Effects of ultrafine particulates on cardiac function in rat isolated heart / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate whether ultrafine particulates (UFPs) have direct deleterious effects on cardiac function through activating MAPK signaling.@*METHODS@#Langendorff-perfused Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=10/each group). In control group, the rat hearts were perfused with Tyrode's buffer for 40 min; in UFPs-treated group, the hearts were perfused with UFPs at a concentration of 12.5 mg/L. Cardiac function was determined by measuring left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular peak rate of contraction and relaxation (±dp/dtmax) and coronary flow (CF). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAOC) were detected in order to evaluate cardiac oxidative stress via the thiobarbituric acid assay, water soluble tetrazolium salt assay and colorimetry, respectively. The expressions of p-p38 MAPK, p-ERKs and p-JNKs in the myocardium were observed using immunohistochemical staining and Western blots.@*RESULTS@#No significant changes in cardiac function were detected before and after the perfusion in control group while UFPs perfused hearts showed a decline in cardiac function in a time-dependent manner (all P < 0.05). In UFPs-treated group, LVDP, +dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax and CF were statistically reduced from (82.6±2.1) mmHg, (1 624±113) mmHg/s, (1 565±116) mmHg/s, (12.0±0.2) mL/min to (56.8±4.4) mmHg, (1 066±177) mmHg/s, (1 082±134) mmHg/s, (8.7±0.3) mL/min (all P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, The comparison between the two groups observed that UFPs perfusion caused a significant decrease in cardiac function at 30 and 40 min compared with the control group (all P < 0.05). At the end of the perfusion, the level of MDA was increased from (0.98±0.14) nmol/L to (1.95±0.18) nmol/L, while SOD and TAOC were reduced from (12.50±1.87) U/mL and (6.83±1.16) U/mL to (6.50 ±1.04) U/mL and (3.67±0.82) U/mL (all P < 0.001) in UFPs group, respectively. In coincidence with these changes, immunohistochemistry and Western blots results showed that the levels of p-p38 MAPK, p-ERKs and p-JNKs in the myocardium significantly increased in UFPs group as compared with control group (all P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The results of this study demonstrated that the short-term exposure of UFPs to the isolated rat hearts has direct and acute toxic effects on cardiac function, probably related to attenuation of anti-oxidative capacity and activation of MAPK signaling pathways.

Assessment of Benchmark Dose in BEAS-2B Cells by Evaluating the Cell Relative Viability with Particulates in Motorcycle Exhaust / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to use an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system to simulate the inhalation exposure of motorcycle exhaust particulates (MEPs) and then investigate the benchmark dose (BMD) of MEPs by evaluating cell relative viability (CRV) in lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells.@*Methods@#The MEPs dose was characterized by measuring the number concentration (NC), surface area concentration (SAC), and mass concentration (MC). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to MEPs at different concentrations @*Results@#Our results reveal that BMD of NC and SAC were estimated by the best-fitting Hill model, while MC was estimated by Polynomial model. The BMDL for CRV following ALI exposure to MEPs were as follows: 364.2#/cm @*Conclusion@#These results indicate that MEPs exposure

Effects of atmospheric particulates exposure on Nrf2 signaling pathway and inflammatory factors in myocardium of rats fed with high-fat and high-glucose diet / 上海预防医学

Objective To study the effect of atmospheric particulate exposure on the expression of key molecules of Nrf2 signaling pathway involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory response factors in myocardium of rats fed with high-fat and high-glucose diet. Methods A total of 48 SD male rats were randomly divided into control group (CC group), high-fat and high-glucose diet group (HC group), atmospheric particulates group (CP group) and atmospheric particulates plus high-fat and high-glucose diet group (HP group), with 12 rats in each group.Rats were fed in individual ventilated cages (IVC).The CC and HC groups were placed in IVCs equipped with the atmospheric particulate filter, however, the CP and HP groups without the atmospheric particulate filter to make the air composition similar to the outdoor.A total of 24 rats were sacrificed for acquiring myocardial tissue after 3 and 6 months of exposure.The mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 were measured using RT-qPCR and the protein expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1 detected using western blot. Results The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 and the protein expression levels of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in HC, CP and HP groups were higher than CC group (P < 0.05).The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, VCAM-1, MCP-1 and the protein expression levels of VCAM-1, MCP-1 in the HP group were higher than HC and CP groups (P < 0.05).The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 in CP and HP groups after 6 months of exposure were lower than that at 3 months (P < 0.05). Conclusion The exposure of atmospheric particles, high-fat and high-glucose and their combination diets could cause myocardial tissue inflammatory responses, and activate Nrf2 signaling pathways to protect against myocardial damage.

