Trematodes and acanthocephalans associated with the yellow mojarra (Caquetaia kraussii) in a coastal lagoon system, San Onofre, Colombia / Tremátodos y acantocéfalos asociados a mojarra amarilla (Caquetaia kraussii) en un sistema de laguna costera, San Onofre, Colombia

ABSTRACT In Colombia, ichthyozoonoses caused by helminths are little studied and remain neglected by the public health sector, representing an interaction to be explored regarding biodiversity and health. Caquetia kraussii is a native fish of Colombia and Venezuela that is economically important due to its high consumption by local communities. This research records the fauna of parasitic helminths associated with C. kraussii in a coastal lagoon system in the Colombian Caribbean. Thirty-two specimens of C. kraussii were captured and inspected in February and December 2020, resulting in the collection of 242 helminths at the metacercariae stage and adults. Parasites included metacercaria of the trematodes Clinostomum sp., Austrodiplostomum sp., two forms of Posthodiplostomum and adults of Oligogonotylus andinus, and adults of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus sp. These results indicate that C. kraussii acts as a definitive host for O. andinus and Neoechinorhynchus sp., and as an intermediate host for Clinostomum sp., Posthodiplostomum spp. and Austrodiplostomum sp. This research reports for the second time a population of O. andinus in Colombia and the occurrence of a morphoespecies of the genus Neoechinorhynchus that could constitute a new record for Colombia. In addition to contributing to the knowledge of the diversity of fish-associated helminths, the results of this research will make it possible to generate recommendations for the management and control of helminthiasis in artificial fish farming systems that are supplied by natural tributaries, and favor the establishment of hosts and parasites.

RESUMEN En Colombia, las ictiozoonosis causadas por helmintos son poco estudiadas y permanecen desatendidas desde el sector de la salud pública, representando una interacción por explorar en términos de biodiversidad y salud. Caquetia kraussii es un pez nativo de Colombia y Venezuela de importancia económica, debido a su alto consumo por parte de comunidades locales. Esta investigación registra la fauna de helmintos parásitos asociados a C. kraussii en un sistema de laguna costera en el Caribe colombiano. En febrero y diciembre de 2020 se examinaron 32 especímenes de C. kraussii, de los que se recolectaron 242 helmintos en los estadíos de metacercaria y adulto. Los parásitos incluyeron metacercarias de los tremátodos Clinostomum sp., Austrodiplostomum sp., dos morfoespecies de Posthodiplostomum spp. y adultos de Oigogonotylus andinus además de adultos del acantocéfalo (Eoacanthocephala) Neoechinorhynchus sp. Estos resultados indican que C. kraussii actúa como hospedador definitivo de O. andinus. y Neoechinorhynchus sp., y como hospedador intermediario de Clinostomum sp., Posthodiplostomum spp. y Austrodiplostomum sp. Se reporta por segunda vez una población de O. andinus en Colombia y la ocurrencia de una morfoespecie del género Neoechinorhynchus que podría ser un reporte nuevo para Colombia. Además del aporte al conocimiento de la diversidad de helmintos asociados a peces, los resultados de esta investigación podrían ser aprovechados para generar recomendaciones para el manejo y control de helmintiasis en sistemas piscícolas artificiales que se surten de afluentes naturales y favorecen el establecimiento de hospederos y parásitos.

Metazoan parasite fauna of detritivorous and omnivorous fishes from Amapá Lake, in western Brazilian Amazon / Fauna parasitária de metazoários em peixes detritívoros e onívoros do Lago Amapá, na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira

Abstract Despite being an important component of the freshwater ecosystems and an important factor controlling wild fish populations, Amazonian fish parasites have been poorly studied. Here, we analyzed the fauna of metazoan parasites from 10 detritivorous and omnivorous fish species from Amapá Lake in the western Amazon. Of 159 fish specimens examined, 73.6% were parasitized by one or more species of metazoan parasites. A total of 5,260 parasites (24 Monogenea, 14 Nematoda, 10 Digenea, 2 Acanthocephala, and 6 Crustacea) were identified. Aggregated dispersion pattern of parasites was observed. There was a predominance of endohelminth species that presented a similar pattern regarding the level of component communities (i.e., a low species number, low diversity and dominance of a single species, mainly the digeneans and nematodes in their larval stages). Five species of parasites presented correlation with the body size of the hosts. In the fish community, the presence of endoparasites in the larval and adult stages suggests that these are intermediate, paratenic and definitive hosts, reflecting their detritivorous or omnivorous feeding habits. The trophic level and diet had an influence on the structuring of endohelminth communities and infracommunities. Lastly, 38% of the metazoan parasite species were new records for examined hosts.

Resumo Apesar de ser um importante componente dos ecossistemas de água doce e um importante fator controlador das populações naturais de peixes, os parasitos de peixes amazônicos ainda são pouco estudados. Foi analisada a fauna de parasitos metazoários em 10 espécies de peixes detritívoros e onívoros do Lago Amapá na Amazônia ocidental. Dos 159 espécimes de peixes examinados, 73,6% estavam parasitados por uma ou mais espécies de parasitos metazoários. Um total de 5.260 parasitos (24 Monogenea, 14 Nematoda, 10 Digenea, 2 Acanthocephala e 6 Crustacea) foram identificados. Houve um padrão de dispersão agregado de parasitos. Houve predominância de espécies de endohelmintos que apresentaram padrão semelhante quanto ao nível de comunidades componentes, ou seja, baixo número de espécies, baixa diversidade e dominância de uma única espécie, principalmente os digenéticos e nematoides em estágio larval. Cinco espécies de parasitos apresentaram correlação com o tamanho corporal dos hospedeiros. Na comunidade de peixes, a presença de endoparasitos em fase larval e adulta sugere que esses são hospedeiros intermediários, paratênicos e definitivos, refletindo seus hábitos alimentares detritívoros ou onívoros. O nível trófico e dieta influenciaram na estruturação das comunidades e infracomunidades de endohelmintos. Por fim, 38% das espécies de parasitos metazoários foram novos registros para os hospedeiros examinados.

