más eficaces utilizados en el campo de la odontología, además tiene un efecto positivo en la cicatrización de los tejidos blandos, activa el metabolismo celular y puede reaccionar con los componentes sanguíneos; Por estas razones, el ozono se utiliza para controlar el trismo, la hinchazón y el dolor después de la extracción del tercer molar mandibular. Objetivo: El propósito del estudio fue evaluar los efectos del gel de ozono tópico sobre las complicaciones de la extracción del tercer molar mandibular impactado. Materiales y Métodos: Se inscribieron treinta pacientes en el estudio actual y se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos iguales. El examen clínico preoperatorio incluyó la medición de la hinchazón facial y la apertura máxima de la boca. La posición y configuración del tercer molar inferior impactado, el hueso circundante, el canal mandibular y el diente vecino se evaluaron mediante una radiografía panorámica. Los días 2 y 7, después de la cirugía, se evaluaron nuevamente las dimensiones de la hinchazón facial y la apertura máxima de la boca. Se utilizaron estadísticas para analizar los resultados. Resultados: Los hallazgos indican significación estadística para el dolor, pero no para la hinchazón o la apertura de la boca.Conclusión: Después de la cirugía del tercer molar inferior, el gel de ozono tópico ayuda a reducir el dolor postoperatorio.

Ozone gas therapy for tooth bleaching preserves enamel microhardness, roughness and surface micromorphology / Ozonioterapia gasosa para clareamento dental preserva a microdureza, rugosidade e micromorfologia superficial do esmalte

ABSTRACT After ozone therapy for bleaching, it is important to evalúate enamel surface properties, to ensure that bleaching provides adequate conditions for sound dental substrate. Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of a bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), with or without ozone (O), on the microhardness, roughness and micromorphology of the enamel surface. Materials and Method: Bovine enamel blocks were planed and distributed among the following three bleaching treatment groups (n=10): CP - 1 hour per day/14 days (Opalescence PF 10%/ Ultradent); O - 1 hour per day every 3 days/3 sessions (Medplus VPhilozon, 60 mcg/mL and oxygen flow rate of 1 L/min); and OCP - CP with O, 1 hour per day every 3 days/3 sessions. Enamel surface microhardness (Knoop), roughness (Ra), and micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy (5,000x magnificaron) were determined before and after the treatments. Results: ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer's test showed that enamel microhardness remained unchanged by treatment with O and OCP (p=0.0087), but decreased by treatment with CP. Treatment with O promoted higher enamel microhardness than the other groups (p=0.0169). Generalized linear mixed models for repeated measures over time indicated treatment with CP increased enamel roughness more than OCP or O (p=0.0003). CP produced slight irregularities in enamel micromorphology after the whitening treatment. O, with or without CP, maintained the mechanical and physical properties of microhardness and enamel surface micromorphology, and either maintained or reduced surface roughness, compared to the conventional tray-delivered CP bleaching treatment. Conclusions: Treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide in trays promoted greater changes in enamel surface properties than treatments with ozone and with 10% ozonized carbamide peroxide in the office.