Geoengineering, Coal Fly Ash and the New Heart-Iron Connection: Universal Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticulates

Globally, air pollution is the leading environmental cause of human disease and death, and it is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. Air pollution damages the cardiovascular system by oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and pro-thrombotic changes. Ultrafine particulate matter from the combustion of fossil fuels delivers the most potent and harmful elements of air pollution. Coal fly ash is a rich source of nano-sized metal, iron oxide, and carbonaceous particles. Previous findings revealed that coal fly ash is widely utilized in undisclosed tropospheric aerosol geoengineering. Proper iron balance is central to human health and disease, and the harmful effects of iron are normallyprevented by tightly controlled processes of systemic and cellular iron homeostasis. Altered iron balance is linked to the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The iron-heart hypothesis is supported by epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies. Biogenic magnetite (Fe3O4) serves essential life functions, but iron oxide nanoparticles from anthropogenic sources cause disease. The recent finding of countless combustion-type magnetic nanoparticles in damaged hearts of persons from highly polluted areas is definitive evidence of the connection between the iron oxide fraction of air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Spherical magnetic iron oxide particles found in coal fly ash and certain vehicle emissions match the exogenous iron pollution particles found in the human heart. Iron oxide nanoparticles cross the placenta and may act as seed material for future cardiovascular disease. The pandemic of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease and also rapid global warming can be alleviated by drastically reducing nanoparticulate air pollution. It is crucial to halt tropospheric aerosol geoengineering, and to curb fine particulate emissions from industrial and traffic sources to avoid further gross contamination of the human race by iron oxide-type nanoparticles

Determination of Amines in Particulate Matter by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method was developed for determination of thirteen amines including seven aliphatic amines, two heterocyclic amines and four aromatic amines in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Samples were ultrasonically extracted with ultra-pure water and derivatized with benzenesulfonyl chloride (BSC) under alkaline conditions. The derivatives were extracted with dichloromethane and then detected by GC-MS using DB-5MS chromatographic column. The method detection limit (S/N=3) and quantitation limit (S/N=10) were 0.00008-0.017 μg/mL and 0.00026-0.0565 μg/mL respectively, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9903-0.9996, which indicated that the standard curve had good linear correlation. In addition, the relative standard deviation was less than 30％ and the average recovery was 54.4％-159.7％ except for methylamine and benzylamine at spiked level of 1.0 μg/mL, showing high precision and accuracy. 9 kinds of amines were detected in the PM2.5 samples collected in Guangzhou city by this method, among which dimethylamine and butylamine accounted for 90％ of the total nine amines, which indicated that they were primary amines in PM2.5; while propylamine exhibited the lowest level in PM2.5 with the concentration less than 1.0 ng/m3.