Overview of extracellular vesicles in pathogens with special focus on human extracellular protozoan parasites

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered membrane-delimited particles secreted by almost any cell type, involved in different functions according to the cell of origin and its state. From these, cell to cell communication, pathogen-host interactions and modulation of the immune response have been widely studied. Moreover, these vesicles could be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including infections produced by pathogens of diverse types; regarding parasites, the secretion, characterisation, and roles of EVs have been studied in particular cases. Moreover, the heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges at every stage of studies, which motivates research in this area. In this review, we summarise some aspects related to the secretion and roles of EVs from several groups of pathogens, with special focus on the most recent research regarding EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan parasites.

Anemia and intestinal parasites in Mbya Guarani children, Misiones, Argentina

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia in children of two Guarani communities in Misiones, Argentina, and to analyze its association with socioenvironmental and parasitic factors. This cross-sectional study took place in two villages, Koen Ju and Kaa Poty, and included Mbya Guarani children aged 6 months to 14 years. A multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the association of anemia with the presence of intestinal parasites. Altogether, 162 children were included in the study: 53.1% were boys, 32.7% had low weight-for-age, and 22.2% low height-for-age. Nearly half (46.9%, n=76) had anemia, which was mainly mild (92.1%), with a few moderate cases (7.9%). Of the 109 children who underwent testing for intestinal parasites, 89 (81.7%) had at least one, and 53 (59.5%) had more than one. The main parasite was Blastocystis hominis (49.5%), followed by Entamoeba coli (47.7%), hookworms (36.7%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (31.5%). In the multivariable analysis, anemia was associated with intestinal parasitosis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-16.5; p=0.038) and male sex (adjusted OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.08-6.47; p= 0.01). Overall, we found that both anemia and intestinal parasites are common in the pediatric population of the Guarani ethnic group. Intestinal parasites and male sex were associated with the presence of anemia.

Mercury concentration in larvae of Eustrongylides sp (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) from fish of the Brazilian Amazon / Concentración de mercurio en larvas de Eustrongylides sp (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) en peces de la Amazonía brasileña

Abstract Introduction: Chemical pollution represents a great concern to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Metals enter the aquatic environment from a variety of sources, including natural biogeochemical cycles and anthropogenic sources such as industrial and residential effluents, mining and atmospheric sources. Objective: To describe the Eustrongylides sp. larvae and the interaction with their fish hosts as indicators of mercury (Hg) contamination in the Brazilian Amazon, and the distribution of Hg in the internal organs of fish species Hoplias malabaricus and Pygocentrus nattereri collected in oxbow lakes on the Tapajós River, in the municipality of Santarém, in the state of Pará. Methods: Total Hg was analyzed using the Direct Hg Analyzer - DMA-80. Concentrations of Hg in Eustrongylides sp. were compared with those found in the tissues/organs of the hosts H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. Hg concentrations in the host/parasite system were statistically compared using Principal Component Analysis. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated to assess the bioaccumulation capacity of metals in Eustrongylides sp. larvae, comparing the concentration of Hg in the parasite with that accumulated in the musculature of infected hosts. Results: Hg concentrations in all tissues/organs analyzed were higher in the parasitic species Eustrongylides sp. larvae when compared with those found in tissues/organs of H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. There was an inversely proportional relationship, showing that when Eustrongylides sp. larvae are present, the concentration in the parasite is higher than in the musculature of host fish H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. The BCF of Hg was found by comparing Eustrongylides sp. larvae/H. malabaricus muscle and was observed during a flood (BCF Hg = 15 364). Conclusions: The results confirm the greater bioaccumulative capacity of Eustrongylides sp. compared to its host. The data indicated the viability of using Eustrongylides sp. larvae in biomonitoring programs. It is worth mentioning that fish samples for Hg analysis must be free of parasites since their presence can alter the results.

Resumen Introducción: La contaminación química del hábitat acuático representa un gran peligro para organismos acuáticos, especialmente para peces. Los metales ingresan al ambiente acuático desde una variedad de fuentes, incluidos los ciclos biogeoquímicos naturales y fuentes antropogénicas, como efluentes industriales y residenciales, minería y fuentes atmosféricas. Objetivo: Describir las especies de Eustrongylides sp. y la interacción con sus peces hospederos como indicadores de contaminación por mercurio en la Amazonía brasileña, y la distribución en los órganos internos de las especies de peces Hoplias malabaricus y Pygocentrus nattereri recolectadas en cochas del Río Tapajós, en el municipio de Santarém, del estado de Pará. Métodos: El Hg total se analizó utilizando el Direct Hg Analyzer - DMA-80. Las concentraciones de Eustrongylides sp. se compararon con las encontrados en los tejidos/órganos de los hospederos H. malabaricus y P. nattereri. Las concentraciones en el sistema hospedero/parásito se compararon estadísticamente utilizando el análisis de componentes principales. Se calculó el factor de bioconcentración (BCF) para evaluar la capacidad de bioacumulación de metales en larvas de Eustrongylides sp., comparando la concentración en el parásito con la acumulada en la musculatura de los hospederos infectados. Resultados: Las concentraciones de Hg en todos los tejidos/órganos analizados fueron mayores en las larvas de la especie parasitaria Eustrongylides sp. en comparación con las encontradas en los tejidos/órganos de H. malabaricus y P. nattereri. Hubo una relación inversamente proporcional, mostrando que cuando las larvas de Eustrongylides sp. están presentes, la concentración en el parásito es mayor que en la musculatura de los peces hospederos H. malabaricus y P. nattereri. El BCF de Hg se encontró comparando Eustrongylides sp. larvas/ músculo H. malabaricus y se observó durante una inundación (BCF Hg = 15 364). Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la mayor capacidad bioacumulativa de Eustrongylides sp. en comparación con su hospedero. Los datos indicaron la viabilidad de utilizar larvas de Eustrongylides sp. en programas de biomonitoreo. Cabe mencionar que las muestras de pescado para análisis de Hg deben estar libres de parásitos ya que su presencia puede alterar los resultados.

