Study on the policy implementation effect of serious Illness medical insurance in the ethnic minority autonomous area of Western China

Objective: To evaluate the implementation effect of serious illness medical insurance in Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region of western China. Study design: Through the collection of 2017-2021 Guang Xi serious illness medical insurance specific policy making such as fund usage, serious illness compensation, medical expenses data, and data analysis of a serious illness medical insurance effect. Method: Literature research, Policy text analysis, quantitative data collection method, using Excel and SPSS 19.0 data descriptive statistical analysis and comparative analysis. Results: Serious illness medical insurance has had some effect, e.g., from 2017 to 2021, the utilization rate of serious illness medical insurance fund in Guang Xi was 109.49% and 103.87% respectively, the fund balance rate was -9.45% and -8.54% respectively, and the accumulated balance was -2.3871 million CNY and -70.7955 million CNY. Conclusion: The serious illness medical insurance has reduced the burden of large medical expenses of patients to a certain extent, but the fund is under too much pressure, and there is a payment deficit. The coverage and security of serious illness medical insurance need to be expanded and strengthened, and the cooperation mechanism with commercial insurance institutions should be gradually explored to improve the serious illness medical insurance.

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la implementación de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves en la Región Autónoma Guang Xi Zhuang, al oeste de China. Diseño del estudio: a través de la recopilación de pólizas de seguro médico específicas para enfermedades graves de la región de Guang Xi entre 2017-2021, como por ejemplo: uso de fondos, compensación por enfermedades graves, datos de gastos médicos y análisis de datos del efecto de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves. Método: investigación de literatura, análisis de textos de políticas públicas, metodología de recolección de datos cuantitativos utilizando Excel y SPSS 19.0, análisis estadístico descriptivo de datos y análisis comparativo. Resultados: el seguro médico para enfermedades graves ha demostrado tener efectos, tales como: entre 2017 y 2021, la tasa de utilización de fondos de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves en Guang Xi fue de 109,49 % y 103,87 % respectivamente, las tasas de saldo del fondo fue de -9,45 % y -8,54 % respectivamente y el saldo acumulado fue de -2,3871 millones de CNY y -70,7955 millones de CNY. Conclusión: El seguro médico para enfermedades graves ha reducido en cierta medida la carga de los grandes gastos médicos de los pacientes, pero al existir un déficit de pagos está bajo demasiada presión. Por ello, es necesario ampliar y fortalecer la cobertura y seguridad del seguro médico para enfermedades graves, y explorar gradualmente mecanismos de cooperación con instituciones de seguros comerciales.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da implementação de seguro médico para doenças graves na Região Autônoma de Guang Xi Zhuang da China Ocidental. Desenho do Estudo: Através da coleta de políticas específicas de seguro médico para doenças graves de Guang Xi 2017-2021, uso de fundos, compensação por doenças graves, dados de despesas médicas e análise de dados de um efeito de seguro médico para doenças graves. Método: Pesquisa na literatura, análise do texto da política, método de coleta de dados quantitativos usando Excel e SPSS 19.0, análise estatística descritiva de dados e análise comparativa. Resultados: Seguro médico de doenças graves teve um certo efeito. Em 2017 e 2021, a taxa de utilização do fundo de seguro médico para doenças graves em Guang Xi foi 109,49% e 103,87% respectivamente, a taxa de saldo do fundo foi -9,45% e -8,54% respectivamente e o saldo acumulado foi -2,3871 milhões de yuans e -70,7955 milhões de yuans. Conclusão: O seguro médico para doenças graves reduziu o ônus de grandes despesas médicas dos pacientes até certo ponto mas o fundo está sob demasiada pressão e há um déficit de pagamentos. A cobertura e segurança do seguro médico de doenças graves necessitam ser expandidas e fortalecidas, e o mecanismo de cooperação com instituições de seguros comerciais deve ser gradualmente explorado para melhorar o seguro médico para doenças graves.

Inovações produzidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde durante a pandemia do COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Innovations produced in Primary Health Care during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative literature review

Resumo A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) demonstrou ser parte importante das medidas de prevenção, controle e tratamento do COVID-19, ao mesmo tempo em que foi desafiada a manter a oferta dos serviços regulares. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os principais arranjos desenvolvidos para ofertar cuidados na APS na pandemia do COVID-19. A revisão integrativa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS por meio dos descritores "Atenção Primária à Saúde" e "COVID-19". Os resultados foram analisados por meio de três questões: Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), Organizações dos Processos de Trabalho e Doenças Crônicas Não-COVID. Ganha grande destaque o uso das TIC no cuidado ofertado na APS, tanto para pacientes com sintomas respiratórios quanto para pacientes crônicos. Alterações na composição das equipes, fluxos de atendimento, espaços físicos e horários de atendimento também foram implantadas. Ainda que estratégias que visaram o monitoramento dos pacientes crônicos e o atendimento remoto podem ter contribuído para minimizar os agravos à saúde desses usuários, a diminuição dos atendimentos realizados neste período poderá resultar em uma grande demanda para a APS nos anos pós-pandemia.