RESUMO É importante avaliar as propriedades da superficie do esmalte após a aplicagao da ozonioterapia para clareamento, para garantir que o efeito clareadorproporcione condigoes adequadaspara um substrato dentário higido. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar os efeitos de um tratamento clareador com peróxido de carbamida (PC) a 10%, associado ou nao ao ozonio (O), na microdureza, rugosidade e micromorfologia da superficie do esmalte. Materials e Método: Blocos de esmalte bovino foram aplainados e distribuidos entre tres grupos de tratamento clareador (n=10): PC - 1 hora por dia/14 dias (Opalescence PF 10%/ Ultradent); O - 1 hora por dia a cada 3 dias/3 sessoes (Medplus VPhilozon, 60 mcg/mL e fluxo de oxigenio de 1 L/min); e PCO - CP com O, 1 hora por dia a cada 3 dias/3 sessoes. A microdureza (Knoop), a rugosidade (Ra) e a micromorfologia da superficie do esmalte avaliada por microscopia eletronica de varredura (aumento de 5.000x) foram analisadas antes e após os tratamentos. Resultados: ANOVA e teste de Tukey-Kramer mostraram que O e PCO mantiveram os valores de microdureza do esmalte ao final do tratamento (p=0,0087), enquanto PC promoveu diminuigao da microdureza. O promoveu maiores valores de microdureza do esmalte do que os outros grupos ao final do tratamento (p=0,0169). Modelos lineares generalizados mistos para medidas repetidas no tempo indicaram um aumento na rugosidade da superficie para PC, levando a maior rugosidade do esmalte ao final do tratamento, em comparagao com PCO ou O (p=0,0003). PC apresentou pequenas irregularidades na micromorfologia do esmalte após o tratamento clareador. O, com ou sem PC, manteve as propriedades mecánicas e fisicas de microdureza e micromorfologia da superficie do esmalte, e manteve ou reduziu a rugosidade da superficie, em comparagao com o tratamento clareador a base de PC aplicado em moldeira convencional. Conclusoes: O tratamento com peróxido de carbamida a 10% para uso em moldeiras promoveu maiores alteragoes nas propriedades de superficie do esmalte do que aquelas observadas nos tratamentos com ozonio e com peróxido de carbamida ozonizado a 10% para uso em consultório.

Ozonoterapia en el dolor crónico osteoarticular

Introducción: El dolor crónico es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta médica en el mundo, las de causa osteomioarticular son las más frecuentes. Esto genera un gran consumo de medicamentos, muchos de los cuales producen efectos adversos que comprometen la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivos: Obtener información sobre la efectividad de la ozonoterapia en el dolor crónico osteoarticular. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos publicados en los últimos 15 años sobre esta temática. A través del buscador Google Académico, se revisaron documentos de carácter académico como artículos, tesis, libros, patentes, documentos relativos a congresos y resúmenes de diferentes bases de datos, como son Web of Science, MEDLINE, SciELO, pubmed, todas ellas ajustadas al ámbito biomédico. En primer lugar, se realizó una búsqueda general, y en función de lo que se vio que era más relevante con respecto al tema, se realizaron posteriormente nuevas búsquedas con términos más concretos, en los idiomas español e inglés. No se aplicó ninguna restricción de ámbito geográfico, edad, ni campo de investigación. Se encontraron 750 resultados iniciales, de los cuales se seleccionaron un total de 36. Conclusiones: Se concluye que hay artículos sobre la ozonoterapia, que respaldan su uso como una herramienta terapéutica efectiva y económica en el tratamiento del dolor crónico osteomioarticular, con mayor evidencia en el tratamiento del dolor por enfermedades del disco intervertebral.

Introduction: Chronic pain is one of the most frequent causes of medical consultation in the world, those osteoarticular causes are the most frequent. This generates a large consumption of drugs, many of which produce adverse effects that compromise the quality of life of patients. Objectives: To obtain information on the effectiveness of ozone therapy in chronic osteoarticular pain. Method: A bibliographic review of the articles published in the last 15 years on this subject was carried out. Using the Google Scholar search engine, academic documents such as articles, theses, books, patents, conference papers and abstracts from different databases, such as Web of Science, MEDLINE, SciELO, PubMed, all of them adjusted to the biomedical field, were reviewed. First, a general search was carried out, and depending on what was seen to be most relevant to the topic, new searches were subsequently carried out with more specific terms, in Spanish and English. No restriction of geographic scope, age, or field of research was applied. A total of 750 initial results were found, of which a total of 36 were selected. Conclusions: It is concluded that there are articles on ozone therapy, which support its use as an effective and economical therapeutic tool in the treatment of chronic osteoarticular pain, with greater evidence in the treatment of pain due to intervertebral disc disease.

