Use of probiotics and similar in pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a systematic review / Uso de probióticos e similares em pacientes pediátricos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, evaluating the effect of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Data source: The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases were searched. Randomized clinical trials of pediatric patients with DM1 using probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics were included, regardless of year or language of publication. Studies that did not evaluate glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were excluded. Metabolic results (HbA1c, total insulin dose and C-peptide) and inflammatory control [interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] during probiotic supplementation or similar, related to modification of the intestinal microbiota, were analyzed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022384485. Data synthesis: Five studies were selected for a systematic review. Regarding metabolic markers, only one of the articles that analyzed HbA1c showed a significant decrease (p=0.03) in the intervention group. One study identified a reduction in the total dose of insulin and increased C-peptide levels. Regarding the evaluation of inflammatory parameters (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), there were no statistical relevant modifications. Conclusions: Current data from the literature were not conclusive in identifying an improvement in glycemic control and did not observe changes in inflammatory parameters with the use of probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics in pediatric patients with T1DM.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados avaliando o efeito da suplementação de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos no controle glicêmico e inflamatório em crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Fontes de dados: As bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Clinical Trials, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) foram pesquisadas. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados de pacientes pediátricos com DM1 em uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos, independentemente de ano ou idioma de publicação. Foram excluídos os trabalhos que não avaliaram hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Os resultados metabólicos (HbA1c, dose de insulina total e peptídeo C) e o controle inflamatório [interleucina-10 — IL-10), fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e interferon-gama (IFN-γ)] durante a suplementação de probióticos ou similares, relacionados à modificação da microbiota intestinal, foram analisados. ID PROSPERO: CRD42022384485. Síntese dos dados: Cinco estudos foram selecionados para revisão sistemática. Com relação aos marcadores metabólicos, apenas um dos artigos que analisaram a HbA1c apresentou diminuição significativa (p=0,03) no grupo intervenção. Um estudo identificou redução da dose total de insulina e aumento dos níveis de peptídeo C. Quanto à avaliação dos parâmetros inflamatórios (IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ), não houve modificações de relevância estatística. Conclusões: Os dados atuais da literatura não foram conclusivos em identificar melhora no controle glicêmico e não observaram mudanças nos parâmetros inflamatórios com o uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou simbióticos em pacientes pediátricos com DM1.

Intraoral administration of probiotics and postbiotics: An overview of microorganisms and formulation strategies

Abstract The last decade provided significant advances in the understanding of microbiota and its role in human health. Probiotics are live microorganisms with proven benefits for the host and were mostly studied in the context of gut health, but they can also confer significant benefits for oral health, mainly in the treatment of gingivitis. Postbiotics are cell-free extracts and metabolites of microorganisms which can provide additional preventive and therapeutic value for human health. This opens opportunities for new preventive or therapeutic formulations for oral administration. The microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity, their role in oral health and disease, as well as the probiotics and postbiotics which could have beneficial effects in this complex environment were discussed. The aim of this study was to review, analyse and discuss novel probiotic and postbiotic formulations intended for oral administration that could be of great preventive and therapeutic importance. A special attention has been put on the formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms that are expected to provide new benefits for the patients and technological advantages relevant for industry. An adequate dosage form could significantly enhance the efficiency of these products.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia

Abstract Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Resumo Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia / Rastreando espécies bacterianas produtoras de probióticos de intestino de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis), sudeste da Ásia

Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

O uso de probióticos como adjunto no tratamento da periodontite: revisão literatura / The use of probiotics as adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis: revisão literatura