Acute effect of fine particulate matters on daily cardiovascular disease mortality in seven cities of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of fime particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μtm (PM2.5) on daily cardiovascular disease mortality in seven cities of China.Methods Daily average concentrations of PM2.5,cardiovascular disease mortality data and environmental data were collected from January 1,2013 to December 31,2015 in seven cities of China,including Shijiazhuang,Haerbin,Shanghai,Wuhan,Guangzhou,Chengdu and Xi'an.We linked generalized additive model with Quasi-Poisson distribution to evaluate the association between daily concentrations of PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality at single-city level and multi-city level,after adjusting for the long-term and seasonal trend,as well as meteorological factors and the effect of "days of week".Results The single-pollutant model indicated that there were marked differences in association strength in these cities,among which the effect in Guangzhou was strongest.At multi-city level,a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 0.315％ (95％CI:0.133％-0.497％) of daily cardiovascular disease mortality.From lag0 to lag2,the effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality decreased,while it was strongest on lag01.In the two-pollutant model,the estimated effect decreased in all the cities with the adjustments of SO2 or NO2.The insignificant combined results suggested that PM2.5 might have combined effect with other pollutants.Each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with increases of 0.371％ (95％CI:0.141％-0.600％) and 0.199％ (95％ CI:0.077％-0.321％) of cardiovascular disease mortality in males and females,respectively.The effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality increased with age and decreased with educational level,although the differences between different subgroups were insignificant.The dose-response relationship between PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality was non-linear and non-threshold,with a steeper curve at lower concentrations.Conclusion The increases of PM2.5 concentration can result in the increase of daily cardiovascular mortality.

Association between ambient PM10/PM2.5 concentration and outpatient department visits due to respiratory disease in a hospital in Jinan, 2013-2015: a time series analysis / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the influence of the ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution on the hospital outpatient department visit due to respiratory diseases in local residents in Jinan quantitatively.Methods Time serial analysis using generalized addictive model (GAM) was conducted.After controlling the confotmding factors,such as long term trend,weekly pattern and meteorological factors,considering lag effect and the influence of other air pollutants,the excess relative risks of daily hospital visits associated with increased ambient PM10 and PM2.5 levels were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model.Results A 10 μtg/m3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5 levels was associated with an increase of 0.36％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.43％) and 0.50％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.70％) respectively for hospital visits due to respiratory diseases.Lag effect of 6 days was strongest,the excess relative risks were 0.65％ (95％ CI:0.58％-0.71％) and 0.54％ (95％ CI:0.42％-0.67％) respectively.When NO2 concentration was introduced,the daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease increased by 0.83％ as a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 concentration (95％CI:0.76％-0.91％).Conclusion The ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was positively associated with daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease in Jinan,and ambient NO2 concentration would have the synergistic effect.

Acute effect of fine particulate matters on daily cardiovascular disease mortality in seven cities of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of fime particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μtm (PM2.5) on daily cardiovascular disease mortality in seven cities of China.Methods Daily average concentrations of PM2.5,cardiovascular disease mortality data and environmental data were collected from January 1,2013 to December 31,2015 in seven cities of China,including Shijiazhuang,Haerbin,Shanghai,Wuhan,Guangzhou,Chengdu and Xi'an.We linked generalized additive model with Quasi-Poisson distribution to evaluate the association between daily concentrations of PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality at single-city level and multi-city level,after adjusting for the long-term and seasonal trend,as well as meteorological factors and the effect of "days of week".Results The single-pollutant model indicated that there were marked differences in association strength in these cities,among which the effect in Guangzhou was strongest.At multi-city level,a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 0.315％ (95％CI:0.133％-0.497％) of daily cardiovascular disease mortality.From lag0 to lag2,the effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality decreased,while it was strongest on lag01.In the two-pollutant model,the estimated effect decreased in all the cities with the adjustments of SO2 or NO2.The insignificant combined results suggested that PM2.5 might have combined effect with other pollutants.Each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with increases of 0.371％ (95％CI:0.141％-0.600％) and 0.199％ (95％ CI:0.077％-0.321％) of cardiovascular disease mortality in males and females,respectively.The effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality increased with age and decreased with educational level,although the differences between different subgroups were insignificant.The dose-response relationship between PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality was non-linear and non-threshold,with a steeper curve at lower concentrations.Conclusion The increases of PM2.5 concentration can result in the increase of daily cardiovascular mortality.

