Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft-tissue facial profile of Indian adults

Soft-tissue analysis has become an important component of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Photographic evaluation of an orthodontic patient is a very close representation of the appearance of the person. The previously established norms for soft-tissue analysis will vary for different ethnic groups. Thus, there is a need to develop soft-tissue facial profile norms pertaining to Indian ethnic groups. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish the angular photogrammetric standards of soft-tissue facial profile for Indian males and females and also to compare sexual dimorphism present between them. Materials and Methods: The lateral profile photographs of 300 random participants (150 males and 150 females) between ages 18 and 25 years were taken and analyzed using FACAD tracing software. Inclusion criteria were angles Class I molar occlusion with acceptable crowding and proclination, normal growth and development with well-aligned dental arches, and full complements of permanent teeth irrespective of third molar status. This study was conducted in Indian population, and samples were taken from various cities across India. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out, and sexual dimorphism was evaluated by Student's t-test between males and females. Results: The results of the present study showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) gender difference in 5 parameters out of 12 parameters in Indian population. Conclusion: In the present study, soft-tissue facial measurements were established by means of photogrammetric analysis to facilitate orthodontists to carry out more quantitative evaluation and make disciplined decisions. The mean values obtained can be used for comparison with records of participants with the same characteristics by following this photogrammetric technique.

A three-dimensional photogrammetric analysis of the facial esthetics of the Miss Korea pageant contestants / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to measure and compare the facial dimensions of the Miss Korea pageant contestants and a selected group of women from the general population by using three-dimensional (3D) image analysis, as well as to compare various facial ratios to the golden ratio within each group. METHODS: Three-dimensional images of 52 Miss Korea pageant contestants (MK group) and 41 young female adults selected from the general population (GP group) were acquired. Fifty-four variables and ratios were measured and calculated. Intergroup comparisons were performed using multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: Compared to the GP group, the MK group showed greater total facial height and eye width, lesser lower-facial height, and lesser facial, lower-facial, and nasal widths. Moreover, compared to the GP group, the MK group had more protruded noses with greater nasolabial angle, greater vertical curvature of the foreheads, lesser horizontal curvature of the cheek, and lesser lower-lip-and-chin volume. CONCLUSIONS: The MK group had longer faces but smaller lower lips and chins than did the GP group. The golden ratio was not matching the current facial esthetic standards. These data might be beneficial for treatment planning of patients undergoing orthognathic and plastic surgeries.

Soft Tissue Analysis in Aesthetically Pleasing Profiles

Aesthetically pleasing and balanced face is one of the objectives of orthodontic treatment. An understanding of the soft tissues and their normal ranges enables a treatment plan to be formulated to normalize the facial traits for a given individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables defining the soft tissue facial profile of Khammam population. The angular measurements typically used for aesthetic treatment goals and gender differences were tested. The sample consisted of 100 dental students (50 males and 50 females) aged 17 to 25 years from Mamata Dental College, Khammam. The soft tissue profile was studied by means of standardized photographs taken in thenatural head position (NHP). The differences between malesand females were analyzed by student's t-test. The results showed sexual differences in nose tip angle and mento labial angle. Among linear measurements facial heights, facial width, lip length showed sexual dimorphism. Males have greater facial heights, facial widths and lip length. Orthodontist must individualize treatment planning, using local norms as the reference rather than the established norms for white people.

Effects of Extranasal Molding after Primary Cleft Lip Nasal Repair : Photogrammetric Analysis

PURPOSE: In the correction of cleft lip, there have been various methods to minimize recurrence of the nasal deformity after primary nasal surgery. After cheiloplasty and primary nasal surgery, we tried to elongate the columella of the cleft side, to stretch the vestibular lining of cleft side, and to elevate the alar cartilage of the cleft side with a molding prong. METHODS: We had fifteen cleft lip patients; 12 unilateral cases(6.3-8.2 months), and 3 bilateral cases(3 -7.5 months). Immediately after primary repair of the cleft lip, the toboggan shaped molding prong was located to deep inside of vestibular web of the cleft side. It was persistently suspended by a silicone tube which was connected to the prong and the frontal scalp. The results were analyzed with Photoshop(R) photogrammetrically for 6-48 months with on average of 20.6 months. We measured the proportion index of columellar length-interalar distance for three times(preoperation, immediate postoperation, and postoperation) on the nasal base views. RESULTS: In unilateral, the index had a significant increase statistically between preoperation(10.73) and immediate postoperation(23.96). It is supposed that columellar length was reconstructed to 105.80% of normal side. But, it was decreased to maintain 87.7% of normal side in postoperation(20.54). The results were similar in bilateral. The linear scars by suture penetrating nose skin were not discernable. CONCLUSION: In summary, placement of the molding prong could elongate the reconstructed columella with some relapse postoperatively.