Ozonoterapia y cáncer: mito o realidad / Ozone Therapy and Cancer: Myth or Reality

Introducción: El uso clínico de la ozonoterapia se incrementa cada día. Abarca disímiles especialidades médicas como la oncología. En Cuba las investigaciones que evalúan el empleo de la ozonoterapia en pacientes con cáncer son escasas, se precisan estudios científicos que demuestren su eficacia clínica. Objetivo: Explicar los mecanismos farmacológicos y bioquímicos de la ozonoterapia y su uso en el cáncer como terapia complementaria. Métodos: Se consultaron bases de datos disponibles a través de la red de Infomed. Se utilizaron como palabras clave: cáncer, ozonoterapia y estrés oxidativo. Se seleccionaron artículos originales y de revisión sistemáticos de los últimos diez años que evaluaron la utilización de la ozonoterapia en el tratamiento del cáncer. Resultados: El cáncer es per se una enfermedad inductora de estrés oxidativo. La ozonoterapia respalda su utilización como una terapia adyuvante mediante el preacondicionamiento oxidativo que estimula los sistemas antioxidantes de la célula contra la acción de los radicales libres. Así, se logra neutralizar la acción nociva del estrés oxidativo. El ozono incrementa la eficacia de la radio - quimioterapia y ayuda a reducir los efectos secundarios de estos tratamientos al activar los sistemas antioxidantes de la célula. La ozonoterapia se caracteriza por la simplicidad de su aplicación, bajos costos, alta efectividad y prácticamente ausencia de efectos colaterales en comparación con otros tratamientos adyuvantes. Conclusiones: El uso de la ozonoterapia en oncología como una terapia adyuvante representó un recurso terapéutico de gran valor dado por su perfil de efectividad y seguridad. Su uso podría extenderse para disminuir los efectos secundarios y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: The clinical use of ozone therapy is increasing every day worldwide and it covers different medical specialties, including oncology. However, in Cuba, the investigations that evaluate the use of ozone therapy in cancer patients are scarce, so scientific studies are needed to demonstrate its clinical efficacy. Objective: To explain the pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of ozone therapy and its use in cancer as a complementary therapy. Methods: Databases available through Infomed Network were consulted. Key words used were cancer, ozone therapy and oxidative stress. Original and systematic review articles from the last ten years that evaluated the use of ozone therapy in the treatment of cancer were selected. Results: Cancer is, as such, a disease that induces oxidative stress. Ozone therapy supports its use as an adjuvant therapy through oxidative pre-conditioning that stimulates the cell's antioxidant systems against the action of free radicals. Thus, it is possible to neutralize the harmful action of oxidative stress. Ozone increases the efficacy of radio-chemotherapy and helps reducing the side effects of these treatments by activating the cell's antioxidant systems. Ozone therapy is characterized by the simplicity of its application, low costs, high effectiveness and with practically no side effects, compared to other adjuvant treatments. Conclusions: The use of ozone therapy in oncology as an adjuvant therapy represented a therapeutic resource of great value given its effectiveness and safety profile. Its use could be extended to improve tissue oxygenation and thus enhance the efficacy of radiochemotherapy, reducing side effects and improving the patients's quality of life(AU)

Associations of ambient PM2.5 and O3 with human mortality: A time-series study in a city of central China / 环境与职业医学