Association between ambient PM10/PM2.5 concentration and outpatient department visits due to respiratory disease in a hospital in Jinan, 2013-2015: a time series analysis / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the influence of the ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution on the hospital outpatient department visit due to respiratory diseases in local residents in Jinan quantitatively.Methods Time serial analysis using generalized addictive model (GAM) was conducted.After controlling the confotmding factors,such as long term trend,weekly pattern and meteorological factors,considering lag effect and the influence of other air pollutants,the excess relative risks of daily hospital visits associated with increased ambient PM10 and PM2.5 levels were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model.Results A 10 μtg/m3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5 levels was associated with an increase of 0.36％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.43％) and 0.50％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.70％) respectively for hospital visits due to respiratory diseases.Lag effect of 6 days was strongest,the excess relative risks were 0.65％ (95％ CI:0.58％-0.71％) and 0.54％ (95％ CI:0.42％-0.67％) respectively.When NO2 concentration was introduced,the daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease increased by 0.83％ as a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 concentration (95％CI:0.76％-0.91％).Conclusion The ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was positively associated with daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease in Jinan,and ambient NO2 concentration would have the synergistic effect.

Drug layering process of model drugs with different dose and solubility / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study drug layering process of model drugs with different dose and solubility.

Utilização de regressão logística simples na verificação da qualidade do ar atmosférico de Uberlândia / Use of simple logistic regression when checking the atmospheric air quality in Uberlândia

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a qualidade do ar atmosférico de Uberlândia, em Minas Gerais, por meio de modelos de regressão logística simples. O equipamento utilizado na obtenção dos dados de poluição foi o amostrador de partículas suspensas menores que 10 µm (MP10). As medidas de concentração do material particulado foram realizadas no terminal central de ônibus urbanos de Uberlândia. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados os dados do período de 2003 a 2008. As variáveis preditoras referentes ao clima (umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, precipitação diária e temperatura média) e o fluxo de veículos foram utilizadas de forma contínua no modelo logístico. Já as variáveis relacionadas ao dia da semana e à estação do ano foram codificadas de forma binária. Os resultados revelaram que existe uma relação significativa das variáveis temporais e climáticas com a qualidade do ar de Uberlândia. Os modelos logísticos simples mostraram que a precipitação, a umidade relativa, o verão, a primavera, o sábado e o domingo contribuem significativamente para se obter qualidade do ar boa, enquanto o inverno e o fluxo de veículos crescente tendem a piorar a qualidade do ar.

The objective of this paper was to analyze the air quality in Uberlândia, in Minas Gerais, by simple logistic regression models. The PM10 sampler was used to obtain data of the pollution that considers only concentration of suspended particles smaller than 10 µm. The temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, day of the week and seasons of year were used as predictions variables in this study. The day of week and seasons of year were used as binary system and as predictions variables too. The results showed that there is a significant relation among the temporal and climatic variables with the air quality of Uberlândia. The simple logistic models show that precipitation, humidity, summer, spring, Saturday, and Sunday significantly contribute to achieve good air quality, while the winter and the increasing flow of vehicles tend to worsen the air quality.

Use of PIXE analysis to study urban atmospheric aerosols from downtown Havana City / Aplicación del análisis PIXE al estudio de aerosoles atmosféricos urbanos en el centro de Ciudad de La Habana