A periodontite é definida como uma doença inflamatória crônica de natureza multifatorial associada com biofilme disbiótico. O tratamento padrão para periodontite é a Raspagem e Alisamento Radicular (RAR), no entanto quando há a presença de bolsas profundas, áreas com dificuldades de inacessibilidade como lesão de furca ou perfil microbiológico especifico, pode ser necessário a prescrição de métodos auxiliares como a antibioticoterapia. No entanto o uso de antibióticos pode causar efeitos indesejáveis. Diante disso, ao longo dos últimos anos vem crescendo o interesse de estudos sobre o uso de probióticos no tratamento da periodontite, uma vez que estes são microrganismos vivos, ou seja, que quando ingeridas corretamente são benéficas à saúde. Diante disso o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura quanto ao uso de probióticos como adjuvante no tratamento da periodontite, onde foram avaliados diversos artigos científicos. Foi observado que o uso de probióticos como adjuvantes no tratamento periodontal é benéfico, no entanto, há a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para averiguação da eficiência do mesmo, assim como a necessidade deste uso ser mais conhecido pelos Cirurgiões dentistas(AU)

Periodontitis can be defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of a multifactorial nature associated with a dysbiotic biofilm. The standard treatment for periodontitis is Scaling and Root Planing (RAR, in Portuguese), however when there is the presence of deep pockets, areas with inaccessibility difficulties such as furcation lesion or specific microbiological profile, it can be necessary to prescribe auxiliary methods such as antibiotic therapy. However, the use of antibiotics can cause undesirable effects. In view of this, over the last few years, interest in studies on the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis has been growing, since these are live microorganisms, that is, when ingested correctly they are beneficial to health. Therefore, the present article aimed to carry out a literature review regarding the use of probiotics as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis, where several scientific articles were analyzed. It was observed that the use of probiotics as adjuvants in periodontal treatment is beneficial, however, there is a need to carry out more studies to investigate if it's really efficient, as well the dentists needs to be known about the right use(AU)

Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Probióticos y prebióticos en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca / Probiotics and prebiotics for patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity

La enfermedad celíaca y la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca han tenido un aumento en su incidencia, esto las ha convertido en tema de interés en la búsqueda de enfoques terapéuticos innovadores que ayuden a mejorar los síntomas intestinales y extraintestinales. Esta revisión pretende determinar los efectos del uso de probióticos y prebióticos en la enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos HINARI, PubMed y Scopus en idioma español e inglés, se incluyeron artículos originales y de revisión con un máximo de cinco años desde su publicación. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos para la enfermedad celíaca ha mostrado beneficios restaurando la composición del microbiota intestinal, en especial con el uso de Lactobacilli y Bifidobacterium spp.; en la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca, el uso se ve limitado al no conocer con exactitud su fisiopatología; no obstante, se propone como mejor pauta terapéutica una dieta libre de gluten. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos podría aliviar los síntomas gastrointestinales y mejorar la disbiosis en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que evidencien los beneficios de su uso como alternativa terapéutica

Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity are entities that have shown an increase in incidence, making them a topic of interest to provide innovative therapeutic approaches and improve intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. This review intends to determine the effects of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A narrative review was undertaken by searching for original and review articles no older than five years since publication through data bases consulted: HINARI, PubMed and Scopus in Spanish and English. The use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease has shown benefits by restoring the composition of the intestinal microbiota, especially with the use of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium spp.; in non-celiac gluten sensitivity, its use is limited as its pathophysiology is not exactly known, therefore, a gluten-free diet is currently considered to be the best therapeutic guideline. The use of probiotics and prebiotics could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and improve dysbiosis in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits of its use as a therapeutic alternative