Enteroparásitos en Columba livia, transmisibles al hombre en la población de Santa Rosa, estado Lara, Venezuela

Introducción . En el estado Lara no se había descrito la presencia de parásitos entéricos en Paloma Doméstica, por lo que, se seleccionó la población feral de Columba livia que frecuenta la plaza de Santa Rosa (lugar turístico/religioso) para investigar la presencia de taxones de importancia zoonótica. Metodología:Se recogieron a conveniencia, en bolsas transparentes estériles, 20 "pool" de muestras de heces, cinco muestras por pool (total 100 muestras) las cuales eran trasladadas en cavas refrigeradas al laboratorio en Barquisimeto, para su montaje en solución salina isotónica y lugol, seguido de posterior análisis microscópico, determinando las especies enteroparasitarias presentes. Resultados. Se detectó una frecuencia de parasitosis intestinal del 80 %, con un 45 % de poliparasitismo, diagnosticándose una diversidad de 10 taxones, a saber, los protozoarios, Eimeria spp 55 % (11/20), Endolimax nana 40 %, Blastocystis spp 25 %, Cryptosporidium spp 15 %, Entamoeba coli 10 %, Giardia spp 5 %, Iodamoeba butschlii 5 % y los helmintos, Ascaridia spp 10 %, Capillaria spp 10 % e Hymenolepis spp 5 %. Discusión. Es el primer reporte de E. nana, I. butschlii y E. coli, infectando a Columba livia en Venezuela que, junto a varios de los taxones diagnosticados, son potencialmente transmisibles al hombre y algunos productores de sintomatología gastrointestinal. La asociación parasitaria más frecuente fue Blastocystis spp con E. nana (20 %) lo cual se corresponde con diversidad de estudios coprológicos en humanos, en Venezuela. Se deben incrementar la prevención para evitar que estas aves funcionen como reservorios y vectores activos, multiplicadores y transmisores de enteroparásitos patógenos para el hombre.

Introduction . In Lara State, the presence of enteric parasites in Domestic Pigeon had not been described, therefore, the feral population of Columba livia that frequents the Santa Rosa square (tourist/religious place) was selected to investigate the presence of important taxa. zoonotic. Methodology. Twenty "pools" of stool samples were collected at convenience, in sterile transparent bags, five samples per pool (total 100 samples) which were transferred in refrigerated cellars to the laboratory in Barquisimeto, for mounting in isotonic saline solution and lugol. followed by subsequent microscopic analysis, determining the enteroparasitic species present. Results. An 80% frequency of intestinal parasitism was detected, with 45% polyparasitism, diagnosing a diversity of 10 taxa, namely the protozoa Eimeria spp 55% (11/20), Endolimax nana 40%, Blastocystis spp 25%, Cryptosporidium spp 15%, Entamoeba coli 10%, Giardia spp 5%, Iodamoeba butschlii 5% and helminths, Ascaridia spp 10%, Capillaria spp 10% and Hymenolepis spp 5%. Discussion. This is the first report of E. nana, I. butschlii and E. coli infecting Columba livia in Venezuela, which, together with several of the taxa diagnosed, are potentially transmissible to humans and cause gastrointestinal symptoms. The most frequent parasitic association was Blastocystis spp with E. nana (20%), which corresponds to the diversity of stool studies in humans, in Venezuela. Conclusion. Prevention must be increased to prevent these birds from functioning as reservoirs and active vectors, multipliers and transmitters of pathogenic enteroparasites for humans.

Introdução . No estado de Lara, não havia sido descrita a presença de parasitas entéricos em Pombo Doméstico, portanto, a população silvestre de Columba livia que frequenta a praça Santa Rosa (local turístico/religioso) foi selecionada para investigar a presença de importantes táxons zoonóticos. Metodologia. Vinte "pools" de amostras de fezes foram coletadas por conveniência, em sacos transparentes estéreis, cinco amostras por pool (total de 100 amostras) que foram transferidas em adegas refrigeradas para o laboratório em Barquisimeto, para montagem em solução salina isotônica e lugol. análise microscópica, determinando as espécies de enteroparasitas presentes. Resultados. Foi detectada uma frequência de 80% de parasitismo intestinal, com 45% de poliparasitismo, diagnosticando uma diversidade de 10 taxa, nomeadamente os protozoários Eimeria spp 55% (11/20), Endolimax nana 40%, Blastocystis spp 25%, Cryptosporidium spp 15%, Entamoeba coli 10%, Giardia spp 5%, Iodamoeba butschlii 5% e helmintos, Ascaridia spp 10%, Capillaria spp 10% e Hymenolepis spp 5%. Discussão. Este é o primeiro relato de E. nana, I. butschlii e E. coli infectando Columba livia na Venezuela, que, juntamente com vários dos táxons diagnosticados, são potencialmente transmissíveis ao homem e causam sintomas gastrointestinais. A associação parasitária mais frequente foi Blastocystis spp com E. nana (20%), o que corresponde à diversidade de estudos de fezes em humanos, na Venezuela. Conclusão. A prevenção deve ser intensificada para evitar que essas aves funcionem como reservatórios e vetores ativos, multiplicadores e transmissores de enteroparasitas patogênicos para o homem.

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en pacientes que acudieron al laboratorio Laboclin S.R.L

Introducción: Los parásitos intestinales son infecciones del tracto gastrointestinal que pueden ser causadas por la ingestión de quistes de protozoos, huevos o larvas de gusanos, y por la penetración de las larvas a través de la piel. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales y correlacionar la edad y el sexo en pacientes que acudieron de al Laboratorio Laboclin S.R.L. Metodología: se recolectó muestras de heces de 511 pacientes, fueron analizados por el examen coproparasitológico directo. Resultados: Se determinó una prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de 49,1 %. La especie parasitaria más prevalente fue Entamoeba histolytica 41,1 %, seguidos por Endolimax nana 2,0 %, Giardia lamblia y respectivamente. El sexo masculino presenta mayor prevalencia de parásitos intestinales con un 28, 2 % (P>0,05). El grupo etario de 1-10 años presentó mayor prevalencia de parásitos intestinales con un 43, 4 % (P < 0,05), con predominio de Entamoeba histolytica. Discusión: El parásito patógeno más prevalente fue Entamoeba histolytica, que predominó en el grupo etario de 1 a 10 años, pero la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales fue baja en otros grupos etarios.