ABSTRACT The present work shows the results of a first study aimed at determining the elemental composition in airborne particulate matter (in fine and coarse particle size fractions). It was collected at the Atmospheric Monitoring Station in the Municipality of Centro Habana, using the Particle Induced Xray Emission (PIXE) technique. At present, there is no information available about elemental contents in airborne particulate matter from this region. For this study, we carried out a sampling campaign during five months (November 14, 2006 to April 19, 2007). The samples were collected every second day during 24 h under an air flux of 20 l/min. The air sampler used was a Gent Sampler equipped with a Stacked Filter Unit (SFU) system which allows the aerosol collection in both size fractions simultaneously. A total of 144 aerosol samples were collected (72 correspond to the fine mass particle and 72 to the coarse mass particle). For PIXE analysis, the samples were irradiated by 2.0 MeV energy protons from the 2 MV Tandetron Accelerator from the Laboratory of PIXE analysis at ININ, Mexico. A total of 14 elements (S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb) were consistently detected in both of particle size fractions with minimum detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng/ . The quantitative results obtained from PIXE elemental analysis for mass of particles in both fractions have revealed important information that has been used in a first attempt to understand and characterize the atmospheric pollution in this area. A general discussion about these results is presented in this paper.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo reporta los resultados de un primer estudio realizado para determinar la composición elemental en material particulado atmosférico (en tamaños de partícula fina y gruesa) colectado en la Estación de Monitoreo Ambiental del Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Epidemiología, del Municipio de Centro Habana, utilizando la técnica PIXE (emisión de rayos X inducida por partículas). Para este estudio se realizó una campaña de muestreo durante cinco meses, entre los meses de noviembre, 2006 y abril, 2007, con un período de colección de una toma cada segundo día y 24 horas de duración. Se utilizó un muestreador de aire del tipo Gent con posibilidades de colectar de forma simultánea el material particulado fino y grueso. Un total de 144 muestras de MPA se colectaron para este estudio (72 de fracción fina y 72 de fracción gruesa). Las muestras se irradiaron tras la incidencia de un haz de protones de 2,5 MeV. Un total de 14 elementos (S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br y Pb) fueron consistentemente detectados en la mayoría de las muestras, con límites mínimos de detección entre 1-10 ng de partículas/ de aire. Los resultados del análisis PIXE para ambos tamaños de partícula revelaron una importante información que se ha utilizado en una primera intención para entender y caracterizar la contaminación atmosférica del área muestreada. Se presenta una discusión general de estos resultados en este trabajo.

Carbon,Nitrogen,Hydrogen and Heavy Metals in Airborne PM2.5 in Hangzhou / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To analyze the concentration of heavy metal elements, C, N and H in PM2.5 in the atmosphere in Hangzhou. Methods Midflow samplers were used to collect the samples in Hangzhou city, the element analyzer and microwave digestion ICP-MS were applied to test the samples. Results The average concentrations of N, C, H were 13.9-14.7, 30.3-30.8 and 7.9-8.9 ?g/m3 respectively in the central and northern east areas. The average mass percent values for the three elements(N、C、H) in the city were 12.8%, 27.8% and 8.1% respectively. The average ratios of total inorganic nitrogen to total organic nitrogen (IN/ON) and total organic hydrogen to total inorganic hydrogen (OH/IH) varied in the range of 2.2-3.5 and 3.5-3.6. Eleven elements showed a higher concentration in PM2.5, in which the values of Zn, Pb, Cu and Mn were all more than 200-11 500 mg/kg and the values of Cr, Ni, Se, Mo, Cd and Sb were 17-108 mg/kg, and that was only 6-8 mg/kg for Ag. The levels of average mass percent of all the metal elements were 1.7%-2.0%. Conclusion Carbon is one of important components in PM2.5 in Hangzhou. N and H exist mainly in the form of inorganic and organic compounds respectively. Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn are major heavy metal elements in PM2.5.

Association between Ambient PM10 and Daily Hospital Visits:a Time-Series Analysis / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To estimate quantitatively the impact of the ambient PM10 on the hospital outpatients for cardiovascular diseases of local residents. Methods Time serial analysis using generalized addictive model (GAM) was applied. After controlling for those confounding factors such as long-term trend, weekly pattern and meteorological factors, considering lag effect and the influence of other air pollutants, excess relative risks (ER) of daily hospital visits associated with increasing PM10 level were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model. Results A 10 ?g/m3 increase in PM10 levels was associated with an ER of 0.380% (95%CI: 0.326% ～0.433%) for hospital visits for cardiovascular diseases. Lag effect of 4 days with an ER of 1.166% (95%CI:1.121%～1.212%) were observed. The ER value increased when CO, NO2, SO2 concentrations were introduced. Conclusion The ambient PM10 concentration is positively associated with daily hospital visits for cardiovascular diseases in Beijing.