Use of probiotics in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial / Uso de probióticos em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise: um ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Introduction: Supplementation with probiotics for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be associated with decreased systemic inflammation. Objective: To assess the impact of oral supplementation with probiotics for patients with CKD on hemodialysis. Method: This double-blind randomized clinical trial included 70 patients on hemodialysis; 32 were given oral supplementation with probiotics and 38 were in the placebo group. Blood samples were collected at the start of the study and patients were given oral supplementation with probiotics or placebo for three months. The probiotic supplement comprised four strains of encapsulated Gram-positive bacteria: Lactobacillus Plantarum A87, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum A218 and Bifidobacterium longum A101. Patients were given one capsule per day for 3 months. Blood samples were taken throughout the study to check for inflammatory biomarkers. Non-traditional biomarkers Syndecan-1, IFN-y, NGAL, and cystatin C were measured using an ELISA kit, along with biochemical parameters CRP, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, PTH, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and urea. Results: Patients given supplementation with probiotics had significant decreases in serum levels of syndecan-1 (239 ± 113 to 184 ± 106 ng/mL, p = 0.005); blood glucose levels also decreased significantly (162 ± 112 to 146 ± 74 mg/dL, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Administration of probiotics to patients with advanced CKD was associated with decreases in syndecan-1 and blood glucose levels, indicating potential improvements in metabolism and decreased systemic inflammation.

Resumo Introdução: A suplementação com probióticos na doença renal crônica (DRC) pode estar associada à redução do processo inflamatório sistêmico. Objetivo: Avaliar a suplementação oral com probióticos em pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise. Método: Ensaio clínico, duplo cego, randomizado com 70 pacientes em hemodiálise, sendo 32 do grupo que recebeu o suplemento de probióticos e 38 do grupo placebo. Inicialmente ocorreu a coleta de sangue e suplementação oral com probióticos ou placebo durante três meses. O suplemento probiótico foi composto pela combinação de 4 cepas de bactérias Gram-positivas encapsuladas: Lactobacillus Plantarum A87, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum A218 e Bifidobacterium longum A101, sendo 1 cápsula do suplemento ao dia, durante 3 meses. Após esse período foram feitas novas coletas de sangue para dosagem dos biomarcadores inflamatórios. Foram analisados os biomarcadores não tradicionais: Syndecan-1, IFN-y, NGAL e cistatina C pelo método ELISA, e os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos: PCR, cálcio, fósforo, potássio, PTH, TGP, hematócrito, hemoglobina, glicose e ureia. Resultados: Os pacientes que receberam suplemento tiveram diminuição significativa dos níveis séricos de syndecan-1 (de 239 ± 113 para 184 ± 106 ng/mL, p = 0,005). Outro parâmetro que diminuiu significativamente nos pacientes que receberam suplemento foi a glicemia (de 162 ± 112 para 146 ± 74 mg/dL, p = 0,02). Conclusão: O uso de probióticos na DRC avançada esteve associado à redução dos níveis de syndecan-1 e glicemia, sinalizando possível melhora no metabolismo e redução do processo inflamatório sistêmico.

Dietary Immunomodulators - An Organic Boom in the Management of Chronic Diseases

Immunology involves all the defence mechanisms occurring in the body after the invasion of any infectious agent and the ability to resist this infection. The micronutrients like essential proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins (A, B6, B12, C, D, E and folic acid), fatty acids, minerals (iron, selenium, zinc and copper) and certain phytochemicals are of prime importance towards healthy immune system. In addition to these nutritional components, intestinal microflora and certain bacteria (probiotic bacteria) also play an important role in the modulation of healthy immune system. There is an ongoing trend of usage of immunomodulators to combat various chronic diseases like viral diseases, cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on various immunomodulators available in daily dietary meals, its positive and negative effects on immune system and its role in management of chronic illness as an adjunct to other modalities to achieve positive health benefits with minimal side effects.