Introduction: Intestinal parasites are infections of the gastrointestinal tract that can be caused by the ingestion of protozoan cysts, worm eggs, or larvae or by the penetration of the larvae through the skin. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and correlate age and sex in patients who attended Laboratorio Laboclin S.R.L. Methodology: stool samples were collected from 511 patients and analyzed by direct coproparasitological examination. Results: A prevalence of intestinal parasites of 49.1% was determined. The most prevalent parasitic species was Entamoeba histolytica 41.1%, followed by Endolimax nana 2.0%, Giardia lamblia and respectively. The male sex presents a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites with 28.2% (P>0.05). The age group 1-10 years presented a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites with 43.4% (P < 0.05), with a predominance of Entamoeba histolytica. Discussion: The most prevalent pathogenic parasite was Entamoeba histolytica, which predominated in the age group from 1 to 10 years, but the prevalence of intestinal parasites was low in other age groups.

Introdução: Parasitas intestinais são infecções do trato gastrointestinal que podem ser causadas pela ingestão de cistos de protozoários, ovos ou larvas de vermes e pela penetração das larvas através da pele. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a prevalência de parasitas intestinais e correlacionar idade e sexo em pacientes atendidos no Laboratório Laboclin S.R.L. Metodologia: foram coletadas amostras de fezes de 511 pacientes, analisadas por exame coproparasitológico direto. Resultados: Foi determinada uma prevalência de parasitoses intestinais de 49,1%. A espécie parasita mais prevalente foi Entamoeba histolytica 41,1%, seguida de Endolimax nana 2,0%, Giardia lamblia e respectivamente. O sexo masculino apresenta maior prevalência de parasitoses intestinais com 28,2% (P>0,05). A faixa etária de 1 a 10 anos apresentou maior prevalência de parasitoses intestinais com 43,4% (P < 0,05), com predomínio de Entamoeba histolytica. Discussão: O parasita patogênico mais prevalente foi Entamoeba histolytica, que predominou na faixa etária de 1 a 10 anos, mas a prevalência de parasitas intestinais foi baixa nas demais faixas etárias.

Infecciones por helmintos intestinales en Chile: Análisis retrospectivo en Santiago, años 2015-2019 / Intestinal helminth infections in Chile: a retrospective analysis in Santiago, 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe escasa evidencia epidemiológica actual sobre helmintos intestinales en Chile. OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de infecciones por helmintos intestinales en un centro de salud en Santiago, Chile. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de helmintos intestinales diagnosticados en muestras parasitológicas de rutina en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de Clínica Alemana de Santiago, entre los años 2015 y 2019. Las pruebas diagnósticas se seleccionaron según la solicitud médica. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sistemas informáticos del laboratorio y se analizaron de manera anonimizada. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 127 infecciones por helmintos en 11.809 muestras estudiadas (1,1%). Estas infecciones fueron: 78 (61,4%) Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19,6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7,1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4,7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3,9%) Strongyloides stercoralis y 4 (3,1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis predominó en niños y adolescentes; Dibothriocephalus/ Adenocephalus spp. predominó en adultos. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio proporciona información epidemiológica actual sobre la distribución de helmintos intestinales en muestras clínicas en Santiago, Chile. Enterobius vermicularis fue prevalente, seguido de helmintos transmitidos por alimentos mientras que los transmitidos por el suelo solo se detectaron ocasionalmente. El surgimiento de difilobotriasis y anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis), es relevante y posiblemente se relacione con cambios en las condiciones de vida y la cultura alimentaria en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological information on the current prevalence of intestinal helminths in Chile is scarce. AIM: To describe the prevalence of different intestinal helminth infections in a healthcare center in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of intestinal helminths diagnosed in routine parasitological samples in the microbiological laboratory of Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile, between 2015 and 2019. Diagnostic tests were applied according to the sender's request. Data were obtained from laboratory information systems and analyzed in an anonymized manner. RESULTS: Among 11,809 samples, 127 (1.1%) helminth infections were detected, of those, 78 (61.4%) were Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19.6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7.1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4.7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3.9%) Strongyloides stercoralis, and 4 (3.1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis was predominant among children and adolescents, while Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp. was the most frequent helminth in adults. CONCLUSION: The study provides updated epidemiological information on distribution of helminth infections in clinical samples in Santiago, Chile. After E. vermicularis, food-borne helminths were second most prevalent, while soiltransmitted helminths were very rarely detected. The emergence of diphyllobothriasis and anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis) is noteworthy and possibly related to changes in living conditions and food culture in Chile.

Evaluation of transmission capacity of houseflies and cockroaches for pathogenic human intestinal parasites

Background: Household insects like houseflies and cockroaches are found in close proximation with human and animal habitations. These insects act as mechanical vectors for medically important pathogens and parasites. The present study aimed to identify the presence of human intestinal parasites transmitted by these insects in the present study area. Methods: Collection of these insects were carried out for a period of six months (June to November, 2021) from areas like kitchen, college canteen, garbage piles, fish and meat shops. Microscopic examination showed presence of pathogenic human intestinal parasites and pathogens. Results: Of the total collected flies and cockroaches, 157 (61.3%) flies and 72 (52.2%) cockroaches were found to be carriers of medically important parasites and pathogens. A total of three protozoan (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli) and three helminth parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis and hookworm) were isolated from these insects. The most common protozoan and helminth parasites were Giardia intestinalis and Ascaris lumbricoides. There is significant difference between number of protozoan and helminth parasite on a single housefly and cockroach. Similarly, females of both the insect were found to be more vectorial than males. There was also correlation between the incidence of diarrhea and gastrointestinal tract infection and number of positive flies. Conclusion: These findings imply that both insects in the current study area should be considered as possible mechanical vectors of human intestinal parasites.

