Implementación de barreras físicas para el control de roedores en residencias familiares periféricas a centros de abastecimiento de alimentos / Implementation of physical barriers to control rodents in peripheral family residences to food supply centers

Las especies Rattus norvegicus y R. rattus son originarias de Asia y hasta la fecha están presentes en todo el globo junto a los humanos. Estos roedores han introducido microorganismos patógenos como p.ej. Yersinia pestis, Bartonella y hantavirus en muchas áreas geográficas nuevas. Además, las ratas han adquirido nuevos macroparásitos fuera de sus áreas de distribución nativas y actúan como transmisores eficientes de patógenos entre la vida silvestre, animales domésticos, vectores y humanos. Por otro lado, los roedores dañan y contaminan mucha más comida de la que consumen. Cuando roen, dañan las instalaciones de embalaje y almacenamiento utilizadas para almacenar y transportar la comida. Los roedores contaminan los alimentos principalmente a través de sus excrementos, pelo y orina. Especies de ratas comensales como R. rattus y R. norvegicus producen alrededor de 40 excrementos al día cada uno. Si uno solo de estos excremementos se encuentra en su camino hacia los alimentos destinados a humanos existe la posibilidad de que los alimentos serán rechazados por inadecuados y su valor se reducirá significativamente. La finalidad de este trabajo, es disponer de barreras físicas con el fin de controlar la permanencia de roedores en residencias familiares periféricas alrededor de conglomerados de abastecimiento de alimentos en la ciudad de Huancayo, Perú. Los resultados mostrados en esta investigación, diagnosticaron una alta infestación de roedores en área circuncidantes del mercado de la ciudad de Huanuco de acuerdo a las zonas urbanizadas. El 100% de las residencias que se acogieron a los métodos de barrera física para el control de roedores, mostró un mayor impacto en algunas zonificadas que en otras. Este impacto se asoció significativamente con la implementación de barreras físicas(AU)

Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus are native to Asia and to date are present all over the globe alongside humans. These rodents have introduced pathogenic microorganisms such as Yersinia pestis, Bartonella and hantaviruses into many new geographical areas. In addition, rats have acquired new macroparasites outside their native ranges and act as efficient transmitters of pathogens between wildlife, domestic animals, vectors, and humans. On the other hand, rodents damage and contaminate much more food than they consume. When they gnaw, they damage packaging and storage facilities used to store and transport food. Rodents contaminate food mainly through their droppings, hair, and urine. Commensal rat species such as R. rattus and R. norvegicus each produce around 40 droppings per day. If even one of these droppings finds its way into food intended for humans, there is a chance that the food will be rejected as unsuitable and its value will be significantly reduced. The purpose of this work is to have physical barriers in order to control the permanence of rodents in peripheral family residences around food supply conglomerates in the city of Huancayo, Peru. The results shown in this investigation, diagnosed a high infestation of rodents in the area surrounding the market of the city of Huanuco according to the urbanized areas. 100% of the residences that used physical barrier methods to control rodents showed a greater impact in some zoned areas than in others. This impact was significantly associated with the implementation of physical barriers(AU)

Recent advances on cancer-associated fibroblasts treatment strategies and delivery systems / 药学学报

A large number of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor tissues create a favorable environment for the development of tumor. CAFs inhibit immune cells activation and viability by cytokine secretion, and CAFs prohibit drugs and immune cells infiltration by producing extracellular matrix to weaken cancer treatment efficacy. Regulating CAFs or overcoming CAFs barriers are new strategies for cancer therapy. Hence, designing nano-carriers for regulating CAFs to suppress tumor progression or promoting drug delivery to tumor site by overcoming CAFs barriers has attracted much attention. Therefore, this manuscript reviewed the recent progresses of nano-carriers for CAFs-targeting cancer therapies, in order to provide a reference for clinical cancer treatment.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to newborn piglets augments gut barrier function in pre-weaning piglets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

To understand the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) on intestinal barrier function in pre-weaning piglets under normal conditions, twenty-four newborn littermate piglets were randomly divided into two groups. Piglets in the control group were orally administered with 2 mL 0.1 g/mL sterilized skim milk while the treatment group was administered the same volume of sterilized skim milk with the addition of viable L. rhamnosus at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days after birth. The feeding trial was conducted for 25 d. Results showed that piglets in the L. rhamnosus group exhibited increased weaning weight and average daily weight gain, whereas diarrhea incidence was decreased. The bacterial abundance and composition of cecal contents, especially Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria, were altered by probiotic treatment. In addition, L. rhamnosus increased the jejunal permeability and promoted the immunologic barrier through regulating antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines via Toll-like receptors. Our findings indicate that oral administration of L. rhamnosus GG to newborn piglets is beneficial for intestinal health of pre-weaning piglets by improving the biological, physical, and immunologic barriers of intestinal mucosa.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to newborn piglets augments gut barrier function in pre-weaning piglets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