Efficacy of Bacillus clausii in Pediatric Functional Constipation: A Pilot of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus clausii in the treatment of pediatric constipation. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from January, 2021 to January, 2022 in children aged 1-5 years diagnosed with functional constipation according to Rome IV criteria. They were assigned to receive either B. clausii or placebo, once daily for four weeks. The primary out-come was treatment success (defined as ?3 spontaneous stools per week and stool consistency grade ?3 on Bristol stool chart). The secondary outcome was a comparison of stool frequency, consistency (defined by Bristol stool grade), and constipationrelated symptoms. Results: This trial enrolled 38 children (B. clausii, n=20 and placebo, n=18). At 4 weeks, no significant difference was noted in the treatment success between B. clausii and placebo groups [45% vs 56%; P=0.52). On within-group analyses, the mean (SD) of Bristol stool grade increased in both the B. clausii [1.7 (0.5) to 2.8 (1.2); P=0.003] and placebo [1.8 (0.5) to 2.8 (1.2); P=0.01] groups. Significant increases in the treatment success rate (22% to 56%, P=0.01) and mean stool frequency per week [3 (0.9) to 4.2 (1.7), P=0.01] were pronounced only in the placebo group. The frequency of painful defecation and large fecal mass were also significantly decreased in both the groups. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: A 4-week course of B. clausii as the sole treatment was not more effective than a placebo for the management of functional constipation in children aged 1-5 years.

Preparation of a probiotic quinoa beverage by enzymatic hydrolysis of its starches and subsequent lactic acid fermentation / Elaboración de una bebida probiótica de quinua por hidrólisis enzimática de sus almidones y posterior fermentación ácido láctica

Background: The concern about consuming healthy foods has increased in recent years. Not only are they expected to comply with essential feeding functions, but they also provide health benefits. Probiotics are one of the main functional components expected to be present in functional foods and beverages. They provide many health benefits and stand out due to their metabolic capacities and adaptability to different habitats. In addition, Quinoa seeds contain valuable quantities of quality protein and nutritional values of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, and mineral substances for which they are considered an ideal dietary alternative. Objectives: This research aimed to elaborate on a probiotic quinoa beverage, which combines the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of the starches obtained from its seeds with lactic acid fermentation using probiotic cultures, seeking to enhance its nutritional properties and converting it into a functional beverage. Methods: For this, fermentations were carried out in three different concentrations of probiotic cultures (inoculum): 10%, 5%, 1%, and three other different fermentation times: 8, 10, and 12 hours. pH, Total titrable acidity expressed as lactic acid (%), reducing sugars, and soluble solids were measured. After that, the beverage was formulated with honey, carob, preservatives, and mango flavoring. Results: Statistical analysis indicated optimal conditions were achieved with 10% probiotic cultures and 10 hours of fermentation. The microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of probiotic microorganisms at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL. Proximal analysis indicated that the composition contained 84.6 Kcal, 19.3 g of carbohydrates, and 1.4 g of protein per 100 g of beverage. Conclusions: The probiotic quinoa beverage was produced and can be considered in the group of plant-based foods, as well as a functional beverage, since the probiotic cultures it contains contribute to maintaining the intestinal microbiota and prevent the onset of chronic diseases.

Antecedentes: La preocupación por el consumo alimentos saludables ha aumentado en los últimos años. No solo se espera que cumplan con las funciones esenciales de alimentación, sino que también brinden beneficios para la salud. Los probióticos son uno de los principales componentes funcionales que se espera que estén presentes en los alimentos y bebidas funcionales. Aportan múltiples beneficios para la salud y destacan por sus capacidades metabólicas y adaptabilidad a diferentes hábitats. Además, las semillas de quinua contienen valiosas cantidades de proteína de notable calidad, valores nutricionales de carbohidratos, proteínas, grasas, fibras y sustancias minerales por lo que se consideran una alternativa dietética ideal. Objetivos: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar una bebida probiótica de quinua, que combina el efecto de la hidrólisis enzimática de los almidones obtenidos de sus semillas con la fermentación láctica utilizando cultivos probióticos, buscando potenciar sus propiedades nutricionales y convertirla en una bebida funcional. Métodos: Para ello se realizaron fermentaciones en tres concentraciones diferentes de cultivos probióticos (inóculo): 10%, 5%, 1%, y tres distintos tiempos de fermentación: 8, 10 y 12 horas. Se midió pH, Acidez titulable total expresada como ácido láctico (%), azúcares reductores y sólidos solubles. Posteriormente, se formuló la bebida con miel, algarrobina, conservantes y saborizante de mango. Resultados: El análisis estadístico indicó que se lograron condiciones óptimas con 10% de cultivos probióticos y 10 horas de fermentación. El análisis microbiológico confirmó la presencia de microorganismos probióticos a una concentración de 108 UFC/mL. El análisis proximal indicó que la composición contenía 84,6 Kcal, 19,3 g de carbohidratos y 1,4 g de proteína por 100 g de bebida. Conclusiones: la bebida probiótica de quinua fue elaborada y puede ser considerada en el grupo de alimentos de origen vegetal, así como una bebida funcional, ya que los cultivos probióticos que contiene contribuyen al mantenimiento de la microbiota intestinal y previenen la aparición de enfermedades crónicas.