Abstract Primary Health Care (PHC) proved to be an important part of the prevention, control and treatment measures against COVID-19, a situation in which it was challenged to keep up its provision of regular services as well. This article identifies the main arrangements made to provide PHC care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. An integrative literature review of articles found in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases was performed using the descriptors "Primary Health Care" and "COVID-19". Findings were analyzed considering three questions: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Organizations of Work Processes and Non-COVID Chronic Diseases. The use of different forms of ICT to provide PHC is highlighted regarding patients with respiratory symptoms and chronic patients. Changes in team composition, service flows, physical spaces and working hours were also introduced. Although strategies aimed at monitoring chronic patients and at remote care may have helped minimize deterioration of their health, the decrease in the number of visits performed during this period could have resulted in an increased demand for PHC in post-pandemic years.

The ICOPE-WHO and the IVCF-20: a critical view of the Handbook for Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment in Primary Care / O ICOPE-OMS e o IVCF-20: observações críticas sobre o Manual de Avaliação Multidimensional da Pessoa Idosa para a Atenção Primária à Saúde

O rápido envelhecimento populacional impulsiona iniciativas com o objetivo de otimizar a saúde da população idosa em todo o mundo. Recentemente, no Brasil, foi publicado pelo Conselho Nacional dos Secretários de Saúde (CONASS) o Manual de Avaliação Multidimensional da Pessoa Idosa, que propõe a adoção combinada e em larga escala da ferramenta de triagem do ICOPE da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e do instrumento Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-Funcional-20 (IVCF-20) para definir linhas de cuidado à pessoa idosa. Embora iniciativas dessa natureza sejam prementes, os instrumentos propostos ainda não têm validação adequada na população brasileira, e a sua utilização com o objetivo de balizar diretrizes em saúde em todo o território nacional parece precipitada e arriscada. Diante disso, propõe-se um debate amplo e urgente entre os especialistas da área, com o objetivo de planejar políticas de saúde pública eficazes e seguras para a população idosa brasileira. (AU)

Rapid population aging is driving initiatives aimed at optimizing the health of older populations worldwide. In Brazil, the National Council of State Secretaries of Health (CONASS) recently published the Handbook for Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment in Primary Care, which proposes the combined, large-scale adoption of the World Health Organization (WHO) ICOPE screening tool and the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20) instrument to define care pathways for older people. Although there is a pressing need for initiatives of this nature, the proposed instruments have not yet been adequately validated in the Brazilian population, and their use for the purpose of establishing countrywide health guidelines appears hasty and risky. Therefore, we propose a broad, urgent debate among experts in the field with the aim of planning effective and safe public health policies for the Brazilian older population. (AU)

Ruas de Lazer em Pelotas: Modelo lógico e descrição dos processos de planejamento e execução / Open streets in Pelotas: Logical model and description of the planning and execution process

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver o modelo lógico do projeto Ruas de Lazer na cidade de Pelotas em 2022, assim como descrever os processos de planejamento, pactuação e execução. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que utilizou a técnica de observação participante e o emprego de modelo lógico. O projeto possui características de gestão compartilhada que demarcam potencial relevante na criação de vínculo entre universidade, gestão pública e população local. Em 2022, sete eventos foram realizados com proposição de atividades culturais com música e dança, atividades físicas e esportivas e de educação em saúde. O projeto está em permanente construção e evolução, apostando na ampliação de investimentos para atingir os objetivos imediatos de oferta de atividades de lazer e de ampliação da democratização de acesso aos espaços públicos para o uso da população.

The aim of this study was to develop a logical model of the Ruas de Lazer project in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2022, as well as to describe the processes of planning, agreement, and execution. This is a qualitative study that employed the technique of participant observation and the use of a logical model. The project has characteristics of shared management that mark a relevant potential in creating a bond between the university, public management, and the local population. In 2022, seven events were held, proposing cultural activities with music and dance, physical and sports activities, and health education. The project is in permanent construction and evolution, betting on the expansion of investments to achieve the immediate objectives of offering leisure activities and expanding the democratization of access to public spaces for the use of the population.

