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Objectives: This prospective observational study aimed to identify the current trend of the circulating viral strains responsible for hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak in four tertiary care centers in Rajasthan, amidst the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (April-October 2022). Methods: Cases with suspected HFMD, presenting to our skin outpatient department were assessed clinically and serologically (IgM antibodies against coxsackie virus (CV) A6, A16 and enterovirus 71) for evidence of the disease. Results: We identified 718 new HFMD patients (161 adults) with peaks in May and August, 2022. Male:female ratio decreased with increasing age. Most children were asymptomatic. A total of 385/409 patients assessed serologically, were found positive, most commonly against CV-A6. Conclusion: Though HFMD typically affects young children, an unusually higher proportion of adults were affected during the current pandemic. There were some differences between pediatric and adult presentation of HFMD.
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ABSTRACT: Senecavirus A (SVA) has been a problem in Brazil since the end of 2014. The infections caused by SVA have disrupted the productive chain in Brazil, as it can be confused with foot-and-mouth disease. Although, the virus has remained endemic in the country, an increase in the number of cases of the disease was observed in 2018. The aim of the present study was to conduct the differential diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in an outbreak of vesicular disease in finishing swine. Animals (160-170 days old) were kept on a farm with 6000 pigs in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The morbidity and mortality rates were 20% and 2.2%, respectively. The diagnosis was performed by RT-PCR, using primers that determine the amplification of an internal region of the 3D gene. Furthermore, samples were inoculated into BHK-21 cell culture for viral isolation. In the first passage under cultivation, a cytopathogenic effect compatible with SVA replication (rounding and detachment of the cell monolayer) was observed. The viral identity was confirmed using two additional assays: indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and nucleotide sequencing. Both tests confirmed that the infection was caused by SVA. In summary, we described a method for the diagnosis and viral isolation of SVA, a virus that arrived in Brazil in 2014 and has become endemic in the country.
RESUMO: Senecavírus A (SVA) é um problema no Brasil desde o final de 2014. As infecções causadas pelo SVA têm causado problemas para a cadeia produtiva no Brasil, pois podem ser confundidas com febre aftosa. Embora o vírus permaneça endêmico no país, foi observado um aumento no número de casos em 2018. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o diagnostico diferencial de febre aftosa em um surto de doença vesicular em suínos de terminação. Os animais (160 a 170 dias de idade) eram mantidos em uma granja com 6.000 suínos no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As taxas de morbidade e mortalidade foram de 20% e 2,2%, respectivamente. O diagnostico foi realizado por RT-PCR, utilizando primers que determinam a amplificação de uma região interna do gene 3D. Além disso, as amostras foram inoculadas na cultura de células BHK-21 para isolamento viral. Na primeira passagem em cultivo, foi observado efeito citopatogênico compatível com a replicação do SVA (arredondamento e descolamento da monocamada celular). A identidade viral foi confirmada usando duas técnicas adicionais: ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) e sequenciamento de nucleotídeos. Ambos os testes confirmaram que a infecção foi causada por SVA. Em resumo, descrevemos um método para o diagnóstico e isolamento viral do SVA, um vírus que chegou ao Brasil em 2014 e se tornou endêmico no país.
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Picornaviridae 2C gene is relatively conservative,whose encoded protein is a non-structural protein.The 2C protein is in an earlier detection and only can be detected during virus replicatin.The 2C protein has multiple fuctions:the role of AAA+ helicase activity,invasion cells by autophagy pathway,abduction cells on inflammation and apoptosis;the interaction with other proteins such as 2B and 3C that might be induced by 2C protein,which can participate in the pathogenic process in a way.Above all,we mainly outline the reseach advances on Picornaviridae 2C gene and its encoded protein,in order to provide some superficial reference for its further study.
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On the basis of the several techniques, the new groups and the strains within the Picornaviruses were classified. New groups like human pathogen EV22 (Echovirus 22) was discovered that was found to be highly different from other Picornaviruses to date. The biological properties of Picornaviruses were studied and on the basis of biological properties the viruses were classified into similar groups. The protein composition is rare because most of the copies out of 3 would not be processed to VP2 and VP4. EV23 was said to be similar to EV22 in various sections of genome. The Picornavirus classification is done hierarchically of a family using the quantitative approach with the help of PEDs (pairwise evolutionary distances). Comparison of the GENETIC classification with expert-based Picornavirus taxonomy and the differences in the frameworks were demonstrated, related to the virus groups and genetic diversity that show the classification content and structure. In the GENETIC classification, human Rhinovirus A, human Rhinovirus C and genus Aphthovirus were separated.
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La fiebre aftosa es una enfermedad viral causada por uno de los miembros prototipo de la familiaPicornaviridae, y aunque dicha enfermedad ha sido descrita hace más de 5 siglos, sigue siendo una de lasprincipales barreras económicas y sanitarias tanto para importación como para exportación de ganadobovino y porcino y sus derivados. Dado que el 75% del hato bovino nacional se encuentra libre de laenfermedad con vacunación, es necesario que nos actualicemos en el estado del arte de la enfermedadpara poder así estar preparados para el anhelado momento en el que el país sea declarado libre sinvacunación y apartir del cual, un completo conocimiento de la enfermedad, sus factores de riesgo, sucorrecto reconocimiento y diagnóstico, van a ser clave para mantener este importante estatus zoosanitarioque beneficia tanto a la comunidad ganadera como al país.
Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease caused by a prototype member of the Picornaviridaefamily. Although the disease has been described for more than 5 centuries, it remains one of the majorhealth and economic barriers for cattle and swine import and export. Since 75% of the national cattle herdis FMD free, it is necessary to provide an updated literature review of the disease. Updated informationof FMD will assist in the decision making of the need and use of vaccines, especially at the time when thecountry is declared free of FMD.
A febre aftosa é uma doença viral causada por dos membros protótipo da família Picornaviridae.Embora que esta doença tem sido descrita a mais cinco séculos, tem sido a principal barreira econômicae sanitária pra a importação e exportação de gado bovino e suíno e seus derivados. Dado que o 75% dorebanho bovino nacional encontra-se livre da doença com vacinação, é necessária a atualização do estadoda arte da doença para poder assim estar preparados para o esperado momento em que o país seja declaradolivre de vacinação. Momento pelo qual, um completo conhecimento da doença, seus fatores de risco, seucorreto reconhecimento e diagnóstico, serão chaves para manter este importante status zoosanitario quebeneficia tanto aos criadores com ao país.