Proceso de atención de enfermería en el cuidado al paciente COVID-19 / Nursing process of care in patient care COVID-19 / Processo de cuidados de enfermagem no cuidado ao paciente COVID-19

El microbiota intestinal se encuentra constituida por más un millón de microorganismos entre los cuales las bacterias son de mayor prevalencia. Esta microbiota depende directamente de la localización exacta a lo largo del tubo digestivo, siendo la porción del colon la que alberga la mayor cantidad del microorganismo de la flora. El microbiota de la piel guarda relación directa con el microbiota del intestino por los diversos mecanismos existentes en la formación de la misma. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el uso de probióticos y prebióticos en tratamiento de patología cutáneas y la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y enfermedades de la piel. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de la literatura científica de la relación del microbiota intestinal en patologías cutáneas. Se concluyó que el uso de probióticos y prebióticos juegan un papel importante en enfermedad cutáneas es especial de tipo inflamatoria.

The intestinal microbiota is constituted by more than one million microorganisms among which bacteria are the most prevalent. This microbiota is directly dependent on the exact location along the digestive tract, with the colon portion harboring the largest amount of the microorganism flora. The skin microbiota is directly related to the gut microbiota by the various mechanisms involved in its formation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the use of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of skin pathology and the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and skin diseases. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and skin pathologies was carried out. It was concluded that the use of probiotics and prebiotics play an important role in skin diseases, especially inflammatory ones.

A microbiota intestinal é formada por mais de um milhão de microorganismos entre os quais as bactérias são as mais prevalentes. Esta microbiota depende diretamente da localização exata ao longo do trato gastrointestinal, sendo que a porção de cólon abriga a maior quantidade da flora de microorganismos. A microbiota da pele está diretamente relacionada à microbiota intestinal pelos diversos mecanismos envolvidos em sua formação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso de probióticos e prebióticos no tratamento da patologia da pele e a relação entre a microbiota intestinal e as doenças de pele. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura científica sobre a relação entre microbiota intestinal e patologias da pele. Concluiu-se que o uso de probióticos e prebióticos desempenha um papel importante nas doenças de pele, especialmente nas doenças inflamatórias da pele.

Relación de la microbiota intestinal con enfermedades autoinmunes / Relationship of the intestinal microbiota with autoimmune diseases / Relação da microbiota intestinal com doenças autoimunes

La microbiota intestinal es la colección de microorganismos que habitan el sistema gastrointestinal de un ser humano. Estos microorganismos incluyen bacterias, virus, hongos y otros patógenos. La microbiota intestinal juega un papel importante en la salud general del cuerpo, ya que puede influir en el sistema inmune, la digestión y la absorción de nutrientes, y la producción de ciertas vitaminas. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y enfermedades autoinmunes donde los microorganismos de la flora juegan un papel fundamental en la regulación de los diferentes mecanismos de defensa. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, fue recopilada y clasificada la información usando el protocolo PRISMA, con la relación de la microbiota intestinal con enfermedades autoinmunes, cuyo algoritmo de búsqueda: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) entre los años 2017-2022. Finalmente, se encontraron 167 artículos. Conclusión. La microbiota intestinal puede tener una relación importante con el desarrollo y la progresión de algunas enfermedades autoinmunes, y el tratamiento con probióticos y prebióticos puede tener un efecto beneficioso en el curso de estas enfermedades, donde los microorganismos de la flora intestinal pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en la regulación del sistema inmune del cuerpo.