To understand the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) on intestinal barrier function in pre-weaning piglets under normal conditions, twenty-four newborn littermate piglets were randomly divided into two groups. Piglets in the control group were orally administered with 2 mL 0.1 g/mL sterilized skim milk while the treatment group was administered the same volume of sterilized skim milk with the addition of viable L. rhamnosus at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days after birth. The feeding trial was conducted for 25 d. Results showed that piglets in the L. rhamnosus group exhibited increased weaning weight and average daily weight gain, whereas diarrhea incidence was decreased. The bacterial abundance and composition of cecal contents, especially Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria, were altered by probiotic treatment. In addition, L. rhamnosus increased the jejunal permeability and promoted the immunologic barrier through regulating antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines via Toll-like receptors. Our findings indicate that oral administration of L. rhamnosus GG to newborn piglets is beneficial for intestinal health of pre-weaning piglets by improving the biological, physical, and immunologic barriers of intestinal mucosa.

¿Cuál es el impacto de una política de promoción del condón femenino como complemento al condón masculino en la población?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the impact of a policy to promote the female condom as a complement to the male condom in the population?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Organizaciones internacionales han llevado a cabo estrategias de prevención del VIH/SIDA, promoviendo entre otras alternativas, la distribución y uso de preservativos. El Condón Femenino(CF) ha sido promovido internacionalmente como un método que, a diferencia del Condón Masculino(CM). En este contexto el Departamento de Prevención y Control de VIH/SIDA solicitan esta síntesis de evidencia, con el objetivo de informar la toma de decisiones respecto del efecto de una política de promoción del CF. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en 7 bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron revisiones realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud anteriormente, encuestas realizadas en INJUV y el Global Health Observatory para obtener datos de la realidad de Chile en esta área. Se incluyen documentos que fueron publicados en los últimos 5 años. RESULTADOS Se recuperaron 5 revisiones sistemáticas -El uso correcto de CF no presentaría diferencias con el CM en cuanto a la protección para transmitir VIH. -Complementar la entrega de CF con CM podría reducir o no generar diferencias en la prevalencia de ITS en comparación a la entrega de CM como intervención única. -De nuestro conocimiento, no hay ningún estudio que estudie la transmisión de VIH e ITS en FC2 (segunda versión del CF). -La promoción y entrega conjunta de CF y CM aumenta el número de actos sexuales protegidos (bajo cualquier método) en la población, además de potenciar el empoderamiento y autonomía de la mujer. -La proporción de falla del CF es relativamente baja (0.6%-13%) y similar a la del CM. -El uso correcto de CF está directamente relacionado con su efectividad. Pese a que el CF es menos utilizado que el CM, la aceptabilidad del dispositivo es variable, llegando a ser alta en algunos grupos. No se recomienda la reutilización del CF y su uso para sexo anal. -Se notifican alrededor de 2.400 casos anuales de VIH/SIDA y alrededor de 38.000 personas viven con esta enfermedad en el país. El 24% de los chilenos reporta haber utilizado CM en los últimos 12 meses.

Análises histológica e morfométrica do uso de membrana biossintética de celulose em trocleoplastia experimental de cães / Histological and morphometric analysis for the use of a biosynthetic cellulose membrane in experimental trochleopasty