Background Exposure to air pollutants O3 and PM2.5 is closely related to population mortality. Most of the domestic research findings are for residents in coastal areas, and less for those in the central and western regions. Objective To investigate the acute effects of O3 and PM2.5 on the mortality of residents in a city of central China. Methods Data were collected on atmospheric pollutants, meteorological data, and population mortality in a city of central China from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2021. Meteorological data included daily average temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity. Atmospheric pollution data included daily mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO and maximum 8 h O3. Generalized additive model with Poisson distribution was used for estimating the relationships between air pollutants (O3 and PM2.5) and population mortality, and further stratified by age, gender, and education. Results The daily maximum 8 h average concentration of O3 in the city during the study period was 94.38 μɡ·m−3 and the daily average concentration of PM2.5 was 55.56 μɡ·m−3. In the single-pollutant model, the correlations between O3 concentration and total deaths as well as deaths due to respiratory, circulatory, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke were strongest at lag02, lag2, lag02, lag0, lag02, and lag0, and for every 10 μɡ·m−3 increase in concentration of O3, the associated ER (95%CI) values of daily mortality were increased by 0.09% (−0.08%–0.25%), 0.35% (0–0.71%), 0.43% (0.18%–0.68%), 0.45% (0.02%–0.91%), 0.59% (0.16%–1.02%), and 0.33% (0.01%–0.65%), respectively. The effect of O3 on total mortality was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The correlations between PM2.5 concentration and total deaths, as well as deaths due to respiratory, circulatory, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke were strongest at lag1, lag5, lag01, lag05, lag04, and lag01, and for every 10 μɡ·m−3 increase in concentration of PM2.5, the associated ER (95%CI) values of daily mortality increased by 0.02% (−0.09–0.13%), 0.25% (0.01%–0.50%), 0.35% (0.16%–0.54%), 1.18% (0.59%–1.77%), 0.17% (−0.13%–0.40%), and 0.65% (0.38%–0.92%), respectively, with no statistically significant effects of PM2.5 on total mortality and mortality due to coronary heart disease (P>0.05). During warm season (from May to October), the ER (95%CI) values of total deaths per 10 μɡ·m−3 increase in O3 in male, people aged 6~65 years, people aged >65 years, and people below high school education were 0.46% (0.16%–0.75%), 0.38% (0.08%–0.68%), 0.41% (0.14%–0.66%), and 0.38% (0.14%–0.61%), respectively, while the O3 effect was not statistically significant (P>0.05) during cool season (from November to April). Conclusions Atmospheric pollutants (O3 and PM2.5) have acute effects on mortality in the city, with the elderly, people with less than a high school education, and those with circulatory disease being more sensitive to O3 and PM2.5 exposures.

Ozonated triglyceride protects against septic lethality via preventing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Sepsis is a critical dysregulated host response with high mortality and current treatment is difficult to achieve optimal efficacy. Ozone therapy has been revealed to protect infection and inflammation-related diseases due to its role in antibiotic and immunoregulatory effect. Ozonated triglyceride is a key component of ozonated oil that is one of ozone therapy dosage form. However, the potential role of ozonated triglyceride in sepsis remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of ozonated triglyceride on septic mouse model and the molecular mechanism.@*METHODS@#Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were applied to construct septic mouse model. The mouse serum was obtained for detection of cytokines, and lung tissues were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to evaluate the extent of lung injury in septic mouse with ozonated triglyceride treatment at different time and doses. The survival of septic mice was observed for 96 h and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the survival rates. In addition, primary peritoneal macrophages and human acute monocytic-leukemia cell line (THP-1) were treated with inflammasome activators with or without ozonated triglyceride. The level of cytokines was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cleavage of caspase-1 and gasdermin-D (GSDMD) was detected by Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#Ozonated triglyceride at different time and doses reduced the release of inflammasome-related cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18] (all P<0.05) but not pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in septic mice (all P>0.05). Ozonated triglyceride significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice and reduced sepsis-induced lung injury (all P<0.05). Ozonated triglyceride significantly suppressed the canonical and non-canonical activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (all P<0.05) but not affected absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes in vitro (all P>0.05). Ozonated triglyceride reduced the cleavage of caspase-1 and the downstream GSDMD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Ozonated triglyceride presents a protect effect on sepsis lethality via reducing cytokines release and sepsis-related organ injury. The mechanism is that ozonated triglyceride specifically suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Ozonated triglyceride is a promising candidate for sepsis treatment.

Assessment of Daytime and Nighttime Ground Level Ozone Pollution in Malaysian Urban Areas

@#Introduction: Ozone (O3 ) is a significant component of photochemical smog as a typical secondary which is formed via nitrogen oxide photochemical interactions with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This research discerns the complex influence of meteorological parameters and air pollutants influencing O3 concentrations. Methods: Data were acquired from 1 January 2018 until 31 December 2020 that including ozone (O3 ), nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitric oxide (NO), sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), wind speed, solar radiation, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics in terms of line graphs. Results: The results demonstrate that the O3 concentration peaked around 14:00 hours and dropped at night (20:00 hours) owing to the lack of sunshine and redox processes. Conclusion: In conclusion, ozone precursors played an important role in ozone formation and the findings of this research are valuable for policymakers and other interested parties