The intestinal microbiota is the collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal system of a human being. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the overall health of the body, as it can influence the immune system, digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the production of certain vitamins. Objective. To determine the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and autoimmune diseases where the microorganisms of the flora play a fundamental role in the regulation of the different defense mechanisms. Methodology. A systematic review was performed, information was collected and classified using the PRISMA protocol, with the relationship of intestinal microbiota with autoimmune diseases, whose search algorithm: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) between the years 2017-2022. Finally, 167 articles were found. Conclusion. Gut microbiota may have an important relationship with the development and progression of some autoimmune diseases, and treatment with probiotics and prebiotics may have a beneficial effect on the course of these diseases, where gut flora microorganisms may play a crucial role in regulating the body's immune system.

A microbiota intestinal é o conjunto de microrganismos que habitam o sistema gastrointestinal de um ser humano. Esses microrganismos incluem bactérias, vírus, fungos e outros agentes patogênicos. A microbiota intestinal desempenha um papel importante na saúde geral do corpo, pois pode influenciar o sistema imunológico, a digestão e a absorção de nutrientes e a produção de determinadas vitaminas. Objetivo. Determinar a relação entre a microbiota intestinal e as doenças autoimunes, nas quais os microrganismos da flora desempenham um papel fundamental na regulação dos diferentes mecanismos de defesa. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, as informações foram coletadas e classificadas utilizando o protocolo PRISMA, com a relação da microbiota intestinal com doenças autoimunes, cujo algoritmo de busca: (Relationship) and (intestinal) and (microbiota) and (autoimmune) and (diseases) entre os anos de 2017-2022. Ao final, foram encontrados 167 artigos. Conclusões. A microbiota intestinal pode ter uma relação importante com o desenvolvimento e a progressão de algumas doenças autoimunes, e o tratamento com probióticos e prebióticos pode ter um efeito benéfico no curso dessas doenças, em que os microrganismos da flora intestinal podem desempenhar um papel crucial na regulação do sistema imunológico do corpo.

TO STUDY THE ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN PREVENTING NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN PRETERM AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES

Introduction: Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in NICU, it is a life-threatening disease that occurs primarily in premature infants.1 Probiotics are the live microbial dietary supplements that when administered in adequate amount promotes health.2 In premature infants they are thought to improve the positive balance of colonizing bacteria that facilitate development of mucosal immunity and prevent the excessive in?ammation associated with NEC.3 The present study is a Prospective Observational study Methods and Materials: conducted in the NICU at Prathima Institute Of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar,Telangana. During the period of 2 years between December 2020 and November 2022. Neonates of <37 weeks of gestation and with birth weight <1500 gms admitted into NICU are included in the study. The selected neonates would be administered probiotic 2 million spores of Bacillus clausii ampules per day along with expressed mother's own milk daily till they reach full feeds (150ml/kg/day). These neonates were observed clinically, investigated and studied during their period of admission in NICU for the development of Necrotising Enterocolitis and also the morbidity and mortality of such neonates was studied. : In the present study, out of 50 Results neonates, 11 (22%) preterms developed NEC while 39 (78%) of them did not. This was found to be statistically signi?cant (p=0.01). Out of the 11 preterms, 1 (2%) belonged to ELBW while 10 (90%) belonged to VLBW. Out of the 11 preterms who developed developed NEC, 4 (8%) developed stage I NEC, 5 (10%) developed stage II NEC and 2 (4%) developed stage III NEC. This was statistically signi?cant (p= 0.001) In our present study, 4 (8%) of the preterms developed with sepsis while 46 (92%) did not develop sepsis. This was statistically signi?cant (p=0.001) Necrotizing Enterocolitis is a worldwide problem in Conclusion: Preterms Low Birth Weight neonates. The present study has found that Probiotic supplementation has reduced both the 4incidence and severity of NEC in such neonates. Probiotic supplementation has also reduced the incidence of culture proven 5sepsis in preterm and Low Birth Weight neonates