Características de la población femenina carcelaria: un caso de la región Caribe de Colombia / Characteristics of the female prison population: a case from the Caribbean region of Colombia / Características da população carcerária feminina: um caso da região caribenha da Colômbia

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las características de las mujeres privadas de libertad (MPL) de un centro de detención carcelario de la región Caribe de Colombia, a partir de un método cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, mediante el uso de unidades de análisis documental de una muestra de 202 archivos psicojurídicos de mujeres privadas de libertad, durante los años 2021 y 2022. En estos archivos se encuentran 25 variables divididas en tres grupos. Primer grupo: características sociodemográficas de la población; segundo grupo: datos históricos, relativos a antecedentes familiares y de salud mental; tercer grupo: aspectos relacionados con la conducta delictiva. De acuerdo con los resultados encontrados, la mayor parte de la población son madres, con escaso acceso a oportunidades laborales, bajo nivel de escolaridad, con precarios ingresos económicos, antecedentes de victimización psicológica, sexual o física, exposición a violencia indirecta, antecedentes de abandono y, en algunos casos, se identificó la presencia de diagnósticos en salud mental, consumo de sustancias, comorbilidad y experiencias traumáticas durante su infancia y adolescencia y la prisionalización de padres o familiares. Estos resultados permiten reconocer la importancia de los aspectos históricos y los antecedentes de la conducta delictiva femenina, lo cual resulta fundamental en la prevención de la criminalidad, haciendo frente a los factores de riesgo previos a la conducta delictiva femenina; igualmente, la relevancia del fortalecimiento de un modelo carcelario de cara a las características y necesidades de la población femenina, una política criminal y un sistema penitenciario de género sensitivo, así como la incorporación de los resultados encontrados en el tratamiento carcelario, en la resocialización y en la prevención del fenómeno criminal.

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of women deprived of liberty (MPL) in a prison detention centre in the Caribbean region of Colombia, based on a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional method, using units of documentary analysis of a sample of 202 psycho-legal files of women deprived of liberty, during the years 2021 and 2022. These files contain 25 variables divided into three groups. First group: socio-demographic characteristics of the population; second group: historical data, relating to family history and mental health; third group: aspects related to criminal behaviour. According to the results found, most of the population are mothers, with little access to job opportunities, low level of schooling, precarious economic income, history of psychological, sexual or physical victimisation, exposure to indirect violence, history of abandonment and, in some cases, the presence of mental health diagnoses, substance use, comorbidity and traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence and the imprisonment of parents or relatives were identified. These results allow us to recognise the importance of the historical aspects and background of female criminal behaviour, which is fundamental in the prevention of criminality, addressing the risk factors prior to female criminal behaviour; also, the relevance of strengthening a prison model that takes into account the characteristics and needs of the female population, a criminal policy and a gender-sensitive penitentiary system, as well as the incorporation of the results found in prison treatment, in re-socialisation and in the prevention of the criminal phenomenon

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características das mulheres privadas de liberdade (MPL) em um centro de detenção prisional na região caribenha da Colômbia, com base em um método quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, usando unidades de análise documental de uma amostra de 202 arquivos psicolegais de mulheres privadas de liberdade, durante os anos de 2021 e 2022. Esses arquivos contêm 25 variáveis divididas em três grupos. Primeiro grupo: características sociodemográficas da população; segundo grupo: dados históricos, relativos à história familiar e à saúde mental; terceiro grupo: aspectos relacionados ao comportamento criminal. De acordo com os resultadosencontrados, a maior parte da população é composta por mães, com pouco acesso a oportunidades de trabalho, baixo nível de escolaridade, renda econômica precária, histórico de vitimização psicológica, sexual ou física, exposição à violência indireta, histórico de abandono e, em alguns casos, foi identificada a presença de diagnósticos de saúde mental, uso de substâncias, comorbidade e experiências traumáticas durante a infância e a adolescência e o encarceramento dos pais ou parentes. Esses resultados permitem reconhecer a importância dos aspectos históricos e dos antecedentes do comportamento criminoso feminino, o que é fundamental na prevenção da criminalidade, abordando os fatores de risco anteriores ao comportamento criminoso feminino; também, a relevância do fortalecimento de um modelo prisional diante das características e necessidades da população feminina, de uma política criminal e de um sistema prisional sensível ao gênero, bem como a incorporação dos resultados encontrados no tratamento prisional, na ressocialização e na prevenção do fenômeno criminal.