Parvitaenia cochlearii (Cestoda: Gryporhynchidae) en cultivo de chame Dormitator latifrons en Ecuador

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar y determinar los parámetros de infección del metacestodo Parvitaenia en diferentes fases de cultivo de Dormitator latifrons y evaluar los daños histológicos. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron 45 ejemplares, 15 en cada fase (pre-cría, pre-engorda y engorda) para identificar el metacestodo y los daños tisulares provocados. Se calculó la prevalencia, intensidad e intensidad mediana. Se evaluó la diferencia de la intensidad mediana entre fase de cultivo mediante la prueba de medianas de Mood. La longitud total, peso, factor de condición de Fulton e índice hepatosomático se correlacionó con la intensidad mediante una correlación lineal. Los daños tisulares fueron evaluados en fragmentos de hígado. Resultados. Se encontró un total de 29151 cestodos, identificados como Parvitaenia cochlearii. La prevalencia del cestodo fue de 100%, la intensidad mediana varió de 22 a 625 individuos y mostró diferencias significativas entre fases de cultivo (X2= 29.391; p<0.0001). La intensidad mostró una correlación positiva moderada con la longitud total de los peces (r2= 0.45; p<0.05) y una correlación baja con el peso (r2= 0.38; p<0.05). En hígados poco parasitados se observó fibrosis y congestión alrededor de los quistes. En hígados con altos niveles de infección se observó reducción del parénquima, fibrosis e incremento de centros melanomacrófagos. Conclusiones. Este es el primer reporte de P. cochlearii en D. latifrons de cultivo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que existe una tendencia de acumulación de cestodos durante el crecimiento de los peces, lo cual podría tener implicaciones negativas para el comercio.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify and determine the infection parameters of the metacestode Parvitaenia in different culture stages of Dormitator latifrons and to evaluate the histological damage caused by this parasite. Materials and methods. Forty-five specimens were examined, 15 in each phase: prebreeding, pre-fattening, and fattening, to identify the metacestode and tissue damage caused using conventional parasitology and histology techniques. Prevalence, intensity, and median intensity were calculated. A Mood's median test evaluated the difference between intensity per culture phase. Total length, weight, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index were correlated with intensity by linear correlation analysis. Liver fragments were evaluated to identify the tissue damage. Results. A total of 29,151 cestodes were found and were identified as Parvitaenia cochlearii. Cestode prevalence was 100% in each culture phase. The median intensity ranged from 22 to 625 individuals and showed significant differences between culture phases (X2 = 29.391; p<0.0001). Intensity showed moderate positive correlation with total fish length (r2 = 0.45; p<0.05) and low correlation with weight (r2 = 0.38; p<0.05). In less parasitized livers, fibrosis and congestion around the cysts were observed, while in livers with high levels of infection, parenchymal reduction, fibrosis, and increase in melanomacrophage centers were observed. Conclusions. This is the first report of P. cochlearii on D. latifrons in aquaculture. We suggest that there is a tendency for cestode accumulation during fish growth, which could have negative implications for trade.

Pneumonia by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in a Leopardus tigrinus: Case study / Neumonía por Aelurostrongylus abstrusus en un Leopardus tigrinus: Estudio de caso / Pneumonia por Aelurostrongylus abstrusus em um Leopardus tigrinus: Estudo de caso

Abstract Anamnesis: A polytraumatized wild oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) was admitted to Unidad de Rehabilitación y Rescate de Animales Silvestres (URRAS) veterinary clinic of Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Despite the medical efforts, the animal died six hours later. Clinical and laboratory findings: Necropsy examination revealed multiple white nodules of about 2 mm in diameter distributed on the visceral surface of lung caudal lobes. Histopathology revealed lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with multiple coiled larvae of metastrongyloid nematodes in alveoli and bronchioles. First-stage Aelurostrongylus abstrusus nematode was identified in a fecal sample using the Ritchie copromicroscopic technique. Conclusion: This study reports an incidental severe pulmonary parasitism caused by A. abstrusus in a wild Oncilla (L. tigrinus). This is the first report of A. abstrusus infection associated with pathological lesions in a L. tigrinus from Colombia.

Resumen Anamnesis: Un tigrillo silvestre (Leopardus tigrinus) politraumatizado fue ingresado en la clínica veterinaria Unidad de Rehabilitación y Rescate de Animales Silvestres (URRAS) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, donde posteriormente falleció. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: el examen de necropsia reveló múltiples nódulos blancos de aproximadamente 2 mm de diámetro, distribuidos en la superficie visceral de los lóbulos caudales del pulmón. La histopatología reveló neumonía intersticial linfoplasmocítica, con múltiples larvas enrolladas de nematodos metastrongiloides en alvéolos y bronquiolos. En la muestra fecal postmortem se identificó el nematodo Aelurostrongylus abstrusus en primera etapa por la técnica copromicroscópica de Ritchie. Conclusión: Este estudio reporta un parasitismo pulmonar severo incidental causado por A. abstrusus en un tigrillo silvestre (L. tigrinus). Este es el primer reporte de infección por A. abstrusus asociada con lesiones patológicas en un L. tigrinus en Colombia.

Resumo Anamnese: Um Maracajá (Leopardus tigrinus) selvagem de vida livre foi internado na clínica veterinária Unidad de Rehabilitación y Rescate de Animales Silvestres (URRAS) da Universidad Nacional de Colombia devido a politraumatismo e o animal morreu. Achados clínicos e laboratoriais: O exame de necropsia revelou múltiplos nódulos brancos com cerca de 2 mm de diâmetro distribuídos na superfície visceral do pulmão dos lobos caudais. A histopatologia revelou pneumonia intersticial linfoplasmocitária com múltiplas larvas enroladas de nematóides metastrongilóides em alvéolos e bronquíolos. A amostra fecal post mortem para a técnica copromicroscópica de Ritchie permitiu a identificação do nematóide Aelurostrongylus abstrusus de primeiro estágio. Conclusão: Este estudo relata um grave parasitismo pulmonar incidental causado por A. abstrusus em um Maracajá selvagem de vida livre (L. tigrinus) da Colômbia. Este é o primeiro relato de infecção por A. abstrusus associada a lesões patológicas em L. tigrinus da Colômbia.