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de membrana biossintética de celulose, de fabricação nacional, após a realização da trocleoplastia experimental, com intuito de verificar se o uso desta poderia favorecer a migração de células com potencial condrogênico. Foram utilizados 12 cães adultos, de ambos os sexos, sadios e sem alterações no aparelho locomotor. Os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de trocleoplastia em ambos os membros pélvicos, após tranquilização e anestesia epidural. Na trocleoplastia do membro esquerdo foi aplicada membrana biossintética à base de celulose (grupo tratado, GT), fixada à cartilagem por meio de pontos simples separados com Poliglactina 910 6-0; no membro direito, foi realizada apenas a trocleoplastia, constituindo o grupo controle (GC). Os animais foram subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o período final de avaliação aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias do pós-operatório. Após artrotomia exploratória nos momentos pré-estabelecidos, foi realizada biópsia da região da trocleoplastia para avaliação histológica e morfométrica do tecido de reparação. Aos 30 e 60 dias do pós-operatório, notou-se a presença de maior número de células semelhantes a condrócitos nas lesões tratadas com celulose em relação ao membro contra-lateral, apesar do aspecto imaturo. Aos 90 dias, o tecido de reparação era do tipo fibrocartilaginoso maduro, não havendo diferenças entre os dois grupos. No GC houve aumento progressivo do número de células até o período final de avaliação. Por outro lado no grupo tratado verificou-se que, em relação ao período inicial (15 dias), houve aumento do número de células até os 60 dias, com subseqüente retorno aos valores iniciais aos 90 dias. Dos 15 aos 60 dias o número de células foi maior no GT em relação ao GC. Inicialmente, o tecido de reparação neoformado foi mais espesso no grupo tratado. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a membrana de celulose acelerou o processo de reparação tecidual...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a locally made biosynthetic cellulose membrane after experimental trochleoplasty, in order to verify whether its use could support migration of chondrogenic cells. Twelve male and female adult healthy dogs and without claudication were used. All dogs were submitted to trochleoplasty in both pelvic limbs after sedation and epidural anesthesia. In the left hind limb, the biosynthetic cellulose membrane was fixed with simple suture using Polyglactin 910 6-0 after performing trochleoplasty (treated group); whereas in the right limb (control group) only trochleoplasty was performed. The dogs were subdivided into 4 subgroups for postoperative evaluation at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days post-surgery. Biopsy was performed after exploratory arthrotomy for histopathologic and morfometric evaluation. At 30 and 60 days post-surgery, more condrocyte-like cells of immature aspect were observed in lesions treated with the cellulose membrane. At 90 days post-surgery the reparative tissue was characterized as mature fibrocartilage-like tissue without difference between the groups. In the control group there was a progressive increase of the number of cells until the end of the evaluation period. Otherwise, when compared to the initial period (15 days), there was an increase in the number of cells until 60 days, followed by a return the initial values at 90 days in the treated group. In comparison to controls, the number of cells was greater in the treated group from 15 to 60 days. Initially, the neoformed repair tissue was thicker in the treated group. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the cellulose membrane shortened the initial tissue repair process in the trochleoplasty area, showing good integration of the neoformed tissue with the adjacent cartilage.

Fibrosis peri radicular post-quirúrgica del raquis lumbar: qué hacer? / Peri radicular fibrosis Post-surgical Lumbar Spine: what to do?

Objetivos: La presencia de sintomatología secundaria a la fibrosis posquirúrgica tras la cirugía de la Hernia de disco y Estenosis de canal es una de las peores noticias tanto para el paciente como para el cirujano. Se hace necesario una prevención de dicha sintomatología (Entre el 2 y el 18 por ciento de los pacientes la presentan tras dicha cirugía), mediante el desarrollo de una barrera física: matriz de colágeno Tipo IV, con una tripe acción A) Función de Hemostasia, B) barrera física por la porosidad, C) función regeneradora por la matriz. Material y Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo en un total de 600 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía de raquis con abordaje del Canal; 200 pertenecían al grupo control, 400 al grupo Duragen. Tras la cirugía se coloco el duragen tanto en la zona del defecto óseo, como en la zona de revisión de la raíz: Fenestración de anillo fibroso; foraminotomia y sangrado de vasos epidurales como hemostasia residual, de esta manera se crea una barrera física que impide al fibroblasto del músculo poder atrapar a la raíz tras la cicatrización del músculo .además en caso de fístula de LCR la matriz favorece el paso de fibroblastos entre la dos laminas de la dura a través de la matriz y se produce un sellado completo del orificio. El seguimiento mínimo fue de un año y se realizaron controles clínicos y radiológicos de forma seriada. Resultados: Del total de pacientes del grupo control; un 8 por ciento presentaron sintomatología secundaria a fibrosis que requiero tratamiento mediante: nueva cirugía (Fijación Lumbar: artrodesis) o colocación de un neuroestimulador. En el grupo D no se presentaron pacientes con sintomatonología por fibrosis. 0.6 por ciento vs. 8 por ciento. Discusión: La evolución de los pacientes tratados con Duragen obtuvo un mejor resultado al no presentar sintomatología por fibrosis, además en caso de fístula esta quedo sellada. En los casos en los que hubo que reoperar por otros factores: recidiva...

