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Objective To investigate the status of cadmium contamination in commercially sold aquatic products and to analyze the risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents in one district of Shanghai. Methods Multistage sampling was used to collect 397 animal aquatic products from agricultural markets and supermarkets in 11 communities (townships), the District from 2018 to 2019.Cadmium content was tested according to national standard.The status of cadmium contamination was assessed by single factor pollution index(Pi)method.Risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents was assessed by point evaluation method in combination with food consumption and dietary survey in 2013 and calculation of safe limits for cadmium in various aquatic diets(MOS). Results The detection rate of cadmium was 75.06% in the 397 animal aquatic products and the content of cadmium in 10 samples which crabs were totally exceeded the standard, accounting for 2.52%.The average contents of cadmium in crabs, bivalves which were higher than in shrimps(11.0 μg/kg), gastropods(7.6 μg/kg) and marine fish(3.8 μg/kg) were respectively 140.0 μg/kg and 90.0 μg/kg(χ2=186.41, P < 0.005), but no cadmium was detected in freshwater fish.The single factor pollution index(Pi) of crabs was 0.280 which meant light pollution and the Pi of other kinds of aquatic products was respectively under 0.100 that meant no cadmium contamination.The consumption of animal aquatic products was the highest in freshwater fish followed by shrimps, marine fish and crabs.The MOS of every kind of aquatic products is higher than 1 which meant cadmium intake from commercially sold animal products was an acceptable health risk for the population. Conclusion The risk level of cadmium intake by residents in the district through commercially sold animal aquatic products is relatively low, but the cadmium pollution status of commercially sold crustacean crabs should be vigilant, and the intake of crabs is advised to be reduced as far as possible.Relevant departments should also pay attention and strengthen monitoring and management in this regard.
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Background: Children are known to have higher dietary exposure levels to pesticide residues than adults due to higher consumption levels per kilogram bodyweight. Also social concern exists on the effects of these residues in young children, who are growing rapidly. To assess whether a certain compound may pose a risk for young children, it is important to have consumption levels of the foods that may contain the compound of interest in this age group. In the Netherlands food consumption data are available of children from 1 year onwards. However, the majority of children (if not all) already consume solid foods before age 1. Aims: Performance of a food consumption survey among Dutch infants aged 8 - 12 months gathering data on food consumption levels, and measuring and estimating the dietary exposure to selected pesticide residues Approach: Food consumption data were collected using a 1-daydietary record method. Weighing scales were provided, so that the amount consumed could be quantified accurately. During the study also duplicate portions of all the foods consumed by the children during the study day were collected. These duplicate portions were analysed for 19pesticides at the RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety to estimate the real intake of pesticides. Results: In total 373 infants (186 girls and 187 boys) were included. The fruit most eaten by this age group was banana (58%), followed by apple (34%), pear (28%) and kiwi (20%). Carrot (18%) was the most favorite vegetable, followed by broccoli (9%) and green beans (8%). Potato was also consumed frequently (49%). Of all the fruits and vegetables consumed by the children large portion sizes (LPs) were calculated at the level of the raw agricultural commodity. These LPs can be used in the point estimate approach to assess the acute dietary intake of toxic pesticide residues in the field of pesticide regulation. The infant food consumption database can also be used for probabilistic modelling of acute dietary exposure. Of 250 infants the duplicate portions were analysed for 19 pesticides. Of these samples a significant percentage (11%) had a low exposure to one or more pesticides. None of the exposures exceeded the toxicological reference level (acceptable daily intake (ADI) or acute reference dose (ARfD)). Conclusion: This study among infants resulted in a first impression of actual intake levels of pesticide residues by this age group in the Netherlands via the diet, an estimate of the LPs of fruits and vegetables consumed by young children for use in the point estimate approach and a database with consumption levels useful for probabilistic exposure assessments. Furthermore the duplicate portions collected can be used for the analysis of other compounds that may affect the development of young growing children (e.g. deoxynivalenol (DON), acrylamide, heavy metals). The complete report can be downloaded for free from http://edepot.wur.nl/44408. Full report is also available as ‘Supplementary File’.
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El presente ensayo trata de aclarar algunos conceptos utilizados habitualmente en el campo de investigación de la salud pública, que en numerosas situaciones son interpretados de manera incorrecta. Entre ellos encontramos la estimación puntual, los intervalos de confianza, y los contrastes de hipótesis. Estableciendo un paralelismo entre estos tres conceptos, podemos observar cuáles son sus diferencias más importantes a la hora de ser interpretados, tanto desde el punto de vista del enfoque clásico como desde la óptica bayesiana.
This essay reviews some statistical concepts frequently used in public health research that are commonly misinterpreted. These include point estimates, confidence intervals, and hypothesis tests. By comparing them using the classical and the Bayesian perspectives, their interpretation becomes clearer.