Da hospitalização para a prática corporal: análise qualitativa das vivências no projeto Respirar no Amazonas / From hospitalizaton to corporal practice: qualitative analysis of experiences in the projeto Respirar no Amazonas / Del hospitalización a la práctica corporal: análisis cualitativo de experiencias en el proyecto Respirar no Amazonas

A pandemia do coronavírus (covid-19) desencadeou uma avalanche de incessantes tentativas em busca por soluções para os diferentes desafios relacionados à saúde. Neste cenário, políticas públicas voltadas para auxiliar a população como o Projeto Respirar foram fundamentais para recuperar a funcionalidade cardiorrespiratória e física de pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar as experiências de um grupo de ex-pacientes, e agora usuários do Projeto Respirar, desde a alta hospitalar até a alta ao final do projeto. A coleta de dados incluiu a realização de dois Grupos Focais. Os usuários relataram sentir muitos medos e incertezas no início da pandemia, contudo, após o ingresso no Projeto Respirar, mudanças aconteceram nas suas percepções de saúde, em seus comportamentos e hábitos (AU).

The coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic has triggered an avalan-che of incessant attempts to find solutions to different health-related challenges. In this scenario, public policies aimed at helping the popula-tion, such as the Breathing Project, were essential to recover the cardio-respiratory and physical functionality of patients. The objective of this study was to present the experiences of a group of former patients, who are now users of Projeto Respirar from hospital discharge to discharge at the end of the project. Data collection included conducting two Focus Groups. Users reported feeling many fears and uncertainties at the be-ginning of the pandemic, however, after joining Projeto Respirar, chan-ges occurred in their health perceptions, behaviors and habits (AU)

La pandemia del coronavirus (covid-19) ha desencadenado una avalancha de intentos incesantes por encontrar soluciones a diferentes desafíos relacionados con la salud. En ese escenario, las políticas públicas dirigidas a ayudar a la población, como el Proyecto Respiración, fueron fundamentales para recuperar la funcionalidad cardiorrespirato-ria y física de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar las experiencias de un grupo de ex pacientes, que ahora son usuarios Projeto Respirar desde el alta hospitalaria hasta el alta al final del proyecto. La recopilación de datos incluyó la realización de dos Grupos Focales. Los usuarios reportaron sentir muchos miedos e incertidumbres al inicio de la pandemia, sin embargo, luego de unirse a Projeto Respirar, ocurrieron cambios en sus percepciones de salud, comportamientos y hábitos (AU).

Unveiling the dynamics of sexual crimes in Colombia based on complaints over a decade / Desvelando la dinámica de los delitos sexuales en Colombia a partir de las denuncias de más de una década / Revelando a dinâmica de crimes sexuais na Colômbia, com sede em reclamações ao longo de uma década

The aim of this article was to analyse the dynamics of sexual offense reports in Colombia over the period between 2010 and 2022. For this, a mixed methodology was applied in the following phases: first, the Colombian National Police registry ­which included 286 604 sexual crimes reported in the aforementioned period­ was analysed. Then, a causal loop diagram of System Dynamics was designed to highlight the role of reporting sexual crimes in the Colombian Penal System. The main findings of this article include that 85.73 % of the complaints are mostly associated with women and 68 % of the victims are minors or adolescents of both sexes. It must be noted that Colombian legislation divides these crimes into those that are aggravated by violence and those that are not. It was also found that when the victim was a woman, the crimes occurred in a higher proportion with the aggravating factor of violence. It can also be concluded that during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement, there was a decrease in the number of sexual offense reports due to its negative effect on the possibility of adult women reporting crimes. In addition, it was found that it is imperative to direct the criminal policies towards the general positive prevention of sexual crimes, without instrumentalising individuals, and aimed at completing a detailed follow-up of complaints.

El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la dinámica de las denuncias por delitos sexuales en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre 2010 y 2022. Para ello, se aplicó una metodología mixta en las siguientes fases: primero, se analizó el registro de la Policía Nacional de Colombia -que incluyó 286 604 delitos sexuales denunciados en el periodo mencionado-. Luego, se diseñó un diagrama de bucle causal de Dinámica de Sistemas para resaltar el papel de la denuncia de delitos sexuales en el Sistema Penal Colombiano. Entre los principales hallazgos de este artículo se destaca que el 85.73 % de las denuncias están asociadas mayoritariamente a mujeres y el 68 % de las víctimas son menores de edad o adolescentes de ambos sexos. Es de anotar que la legislación colombiana divide estos delitos en agravados por violencia y no agravados por violencia. También se encontró que cuando la víctima es mujer, los delitos se presentan en mayor proporción con el agravante de violencia. También se puede concluir que durante el encierro pandémico COVID-19, hubo una disminución en el número de denuncias de delitos sexuales debido a su efecto negativo en la posibilidad de que las mujeres adultas denuncien delitos. Además, se constató que es imperativo orientar las políticas criminales hacia la prevención general positiva de los delitos sexuales, sin instrumentalizar a los individuos, y dirigidas a completar un seguimiento detallado de las denuncias.