Objective: The symptomatic appearance of post-operative fibrosis following surgery for lumbar disc herniation is bad news for both the patient and the surgeon. A method of preventing this undesired outcome would be of great utility (between 2 and 18 percent of the patients suffer from it after said surgery). Here we report one approach to achieving this outcome, through the development of a physical barrier: a matrix of Type I collagen, with three main attributes: A) Haemostatic function, B) Physical barrier due to its porosity, C) Regenerating function through the matrix. Method: A retrospective investigation was made of 600 patients whom had undergone spinal surgery with canal approach; 200 took part in the control group and 400 took part in the DuraGen group. These procedures involved fenestration of the fibrous ring, foraminectomy and haemostasis of bleeding of epidural vessels. Prior to wound closure, DuraGen was placed both in the area of the bone defect and in the area of the affected nerve root. Thereby creating a physical barrier that prevents fibro tic entrapment of the nerve root. Further, in the event of CSF leakage (fistula) the matrix accomplished complete closure of the dural defect through the process of fibroblast migration and the formation of a new connective tissue sheet continuous with the existing dura. There was a minimum follow-up of Two year that included a series of clinical and radiological exams. Results: From all the control group patients, 8 percent showed secondary symptomatology of fibrosis that required treatment through: new surgery (lumbar fixation: arthrodesis) or placement of a neurostimulator. There were no patients with symptomatology due to fibrosis in the DuraGen group (0.6 percent vs. 8 percent). Discussion: The progress of patients treated with DuraGen showed a better result since there was no symptomatology due to fibrosis. Further, in the event of fistula, the fistula was closed. When there was a need for new surgery...

Use of Polytetrafluorethylene for Delayed Adjustable Strabismus Surgery in Humans II

The author attempted to discover a method for performing delayed suture adjustment to investigate whether it actually provides more relable and stable results. In order to prevent the fromation of postoperative adhesions and delay the time of adjustment, the author used 0.1mm-thick polyteetraful-oroethylene(PTFE) as a physical barrier. PTFE was placed between the free muscle end and the sclera in 60 strabismic patients during adjustable strabismus surgery. Adjustment was not necessary in eight patients until PTFE removal. In thirteen patients, adjustment was not necessayr after first adjustment until two weeks postoperatively. PTFE was effective in delaying the adjustment after two weeks postoperatively in the remaining 39 patients. To my knowledge, this study represents the longest delayed adjustment in humans. In conclusion, PTFE can be clinically beneficial for delaying the timing of adjustment in strabismus surgery.

Use of Polytetrafluoroethylene for Delayed Adjustable Strabismus Surgery in Humans

Delayed reattachment of the muscle to the sclera may be desirable to correct the deviation of eye developed after the surgery. Based upon the results of the author` s previous experimental study on rabbits, polytetrafluoroethylene was placed around the cut end of the muscle as a physical barrier between the free muscle end and the sclera in seven strabismus patients in order to prevent the postoperative adhesions. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was effective in delaying the adjustment more than 2 weeks after surgery in 4 out of 7 patients. In 3 remaining patients, adjustment was not necessary in 2 patients up to 22 days postoperatively because of the desirable postoperative state and suture was lost in a 65-year-old patient. In every case, PTFE was removed after final adjustment. In conclusion, PTFE may be clinically useful for delaying the timing of adjustment.

The Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene on Delayed Adjustable Strabismus Surgery

Delayed reattachment of the muscle to the sclera may be desirable to correct the deviation of eye developed after the surgery. Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) was placed around the cut end of the muscle as a physical barrier between the free muscle end and the sclera in 16 rabbits in order to prevent the postoperative adhesions. PTFE was effective in delaying the adjustment for up to 4 weeks after surgery in 4 out of 10 eyes. After removal of PTFE, adjustment was possible up to 12 weeks in 24 out of 25 eyes because there was no adhesion between the muscle and PTFE. In conclusion, PTFE may be clinically helpful for delaying the timing of adjustment.

The Effect of Physical Barriers on Delayed Adjustable Strabismus Surgery

Delayed reattachment of the muscle to the sclera may be desirable to correct the angle of deviation developed after the surgery of strabismus. In order to know the possible time for the delayed adjustment, the authors tried Viscoat(R). Interceed(TC7) and polyglactin 910 mesh(Vicryl mesh(R)) as physical barriers for preventing the formation of postoperative adhesions. These materials were placed around between the detached end of the muscle and the sclera in 29 rabbits and adjustment was performed thereafter. Viscoat(R) was effective in delaying the adjustment up to 6 days after surgery. Interceed(TC7) and polyglactin 910 mesh were effective in delaying the adjustment up to 1 week after surgery.