Detección molecular de la infección natural por parásitos tripanosomátidos en Didelphis marsupialis de una zona rural del norte de Colombia / Molecular detection of the natural infection by trypanosomatid parasites in Didelphis marsupialis from a rural area in northern Colombia

Se evaluó la prevalencia de infección por parásitos tripanosomátidos en Didelphis marsupialis y su relación con los aspectos morfológicos/etarios en una zona rural de El Carmen de Bolívar, Colombia. En cinco visitas (2018-2019) se instalaron trampas Tomahawk® en los ecótopos peridoméstico y silvestre en la Vereda El Alférez, durante tres noches consecutivas/visita. A los animales recolectados, se les determinaron medidas corporales, sexo y edad; y se les extrajo sangre por cardiopuntura, previa sedación, para extracción del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) total y amplificación de la región conservada del ADN de minicírculos de kinetoplasto (ADNk) de parásitos tripanosomátidos. La asociación entre parámetros morfológicos de los didélfidos y su frecuencia de infección por parásitos tripanosomátidos fue determinada mediante una regresión binomial. Se recolectaron 30 individuos de D. marsupialis (60,0% hembras y 40,0% machos/66,7% adultos y 33,3% juveniles). El diagnóstico molecular reveló una frecuencia de infección por parásitos tripanosomátidos del 46,7%. El estadio (p=0,024) fue determinante para la infección. Se discute el papel de D. marsupialis como potencial reservorio de parásitos tripanosomátidos en la zona evaluada.

We studied the prevalence of infection by trypanosomatid parasites in Didelphis marsupialis and its relationship with morphological/age aspects in a rural area of El Carmen de Bolivar, Colombia. Five visits were made to the Vereda El Alférez; each of which lasted three consecutive nights. During these visits, Tomahawk® traps were installed in the peridomestic and wild ecotopes of the Vereda El Alférez. Body measurements, sex and age were determined from the collected animals. Blood was extracted by cardiopuncture, after sedation, in order to obtain total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and amplify the conserved region of the kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) of parasitic trypanosomatids. The association between morphological parameters of didelphids and their frequency of infection by parasitic trypanosomatids was determined by binomial regression. Thirty D. marsupialis specimens (60.0% females and 40.0% males/66.7% adults and 33.3% juveniles) were collected. Molecular diagnosis revealed a frequency of trypanosomatid parasite infection of 46.7%. Stage (p=0.024) was a determinant for infection. We discuss the role of D. marsupialis as a potential reservoir of parasitic trypanosomatids in the Vereda El Alférez.

Diphyllobotrium Spp. como causa de diarrea crónica diagnosticada solo por colonoscopia o cápsula endoscópica

Se presentan dos pacientes con diarrea crónica, con múltiples estudios negativos, y que tenían en común la deficiencia de vitamina B12. Ambos pacientes tenían estudios repetitivos de parásitos en heces negativos. Sólo al realizarse colonoscopía en el primer caso y la cápsula endoscópica en el segundo, se pudo diagnosticar formas adultas de Diphyllobotrium spp. Luego del tratamiento antiparasitario, ambos pacientes remitieron completamente sus síntomas.

We present two patients with chronic diarrhea, with multiple negative studies, both had in common vitamin B12 deficiency. Both patients had multiple studies of parasites in negative stool. Only after colonoscopy in the first case and capsule endoscopy in the second case, it was possible to diagnose the adult forms of Diphyllobotrium spp. After treatment, both patients completely resolved their symptoms.

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Asian and African Elephants: A Systematic Review

@#Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in elephants have been reported in several studies over the last decades. Nonetheless, comprehensive data on clinicopathology of elephant GIPs, parasite burden threshold value, and the effectiveness of conventional anthelmintic drugs are still lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the available knowledge on elephant GIPs identified among different parts of the world based on their prevalence, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Two electronic databases were searched for publications that met the inclusion criteria. About19 English journal articles published between year of 2011- 2021 were included. The main GIPs reported in elephants were Cyathostomidae (at least 14 species), Ancylostomidae, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Oesophagostomum aceleatum, Ascarids, Trichurids, Strongyloides, Anophlocephalidae, flukes, and Coccidia across different parts of the world, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Most elephants show no clinical signs until the equilibrium between parasite and host is disturbed. The common diagnostic methods for GIPs are traditional direct smear, faecal floatation, sedimentation, and McMaster egg counting technique, all involving morphological identification. However, some articles described the use of molecular detection to characterise common GIPs of elephants. Although benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones group of anthelmintic are the most conventional GIPs treatment and control for captive and semi-captive elephants, there is limited data on the threshold value of faecal egg count as the baseline for treatment decision. Over the last decades, various studies regarding elephant GIPs have been conducted. However, more focused and systematic studies are required to enhance our knowledge in multiple aspects of elephant parasitology to find effective solutions and improve elephant health.

A case report of human infected with Thelazia callipaeda / 中华检验医学杂志

Middle-aged women experienced foreign body sensation in both eyes without obvious causes for many days. The clinician tried to diagnose the patient according to her physical and laboratory examinations. After detecting worm bodies in the patient′s eye, and examining the worms with a microscope, the diagnosis of conjunctival sucking nematodes was confirmed. After targeted treatment, the patient′s symptoms improved significantly.