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a dinâmica das denúncias de crimes sexuais na Colômbia no período entre 2010 e 2022. Para isso, foi aplicada uma metodologia mista nas seguintes fases: primeiro, foi analisado o registro da Polícia Nacional da Colômbia, que incluía 286 604 crimes sexuais denunciados no período mencionado. Em seguida, foi elaborado um diagrama de loop causal do System Dynamics para destacar o papel da denúncia de crimes sexuais no sistema penal colombiano. As principais conclusões desse artigo incluem que 85.73 % das denúncias estão associadas principalmente a mulheres e 68 % das vítimas são menores ou adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Deve-se observar que a legislação colombiana divide esses crimes entre aqueles que são agravados pela violência e aqueles que não são. Também foi constatado que, quando a vítima era mulher, os crimes ocorreram em uma proporção maior com o agravante de violência. Também se pode concluir que, durante o confinamento da pandemia da COVID-19, houve uma diminuição no número de denúncias de crimes sexuais devido ao seu efeito negativo sobre a possibilidade de mulheres adultas denunciarem crimes. Além disso, constatou-se que é imprescindível direcionar as políticas criminais para a prevenção geral positiva dos crimes sexuais, sem instrumentalizar os indivíduos, e visando à conclusão de um acompanhamento detalhado das denúncias.

Equidade na promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas no SUS: reflexões a partir do serviço de orientação ao exercício / Equity in the promotion of body practices and physical activities in SUS: reflections from the exercise guidance service / Equidad en la promoción de prácticas corporales y actividades físicas en SUS: reflexiones desde el servicio de orientación en ejercicio

A equidade é um dos princípios constitucionais e doutrinários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), assim como da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde, principal marco das Práticas Corporais e Atividades Físicas (PCAF) no referido sistema. Considerando as desigualdades sociais gerais e as iniquidades em saúde, a equidade deve ser prioritária. Assim, o trabalho, de caráter ensaístico, teve como objetivo apresentar a experiência do Serviço de Orientação ao Exercício na operacionalização deste princípio. Foram abordados aspectos relacionados ao acesso, recursos, resultados e desafios para indicar possibilidades e caminhos para a efetivação da equidade na promoção das PCAF no SUS, visando o seu fortalecimento e qualificação como sistema de saúde universal, integral e equânime (AU).

Equity is one of the constitutional and doctrinal principles of the Unified Health System (SUS), as well as of the National Health Promotion Policy, the main framework for Body Practices and Physical Activities (PCAF) in this system. Considering the general social inequalities and inequities in health, equity must be a priority. The aim of this essay was to present the experience of the Exercise Guidance Service in operationalizing this principle. Aspects related to access, resources, results and challenges were addressed in order to indicate possibilities and paths towards the realization of equity in the promotion of PCAF in the SUS, with a view to strengthening and qualifying it as a universal, comprehensive and equitable health system (AU).

La equidad es uno de los principios constitucionales y doctrinales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), así como de la Política Nacional de Promoción de la Salud, marco principal de las Prácticas Corporales y Actividades Físicas (PCAF) de este sistema. Considerando las desigualdades sociales generales y las inequidades en salud, la equidad debe ser priorizada. El objetivo de este ensayo era, por tanto, presentar la experiencia del Servicio de Orientación para el Ejercicio en la puesta en práctica de este principio. Se analizaron aspectos relacionados con el acceso, los recursos, los resultados y los desafíos, a fin de indicar posibilidades y formas de hacer realidad la equidad en la promoción del PCAF en el SUS, con miras a fortalecerlo y calificarlo como sistema de salud universal, integral y equitativo (AU).

