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Introduction: Skin disorders are common in children but havenot been regarded as a public health problem even though theyput a large burden on health care systems worldwide. Aboutone-third of children in India are affected by skin disorders atany given time. Climatic factors, poor hygiene, poor accessto water, household overcrowding and close contact lead tothis high prevalence. However there is a relative paucity ofdata in comparison to this high prevalence. Study objectivewas to determine the prevalence and pattern of skin disordersamongst school going children aged 6 to 17 years in ruraland urban Jaipur and their nutritional, socio-economic andstandard of sanitation correlates.Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional studycarried out in 410 children aged 6-17 years from ten randomlyselected schools, five rural and five urban, in Jaipur from 1stJanuary 2017 to 30th June 2018. Detailed history includinggrading of socioeconomic status and standard of sanitation aswell as physical examination were done with due regard toprivacy. Clinical diagnosis was made.Results: The prevalence of skin disorders was found to be48.3%, more in girls (59.6%) and more in rural areas (58.1%).Seborrhoea capitis (15.4%) was the most common followedby Acne vulgaris (13.2%), Pityriasis alba (4.4%), Tinea (alltypes) (3.9%), Pediculosis capitis (3.2%), and Furunculosis,Scabies and Pityriasis versicolor (<2% each). Prevalence hada significant correlation with level of sanitation whereas notwith literacy of parents, socioeconomic status (Kuppuswamyscore) and type of school. Only one fourth of symptomaticchildren took treatment.Conclusion: High prevalence of skin disorders exists inschool-going children of Western India, especially noninfectious dermatosis. Rural residence and level of sanitationare significant attributes.
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Background: In Delta State, free doses of ivermectin are distributed annually to communities through the Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI). Despite this intervention approach, pockets of endemic foci still exits. Updated information of the epidemiology of human onchocerciasis is essential for planning effective control strategies. Thus this study aimed at investigating the current prevalence and distribution of human onchocerciasis in endemic communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in three local government areas (Aniocha North, Aniocha South and Oshimili) comprising of 41 communities in Delta State, Nigeria. A total of 1,201 consented subjects were examined by skin snips biopsy. A pre-validated well structure questionnaire was used in collecting epidemiological information. Results: The general prevalence of onchocerciasis in the studied communities was 11.5%. The prevalence did not vary among the three local government areas (P>0.05) though, the infection rate was highest in Aniocha North (12.5%), followed by Oshimili South (11.5%) and Aniocha South (10.7%). With respect to gender, the prevalence was insignificantly higher in males (12.2%) than in female (9.9%). Age-wise, the general pattern showed that the prevalence increased significantly with age. The prevalence of onchocerciasis generally differed widely among the various occupational groups sampled. The prevalence was almost two-fold among farmers (19.3%) compared to drivers and bike riders group (10.2%). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of onchocerciasis has decreased, the infection still remainsa public health concern in the area. Occupation and age were significant risk factors that affected the prevalence of onchocerciasis. Thus, there is need for control measures to be tailored towards these high risk groups. Also, intensifying community treatment with ivermectin will help eliminate onchocerciasis in the studied communities.
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Background: To find the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart diseases (CHD) at a Semi-Urban teaching hospital in Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods: A thorough history, clinical examination and Trans-Thoracic-Two-Dimensional Echocardiography (TTE) was done for all the live birth, children up to 18years of age and patients between 18 to 25 years, who were referred or presented to the Department of Medicine, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Bommakal, Karimnagar (AP), over a period of 5 years from July 2008 through June 2013. Those suspected to having a CHD or referred in our department, were further evaluated with: Clinically, Twelve-Lead-Surface Electrocardiography, Chest Radiography and the diagnosis was confirmed by TTE. Trans-Thoracic-Two-Dimensional Echocardiography, M-Mode, Color flow doppler and Spectral doppler echocardiography was done in all patients in the various views. Results: Total 13,554 patients were examined and underwent TTE. Out of 13,554 patients 116 were identified as having congenital heart diseases, thus giving a prevalence of 8.55 per 1,000 live births. Isolated Ventricular septal defect (28.44%), isolated atrial septal defect (18.10%), Patent ductus arteriosus (10.34%), isolated congenital pulmonary stenosis (6.03%) and tetralogy of Fallot’s (6.03%), were the commonest defects observed and confirmed by TTE. TOF was the main cyanotic CHD (6.03%), with the prevalence of 0.51% per 1,000 live births. VSD, ASD and PDA were more prevalent in males. TOF and Complete A.V. Canal defect was prevalent in females. All small size muscular and perimembranous VSD was closed spontaneously. Spontaneous closure rate of 75.00% in Muscular VSD and 52.17% in perimembranous VSD was observed. Spontaneous closure rate of Ostium secundum type ASD was 53.33%. Conclusions: The prevalence of CHD at a tertiary teaching hospital (CAIMS, Bommakal, Karimnagar, AP, India), is 8.55 per 1,000 live births. VSD, ASD, PDA are the most common acyanotic and TOF was the commonest cyanotic congenital heart defects respectively. Non-Invasive Cardiac diagnostic technique (like TTE) plays major in the diagnosis of CHD. When clinical evidences lead to suspicion of congenital heart defect, an echocardiography should be performed immediately.