Parasitic coinfections among selected smallholder goat flocks in Malaysia

@#This paper describes the occurrence of multiple parasitic infection with special reference to emerging haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis. A cross-sectional survey of four selected goat flocks was conducted to collect samples and management information. Blood samples were processed using microhaematocrit centrifugation to determine the packed cell volume (PCV). Detection and morphological identification of blood protozoa and haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis from Giemsa-stained smears were done microscopically. M. ovis infection was classified mild (1-29% infected cells), moderate (30-59% infected cells), or severe (above 60% infected cells). Faecal floatation and McMaster faecal egg count were used to detect and classify strongyle infections as negative (no eggs/oocysts), light (< 500 epg), Moderate (500 – 1000 epg), or severe (>1000 epg) and coccidia infection as light (<1800 opg), moderate (1800 – 6000 opg), or severe (>6000 opg). There were 149 goats with blood protozoa (57.98%; 95% CI: 51.87 – 63.85) and 204 goats with GI parasites (79.38%; 95% CI: 74.02 - 83.87) involved in single (15.8%; 95% CI: 11.7 – 21.0) or multiple (84.2%; 95% CI: 79.0 – 88.3) infections. The risk of Strongyles increases by 2.49 (95% CI: 1.24 – 4.99) in females versus males and 6.79 (95% CI: 3.25 – 14.18, p =0.000) in adults versus young. The risk of Eimeria species increases by 7.32 (95% CI: 3.45 – 15.50, p =0.000) in adults versus young, while M. ovis coinfection risk increases by 4.51 (95% CI: 1.40 – 14.50, p =0.000) in female versus males. Thin animals had a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean burden of Strongyle (1370.37 ± 345.49) and Eimeria (1594.12 ± 695.26) than the moderate and fat goats. The PCV was negatively associated with mean faecal egg count (FEC) (p<0.05) such that a lower PCV was recorded in animals with a higher Strongyle epg output. A severe burden of M. ovis was accompanied by an increased nematode FEC and decreased haematocrit (p<0.05). Coinfections of Strongyles, or Eimeria species involving M. ovis were associated with a higher parasitaemia compared with single infections (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of M. ovis and Strongyle or Eimeria species coinfections among goat flocks and provides valuable data for developing and implementing an integrated herd health management program for parasite control among low-input smallholder flocks.

Studies on parasitic prevalence in pet birds from Punjab, Pakistan / Estudos de prevalência parasítica em pássaros de estimação de Punjab, Paquistão

During this one year study, blood and fecal samples of doves (Zenaida asiatica), ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), pigeons (Columba livia), partridges (Alectoris chukar), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and goose (Chen caerulescens) were collected to assess the parasitic prevalence in these birds. The birds were kept at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. All these avian species were kept in separate cages and their entire body was inspected on regularly basis to record external parasites. For internal parasites, 100 blood and 100 fecal samples for each species were analyzed. During present study, two species of ectoparasites i.e. fowl ticks (Args persicus) and mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) while 17 species of endoparasites; three from blood and 14 from fecal samples were identified. Prevalence of blood parasites was Plasmodium juxtanucleare 29.3%, Aegyptinella pullorum 15% and Leucoctoyzoon simond 13%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 50%, Capillaria anatis 40%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%, Ascardia galli 24% and Allodpa suctoria 2%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 12.1% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 9.1% were also recorded from fecal samples of the birds. Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 27% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having prevalence 20.1%, Histomonas meleagridis 8% and Giardia lamblia 5.3% were recorded. In our recommendation, proper medication and sanitation of the bird's houses and cages is recommended to avoid parasites.

Durante este estudo de um ano, amostras de sangue e fezes de pombos (Zenaida asiatica), patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pombos (Columba livia), perdizes (Alectoris chukar), perus (Meleagris gallopavo) e ganso (Chen caerulescens) foram coletados para avaliar a prevalência de parasitas nessas aves. As aves foram mantidas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore. Todas essas espécies de aves foram mantidas em gaiolas separadas e todo o seu corpo foi inspecionado regularmente para registrar parasitas externos. Para parasitas internos, foram analisadas 100 amostras de sangue e 100 amostras fecais de cada espécie. Durante o presente estudo, duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, carrapatos de aves (Args persicus) e ácaros (Dermanyssus gallinae), enquanto 17 espécies de endoparasitas, três de sangue e 14 de amostras fecais, foram identificadas. Os parasitas sanguíneos prevalentes foram Plasmodium juxtanucleare, 29,3%, Aegyptinella pullorum, 15%, e Leucoctoyzoon simond, 13%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 50%, Capillaria anatis, 40%, Capillaria annulata, 37,5%, Heterakis gallinarum, 28,3%, Ascardia galli, 24% e Allodpa suctoria, 2%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 12,1% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis, 9,1%, também foram registrados nas amostras fecais das aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 27% e 3 espécies de protozoários, ou seja, Eimeria maxima tendo prevalência de 20,1%, Histomonas meleagridis, 8%, e Giardia lamblia, 5,3%, foram registradas. Em nossa recomendação, são indicados medicação adequada e saneamento das casas e gaiolas dos pássaros para evitar parasitas.

Studies on parasitic prevalence in pet birds from Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract During this one year study, blood and fecal samples of doves (Zenaida asiatica), ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), pigeons (Columba livia), partridges (Alectoris chukar), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and goose (Chen caerulescens) were collected to assess the parasitic prevalence in these birds. The birds were kept at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. All these avian species were kept in separate cages and their entire body was inspected on regularly basis to record external parasites. For internal parasites, 100 blood and 100 fecal samples for each species were analyzed. During present study, two species of ectoparasites i.e. fowl ticks (Args persicus) and mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) while 17 species of endoparasites; three from blood and 14 from fecal samples were identified. Prevalence of blood parasites was Plasmodium juxtanucleare 29.3%, Aegyptinella pullorum 15% and Leucoctoyzoon simond 13%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 50%, Capillaria anatis 40%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%, Ascardia galli 24% and Allodpa suctoria 2%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 12.1% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 9.1% were also recorded from fecal samples of the birds. Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 27% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having prevalence 20.1%, Histomonas meleagridis 8% and Giardia lamblia 5.3% were recorded. In our recommendation, proper medication and sanitation of the birds houses and cages is recommended to avoid parasites.