Conferências Nacionais de Saúde: estudo sobre aderência de propostas de política de comunicação aos princípios de comunicação pública / National Health Conferences: study on adherence of proposals on communication policy to the principles of public communication / Conferencias Nacionales de Salud: estudio sobre la adhesión de las propuestas de política de comunicación a los principios de la comunicación pública

Este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de uma investigação sobre a aderência de propostas de criação de uma política de comunicação aos princípios de comunicação pública no Sistema Único de Saúde. As proposições foram discutidas no âmbito das Conferências Nacionais de Saúde realizadas entre 2003 e 2019. O estudo abrangeu a avaliação de documentos e entrevistas em profundidade com fontes-chave com atuação no controle social e que participaram das conferências. Buscaram-se também subsídios teóricos que tratam das temáticas da comunicação pública e da comunicação em saúde para embasar a discussão sobre a elaboração de uma política de comunicação voltada para o SUS. Observa-se falta de ancoragem clara das propostas das conferências com relação aos princípios da comunicação pública, bem como a não adesão do governo federal à pauta, mesmo nas gestões afinadas com ideais democráticos, princípios de participação social e atuação no interesse público.

This article presents the preliminary results of an investigation into the adherence of the proposals to create a communication policy for the Unified Health System, according to the principles of public communication. Those proposals were held between 2003 and 2019 within the National Health Conferences scope. The study covered the evaluation of documents and in-depth interviews with key sources working in social control and who had participated in conferences. It also included theoretical subsidies that deal with the themes of public communication and communication and health to support the discussion on the creation of a communication policy aimed at the SUS. The results showed a lack of clear anchorage of the conference proposals in principles of public communication, and the non-adherence of the federal government to the agenda, even during governments aligned with democratic ideals, principles of social participation, and action on the public interest.

Este artículo presenta resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre la adhesión de las propuestas de creación de una política de comunicación del Sistema Único de Salud a los principios de la comunicación pública. Las proposiciones fueron discutidas en las Conferencias Nacionales de Salud, entre 2003 y 2019. El estudio abarcó la evaluación de documentos y entrevistas en profundidad con fuentes que trabajan en el control social y con participación en las conferencias. Se buscaron subsidios teóricos que tratan de los temas de comunicación pública y comunicación y salud para apoyar la discusión sobre la elaboración de una política de comunicación dirigida al SUS. Hay una falta de anclaje de las propuestas de la conferencia en principios de comunicación pública, así como la falta de adhesión del gobierno federal, incluso en gestiones en sintonía con los ideales democráticos, principios de participación y acción social centrado en el interés público.

Nivelando o campo de jogo do direito ao esporte e lazer no Brasil? Questões de gênero na Lei Geral do Esporte / Leveling the playing field for the right to sports and leisure in Brazil? Gender issues in the General Sports Law

A Lei Geral do Esporte (LGE) foi sancionada em junho de 2023 e apesar do veto presidencial a 40% do conteúdo, teve como inovação a inclusão a menção à participação das mulheres no esporte, rompendo com a omissão histórica sobre a temática. Considerando o cenário de desigualdade de gênero nas oportunidades de prática esportiva, nosso objetivo foi analisar a forma pela qual a LGE aborda a questão de gênero, considerando o esporte como um direito fundamental para o desenvolvimento humano de todas as pessoas. Analisamos a legislação com base nas premissas da análise cultural, que destaca a linguagem como artefato cultural e tecnologia de poder. Observamos como os discursos presentes na legislação enunciam, produzem ou limitam a inclusão das mulheres no esporte.

The General Sports Law (LGE) was enacted in June 2023 and despite the presidential veto affecting 40% of its content, LGE mentioned the right to sport for women, breaking historical silence on the matter. Given the historical inequality in access and participation for girls and women in sports, this essay examines how the LGE addresses gender issues, recognizing sports as a fundamental right for the comprehensive human development of all individuals. We analyze the legislation based on the premises of cultural analysis, highlighting language as a cultural artifact and a power technology. We observe how the discourses present in the legislation articulate, produce, or limit the inclusion of women in sports.

¿Por qué el suicidio es un problema social?

El suicidio es un problema social y de salud pública persistente; cada año representa una crisis global que afecta a las sociedades contemporáneas. Una perspectiva psicopatológica dominante resume la comprensión actual. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica sugiere que el suicidio es un fenómeno complejo, ambivalente y multidimensional, que implica aspectos sociales, económicos, culturales y educativos. Cada muerte por suicidio es un fracaso de la sociedad y políticas públicas. El propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer algunas razones para conceptualizar el suicidio como un problema social.

Suicide is a persistent social and public health problem; every year represents a global crisis that affects contemporary societies. A dominant psychopathological perspective summarizes current understanding. However, empirical evidence suggests that suicide is a complex, ambivalent and multidimensional phenomenon, involving social, economic, cultural and educational aspects. Every death by suicide is a failure of society and public policies. The purpose of this work is to offer some reasons to conceptualize suicide as a social problem.