Additive Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particulates and Ozone on Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma

Allergic airway diseases are related to exposure to atmospheric pollutants, which have been suggested to be one factor in the increasing prevalence of asthma. Little is known about the effect of ozone and diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) on the development or aggravation of asthma. We have used a mouse asthma model to determine the effect of ozone and DEP on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Methacholine enhanced pause (P(enh)) was measured. Levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids by enzyme immunoassays. The OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group had higher P(enh) than the OVA-sensitized-challenged group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group, and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group. Levels of IFN-gamma were decreased in the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group compared to the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group. Levels of IL-4 were increased in the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group, and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group compared to OVA-sensitized-challenged group. Co-exposure of ozone and DEP has additive effect on airway hyperresponsiveness by modulation of IL-4 and IFN-gamma suggesting that DEP amplify Th2 immune response.

Currenr Status of Study on the Human Health Effects of Inhalable Particulates / 环境与健康杂志

The significance of the study on the human healht effects of inhalable particulates(PM10) was pointed out,specific properties of inhalable particulates,such as chemical components,aerodynamic behavior and transference in respiratory tract,were then presented.The serious harm of inhalable particulates on human health were summarized based on research results of epidemiological study,animal toxicological study and clinical study,and research emphasis to which should pay more attention in the future study of this aspects was also suggested.

Study on Chromosomal Damage Induced by Organic Extracts of Air Particulates / 环境与健康杂志

ve To explore the chromosomal damage induced by organic extracts of air particulates. Methods Some components of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particulates collected from highly air-polluted area, Taigang district, and lightly air-polluted area, Yangqu district, in Taiyuan, were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. The chromosomal damage induced by organic extracts of air particulates was detected by traditional micronucleus test in mice. Results The contents of PAHs in organic extracts of air particulates in Taigang area were significantly higher than those in Yangqu area. The contents of benzo (a) pyrene [B(a)p] in air of Taigang area reached 0.819?g/m3, which was more than 10 time as high as that of Yangqu area. The organic extracts of air particulates in two areas both induced the increase of the frequencies of micronucleus of mice, and the dose-response relationships were observed. The mutagenecities of organic extracts of air particulates in Taigang area were significantly higher compared with those of Yangqu area (P

Levels of Air Particulates With Different Diameters and the Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Particulates During the Period of Heating Equipments Used / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To understand the pollution of particulate matters and the distribution of heavy metals in particulate matters. Methods Samples were collected with auto-sampling instrument for 32 consecutive days in heating period of Dec. 2003-Jan,2004, in a central area of Tianjin. The heavy metals were detected with atomic absorption spectrum, atomic fluorescence spectrum and plasma emission spectrum, 9 heavy metals were measured quantitatively. Results The rates of over standards for daily mean of TSP, IP, PM2.5 in heating period were 54.55%, 57.58%, 84.85% respectively. Content of some heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Ni in the particulate matters were higher. Conclusion Air pollution with particulates in heating period is serious. PM2.5 carries more heavy metals than TSP and IP, so it is much more harmful to human health.

Analysis of the Concentrations and Diameters of the Particulates in Indoor Air of the Cosmetic Workshops / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the concentrations and diameters of the particulates in indoor air of the cosmetic workshops, and provide scientific basis for the testing and evaluation of air cleanliness of the cosmetic workshops. Methods The testing and evaluation on concentrations of the particulates with the diameters of 0.3,0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0 ?m in indoor air of the cosmetic workshops was carried out among 11 cosmetic manufactures with air filtering and purifying system(air-purified factory) and 13 cosmetic manufactures without air filtering and purifying system but with mechanical ventilation (air-unpurified factory). Results The medians of 0.3～5.0 ?m particulates in air of cosmetic workshops in air-purified factories were significantly lower than those in air-unpurified factories respectively. The concentrations of the particulates in air of cosmetic workshops in air-unpurified factories showed no significant differences compared with those in ambient air.The concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 ?m particulates showed the significant correlation with those of 0.3?2.0?3.0?5.0 ?m particulates. The concentrations of 2.0?3.0?5.0 ?m particulates showed the significant correlation between each other except for 0.3 ?m particulates. Conclusion The particulates show lower concentration, the air cleanliness doesn't meet the requirement the national standard of 100 000 class in air of cosmetic workshops in air-purified factories. The concentration of 0.5 ?m particulate is suitable for evaluation on air cleanliness in air of cosmetic workshops.