Photogrammetric Analysis of the Lip and Nose after Presurgical Infant Orthopedics in Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the presurgical infant orthopedics and the nasoalveolar molding in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate by the analytic system using standardized photographs. This study involved 34 patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate(24 male, 10 female, mean age 4.9 years) who underwent a rotation-advancement flap repair between 1995 and 1998 by single surgeon. Follow-up photographs were taken at a time average 3.8 years(2-7ears) after surgery. The patients were divided into three groups Group I(9 patients) consists of those who underwent cheiloplasty and primary rhinoplasty without presurgical infant orthopedics. Group II(10 patients) consists of those who underwent cheiloplasty and primary rhinoplasty with presurgical alveolar molding alone without nasal molding, and Group III(15 patients) consists of those who underwent presurgical alveolar molding with nasal molding without primary rhinoplasty. Facial proportions and angles were measured on standardized photographs using defined anthropometric points. All linear parameters were converted to the percentage values. In addition, the qualitative measurements were performed on scar quality, nostril symmetry and alar symmetry. Comparisons between group I and II and those between group II and III were made in all parameters. Results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney/ Wilcoxon rank sum test. Between group I and II, there was a significant increase in upper lip height symmetry in group II(p= 0.014). Between group II and III, upper lip height symmetry and Cupid's bow length symmetry significantly increased in group II(p=0.002, p=0.012). The other quantitative and qualitative parameters didn't make the difference between groups. In conclusion, the infant orthopedics increases upper lip height of cleft side and has the effect to obtain the upper lip symmetry. But the nasoalveolar molding has no effect to increase the nasal symmetry. So the nasoalveolar molding alone appears to be insufficient to replace the infant orthopedics with primary rhinoplasty.

Photogrammetric Analysis of the Correction of Nasal Deformity in Bilateral Cleft Lip using Bardach's Techique

The secondary nasal deformity in bilateral cleft lip has distinct characteristics such as the absence of septal deviation, short columella, both alar flaring, web of the alar rim, wide nostrils, dislocation and separation of the alar cartilage with an obtuse angle. Bardach's technique was applied for both a nasal tip projection and lengthening the columella in the secondary nasal deformity. In this procedure, the columella was lengthened using a skin flap from the prolabium, and the lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages were dissected from the skin and nasal mucosa. The lower lateral cartilage was also restructured by lengthening the medial crura and shortening the lateral crura by suturing them together at the appropriate height to establish the proper cartilage support for a projected and symmetric nasal tip and to reconstruct the columella. A V-Y closure of the defect on the lip was done to lengthen the midsection of the lip. A photogrammetric comparison of the pre-operation and post-operation was made(n=10 ; M : F=7 : 3). The facial proportions and angles were measured by photography using defined anthropometric points. The following criteria were quantified for the preoperative states and postoperative states: the nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle and projection, nasal width, columellar length and width, and the philtral width. All parameters in both states were compared against each other. Results were analyzed by a non-parameter test. The nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle, nasal tip protrusion, columellar lengthening proved to be better after surgery(p<0.01). In conclusion, Bardach's technique is suitable method for correcting the secondary deformity associated with bilateral cleft lip by nasal tip projection, columella lengthening and preventing recurrence. However, It is not suitable for the reduction of alar width and the formation of philtral groove.

The Analysis of Perioperative Photogrammetry in Reduction Malarplasty Patients

Facial contouring surgery is a one of the most common and popular procedure in the field of plastic surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of photogrammetric analysis by measuring preoperatively and postoperatively in the patients who were undertaken reduction malarplasty. From January 1995 to May 1999, from thirty patients of reduction malarplasty, Photography of life size - frontal view, lateral view, worm's eye view - were taken. The photograph was analyzed by the same surgeon to reduce an analytic error. The distance between both malar eminences and both zygions was the anatomical landmarks. The differences between pre- and postoperative photographic distance represented the results of the operation. The distance between both malar eminences (ME): preop/postop = 94 - 105 mm/89 - 99 mm. The distance between both zygions(ZY): preop/postop = 125 - 141 mm/ 120 - 135 mm. The reduction values of ME-ME/ZY-ZY are 3 -13 mm / 4 - 12 mm. The photogrammetric analysis of reduction malarplasty was very practical in measuring postoperative changes. We may assume that photogrammetric analysis may be very useful tool on preoperative diagnosis, plan and analysis of result of operation.