Environmental sustainability, the forgotten aspect that makes nursing invisible

Scientific publications in research journals have adeptly investigated into topics of considerable interest, rendering nursing care more intricate in the face of increasingly thorough investigations into numerous phenomena. This ongoing exploration contributes significantly to the body of knowledge disseminated within the scientific community. Nevertheless, the advent of the global era has presented nursing with novel challenges that persist from the dawn of history parallel to a lingering shadow obscuring the true essence of the profession. An example is environmental nursing, often overlooked from the lens of social sustainability­a neglect that researchers, as minority groups in a relentless struggle, have sidelined. These challenges align with the dynamic demands imposed by society and the mandates of state and/or governmental parliaments.

Dilemma and promotion strategy of “dual channel”management policy for China’s medical insurance negotiated drugs / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the smooth implementation of the “dual channel” management policy for China’s medical insurance negotiated drugs. METHODS Based on Smith policy implementation process model， the dilemmas for the implementation of “dual channel” policy for medical insurance negotiated drugs were analyzed from four aspects： implementation details and regulatory system， drug selection， drug provision and quality control， the situation of medical insurance funds and information technology capabilities. The corresponding promotion strategies were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The “dual channel” policy for medical insurance negotiated drugs in China might face implementation difficulties such as a lack of clear implementation rules and a full process supervision system， the suitability and operability of some medical insurance negotiated drugs need to be considered in the “dual channel” management， difficulties in drug allocation and quality control， differences in the management and operation of medical insurance funds in different regions， and insufficient informatization capability. In this regard， this study suggests that measures， such as improving the implementation rules of the “dual channel” policy， enhancing the rationality of the “dual channel” drug catalog， establishing a dynamic exit mechanism for “dual channel” pharmacies， promoting professional delivery services， and improving the electronic prescription circulation platform， which can be taken to enhance the implementation effect of the “dual channel” policy.

Obstacles and approaches for the implementation of external long-term prescription dispensing for chronic diseases / 中国药房

The policy of long-term prescription for chronic diseases in China is gradually being improved and implemented， and external long-term prescription dispensing is being encouraged. The long-term prescription policy runs through the links of drug supply， equipment， use and policy， involving government departments such as medical security and health， as well as stakeholders such as patients， medical institutions and designated detail pharmacies. There are still some problems in the external dispensing of long-term prescriptions， such as the disunity of drug catalogue and the need for coordination among regulatory parties in the policy link； the need to improve the participation enthusiasm and service ability in the equipment link； the increased difficulty of prescription management， the need to improve the circulation platform in the use link. The promotion of external long-term prescription policy requires health insurance， medical service， and the medicine industry co-development， multi-party participation， and policy coordination. Among them， the “dual channel” policy， the policy of centralized medicine procurement， and the pharmacy included in outpatient overall management policy have all played a positive role in promoting the implementation of external long-term prescription dispensing for chronic diseases. It is necessary to improve supporting policies and implement regulatory responsibilities in the policy link， promote drug classification and service capabilities in the equipment link， improve the electronic prescription circulation platform， and strengthen prescription management in use link， so as to promote the implementation of external long-term prescription dispensing.

Quantitative analysis for reform policies of basic medical insurance designated retail pharmacies in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To sort out reform policy for basic medical insurance designated retail pharmacy （referred to as designated retail pharmacy） in China， and to provide reference for the improvement of the policy under the new situation of mutual- aid mechanism for covering outpatient bills. METHODS The policy texts on designated retail pharmacies issued by ministries and commissions of the State Council and departments directly under the State Council were collected from December 1998 to June 2023. The content analysis and social network analysis were adopted to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework based on the policy subject， the policy tool， and the policy process， in order to quantitatively analyze the policies on reforming designated retail pharmacies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The reform policy of designated retail pharmacies can be roughly divided into three stages： germination， exploration and development， and in-depth promotion. The use of policy tools is dominated by environment-oriented tools， and the cooperation network of policy subjects presents a “head-body-tail” chain structure. With the advancement of policy reforms， the number of policy subjects showed a trend of decline followed by growth， the number of policy documents showed an upward trend， emphasizing the use of tools such as the construction of the pharmacist system， the flow of prescriptions， the payment of medical insurance， and the management of “dual-channels” and “outpatient co-ordination”. It is suggested that in terms of policy formulation， all policy subjects should adhere to top-level design， grasp the characteristics of the stage of policy development， and adjust the use of policy tools according to local and timely conditions； we should also strengthen cooperation and communication， improve policy formulation efficiency， achieve policy coordination， and continuously improve policies for designated retail pharmacies.