Resumo Durante este estudo de um ano, amostras de sangue e fezes de pombos (Zenaida asiatica), patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pombos (Columba livia), perdizes (Alectoris chukar), perus (Meleagris gallopavo) e ganso (Chen caerulescens) foram coletados para avaliar a prevalência de parasitas nessas aves. As aves foram mantidas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore. Todas essas espécies de aves foram mantidas em gaiolas separadas e todo o seu corpo foi inspecionado regularmente para registrar parasitas externos. Para parasitas internos, foram analisadas 100 amostras de sangue e 100 amostras fecais de cada espécie. Durante o presente estudo, duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, carrapatos de aves (Args persicus) e ácaros (Dermanyssus gallinae), enquanto 17 espécies de endoparasitas, três de sangue e 14 de amostras fecais, foram identificadas. Os parasitas sanguíneos prevalentes foram Plasmodium juxtanucleare, 29,3%, Aegyptinella pullorum, 15%, e Leucoctoyzoon simond, 13%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 50%, Capillaria anatis, 40%, Capillaria annulata, 37,5%, Heterakis gallinarum, 28,3%, Ascardia galli, 24% e Allodpa suctoria, 2%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 12,1% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis, 9,1%, também foram registrados nas amostras fecais das aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 27% e 3 espécies de protozoários, ou seja, Eimeria maxima tendo prevalência de 20,1%, Histomonas meleagridis, 8%, e Giardia lamblia, 5,3%, foram registradas. Em nossa recomendação, são indicados medicação adequada e saneamento das casas e gaiolas dos pássaros para evitar parasitas.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in cows and buffaloes in Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasitic infection is a hot issue for cattle management. There is variation of GI parasites effects in sex, age of cattle, drinking water condition, nutrition, and severity of infection. Studies on prevalence of GI parasites among cattle population in Dir Lower are lacking. A total of 40 farms were selected randomly in six tehsil namely Tehsil Adenzai, Tehsil Timergara, Tehsil Balambat, Tehsil Munda ,Tehsil Lalqala, Tehsil Khall. Freshly cattle fecal samples were collected randomly from the selected farms during March 2018 till December 2018. Out of 314 buffaloes and cattle examined 58.59% (184/314) were positive for eggs, cyst/oocyst of one or more species of GI Parasites. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in Buffaloes 63.55% (75/118) as compared to Cow 55.61% (109/196) but the difference was not significant (p>0.05) Entamoeba,spp, Moniezia spp, Haemonchus spp and Coccidian spp were found in this study. The non-treated animals indicated the highest percentage of infection in cow 57.71% (101/175) and buffalo 68.13% (62/91).GI parasite prevalence in female animal were higher female cow 62.58% (87/139) and female buffalo 77.33% (58/75) as compared to male. But the difference is non-significant (p> 0.05) Yearling calves had the lower rate of GI parasitic infection than adults. Future investigations are necessary to evaluate the economic loss due to GI parasites in cattles.

Resumo A infecção gastrointestinal (GI) parasitária é um assunto importante para o manejo do gado. Existem variações nos efeitos dos parasitas GI quanto a sexo, idade do gado, condição da água potável, nutrição e gravidade da infecção. Faltam estudos sobre a prevalência de parasitas GI entre a população de gado em Lower Dir. Um total de 40 fazendas foi selecionado aleatoriamente em seis tehsil, nomeadamente Tehsil Adenzai, Tehsil Timergara, Tehsil Balambat, Tehsil Munda, Tehsil Lalqala, Tehsil Khall. Amostras fecais de gado fresco foram coletadas aleatoriamente das fazendas selecionadas de março de 2018 até dezembro de 2018. Dos 314 búfalos e bovinos examinados, 58,59% (184/314) foram positivos para ovos, cisto/oocisto de uma ou mais espécies de parasitas GI. A prevalência de infecção parasitária foi maior em Buffaloes 63,55% (75/118) em comparação com vaca 55,61% (109/196), mas a diferença não foi significativa (p > 0,05). Entamoeba spp, Moniezia spp, Haemonchus spp e Coccidian spp foram encontrados neste estudo. Os animais não tratados indicaram a maior porcentagem de infecção em vacas 57,71% (101/175) e búfalos 68,13% (62/91). A prevalência do parasita GI em fêmeas foi maior em vacas fêmeas 62,58% (87/139) e búfalas 77,33% (58/75) em comparação ao masculino. Mas a diferença não é significativa (p > 0,05). A modelagem linear geral mostrou que o tratamento do animal estava significativamente relacionado com a prevalência de parasitas GI. Bezerros de um ano tiveram a maior taxa de infecção parasitária gastrointestinal. Futuras investigações são necessárias para avaliar a perda econômica devido aos parasitas GI em bovinos.

Comparación de técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos intestinales en niños Lambayecanos

Los helmintos transmitidos a través del suelo pueden afectar el desempeño educativo y desenvolvimiento normal de los niños. Objetivo: comparar cinco técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos intestinales en niños lambayecanos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron 150 muestras de materia fecal de niños que residían en los distritos de Túcume y Lambayeque en el departamento de Lambayeque (Perú), durante el año 2021. Los niños y niñas tenían entre 4 y 12 años de edad. Previo a la recolección, se les explicó a los padres de familia y apoderados de los menores las condiciones preclínicas adecuadas. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, concordancia, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar y examen directo de heces. Los padres y apoderados autorizaron la participación de los menores en el estudio. El estudio contó con la aprobación del comité de ética de la Universidad Nacional de Jaén. Resultados: la prevalencia geohelmintos intestinales fue del 20,7%, 19,3% y 18,0% con las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida y examen directo, respectivamente. Además, las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida reportaron mayor sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo. Se obtuvo alto índice de concordancia para las técnicas de Baerman (0,894) y sedimentación rápida (0,891). Conclusiones: las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida permitieron mayor recuperación de parásitos, respecto al examen directo. Además, las especies de geohelmintos intestinales más identificadas en niños lambayecanos fueron Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana y Ancilostomideos.

Helminths transmitted through the soil can affect the educational performance and normal development of children. Objective: to compare five coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal geohelminths in Lambayecan children. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. 150 stool samples were collected from children residing in the districts of Túcume and Lambayeque in the department of Lambayeque (Peru), during the year 2021. The boys and girls included were between 4 and 12 years of age. Prior to the collection, the appropriate preclinical conditions are explained to the parents and guardians of the minors. The sensitivity, specificity, concordance, positive and negative predictive value of the Baerman, rapid sedimentation, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar and direct stool examination techniques were calculated. Parents and guardians authorized the participation of minors in the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the National University of Jaén. Results: the prevalence of intestinal geohelminths was 20,7%, 19,3% and 18,0% with the Baerman, rapid sedimentation and direct examination techniques, respectively. In addition, the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques reported higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. A high concordance index was obtained for the Baerman (0,894) and rapid sedimentation (0,891) techniques. Conclusions: the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques allowed greater recovery of parasites compared to direct stool examination. In addition, the species of intestinal geohelminths most identified in children from Lambaye were Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Ancilostomideos.