Discussion on the Social Return after the Outbreak of COVID -19 / 中国医学伦理学

After COVID -19, patients, medical workers and the whole society in COVID -19 were faced with the challenge of how to quickly return to normal life. Patients cured in COVID -19 would face mental or psychological barriers, or be discriminated against, or face problems such as overweight of local epidemic prevention policies. The front-line medical personnel experienced job burnout and a variety of mental and psychological disorders, with some even developing physical symptoms. During the epidemic, ordinary people were in a state of psychological stress, education, production and economic activities were affected, and the incidence of mental or psychological disorders increases. It was necessary to provide COVID -19 patients with mental health monitoring and counseling. Give professional guidance to front-line medical staff, arrange rotation reasonably, and pay attention to their mental health status. Local governments should strictly implement the national epidemic prevention system, formulate epidemic prevention policies with humanistic care, actively publicize epidemic related knowledge and safeguard the rights and interests of the people.

Review and Prospect of China’s Medical and Health Policy Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China: Analysis based on Policy Tools / 中国医学伦理学

Policy tools are ways to quantitative analysis of policy text content and the construction of a "Policy Tools-Policy Objectives (X-Y Dimension)" framework to explore long-term stability and late-stage innovation of policy development. This paper reviewed the development process of medical and health policies since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and divided 1949-2021 into four stages of reform breeding, institutional transformation, reform improvement and continuous deepening. Screening 121 medical and health policy texts issued at the national level since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, quantitatively analyzing 5 957 policy text cells from the perspective of policy tools, counting the use of policy tools in various periods, and excavating the inherent logic of policy texts, policy tools and policy objectives to derive development characteristics of internal logic deduction. The development of China’s medical and health policy in the new period will serve the people’s health in the first place, adhere to the development direction of equalization of basic public service, strengthen the coordinated development of scientific and technological innovation and talent training, build a health and healthy development system with Chinese characteristics.

Discussion on Ethics of Public Health Policy / 中国医学伦理学

The ethical basis of public health policy is relatively weakness, which is mainly reflected in the conflict between individual rights and public interests, the lack of moral norm, the short of ethical review, the low level of relevant legislation, the weak of ethical consciousness and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to improve relevant ethical policies and regulations, establish an ethical framework for evaluating public health policies, highlight ethical values and strengthen ethical awareness in public health policy-making. Make it carry a certain ethical dimension to achieve the purposes of maintaining and improving health.

Analysis of the effects of national centralized drug volume-based procurement policy in public medical institutions of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the implementation effects of the national centralized drug volume-based procurement policy （abbreviated as “national centralized procurement policy”） in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region prefecture， and to provide a reference for the future centralized drug procurement work of the medical institution. METHODS Drug procurement data before and after policy implementation were included in the study. The six secondary indicators （such as availability， affordability， and drug safety） and eighteen third-level indicators （such as completion rate of agreed purchase volume， affordability level， drug revenue proportion） were introduced， guided by the policy objectives and issues of concern to policy beneficiaries. Descriptive statistics was adopted to analyze the data before and after policy implementation （in 2019 and 2020） in terms of differences and change trends. RESULTS In terms of accessibility， the participation rate of medical institutions in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was 92.55%， the proportion of diseases involved and median completed procurement rate were 40.16%， and 287.82% respectively， and the total centralized delivery rate was 97.20%. In terms of affordability， the total reduction amplitude in drug price was 74.80% from 2019 to 2022； the charge for medicine per capita in hospitalization， the proportion of medicine used for outpatient service and hospitalization， decreased by 17.61%， 10.22%， and 20.10% in order； the burden levels on medical fares for patients were all below 1 in addition to chronic diseases， and anti-tumor drugs. In terms of the impact on medicine， the ratio of adverse drug reaction event cases in 2022 was 66.00%， an increase of 1.29% compared to the previous； since the implementation of the policy， 12 drugs from local pharmaceutical enterprises from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region had passed the consistency evaluation， and the market concentration rate of the top 8 pharmaceutical companies was less than 20.00%. In terms of the impact on healthcare and medical insurance， the public medical institutions achieved generic substitution for originator drugs mostly until 2022； about 9.12% of drugs that were non- centrally purchased in the same category were used； 63.39% of people under investigation did not show a need for a second dressing change； drug expenditure decreased by 2.459 billion yuan. CONCLUSIONS The national centralized procurement policy achieves a significant effect in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. On the other hand， attention should be paid to these suggestions as follows: expanding the category of drugs used in clinic， conducting clinically comprehensive evaluation of selected drugs， and improving reasonable allocation strategy， etc.