Effect of probiotic therapy on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis / Efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura

INTRODUCTION: As periodontitis is caused by dysbiotic biofilm, it is believed that therapy with probiotics can act to control the mechanisms of adhesion and colonization, competing with invading microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate probiotic therapy effect on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS: 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): Control Group (CG); Periodontal disease (PD); Probiotic (PROB); PD + probiotic (PDPRO). PD and PDPRO received a ligature over the first lower molars and PROB and PDPRO the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus based were given orally for 44 days. The animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for evaluation of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The hemimandibles were collected for histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. The duodenum was removed for morphological evaluation and gingival tissue around the molars was collected for analysis of IL-17. RESULTS: The ANOVA one-way test was used followed by Tukey Test. PDPRO had a significantly lower bone loss than the PD (p<0.05) and a smaller number of osteoclasts on PDPRO when compared to the PD. As for IL-17, there was a decrease in the PDPRO when compared to the PD. The histomorphometry of the duodenum showed that there was a significant increase in the width of the villi in PROB only. CONCLUSION: The therapy with probiotics was effective to avoid the development of periodontitis by reducing alveolar bone loss and inflammation modulation and increasing the width of the duodenum villi, which may help to restabilize the balance of the gastrointestinal tract.

INTRODUÇÃO: Como a periodontite é causada por biofilme disbiótico, acredita-se que a terapia com probióticos possa atuar no controle dos mecanismos de adesão e colonização, competindo com microrganismos invasores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=8): Grupo Controle (GC); Doença periodontal (PD); Probiótico (PROB); PD + probiótico (PDPRO). PD e PDPRO receberam ligadura sobre os primeiros molares inferiores e PROB e PDPRO, o probiótico à base de Lactobacillus acidophilus dado via oral por 44 dias. Os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliação das concentrações de triglicerídeos e colesterol total. As hemimandíbulas foram coletadas para análise histomorfométrica e radiográfica. O duodeno foi removido para avaliação morfológica e o tecido gengival ao redor dos molares foi coletado para análise de IL-17. RESULTADOS: Foi usado Teste ANOVA seguido pelo Teste de Tukey. PDPRO teve uma perda óssea significativamente menor do que o PD (p<0.05) e um menor número de osteoclastos no PDPRO quando comparado ao PD. Já para IL-17, houve diminuição do PDPRO em relação ao PD. A histomorfometria do duodeno mostrou que houve aumento significativo da largura das vilosidades no PROB somente. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia com probiótico foi eficaz para evitar o desenvolvimento de periodontite por reduzir a perda óssea alveolar e a modulação da inflamação e aumentar a largura das vilosidades duodenais, o que pode ajudar a estabilizar o equilíbrio do trato gastrointestinal.

Research Progress on Role of Probiotic Akkermansia Muciniphila in Oncogenesis, Development and Treatment of Tumor / 肿瘤防治研究

Although tumor treatment models have been continuously improved in clinical practice, cancer remains a serious threat to human health. The effect of probiotics on tumor therapy has received extensive attention. As a common colonizer of the intestinal mucosa, Akkermansia muciniphila(AKK) has a well-defined role in metabolic diseases, but its complex role in tumor development and therapeutic efficacy has not been fully elucidated. The unique properties and physiological roles of AKK play an important role in different solid tumors and it may be a potential biomarker. This article provides a review of previous studies and proposes clinical strategies to influence the abundance of AKK to provide a theoretical reference for the development of next-generation probiotics and the reshaping of the tumor treatment landscape.

Akkermansia Muciniphila Suppresses Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis-associated Liver Cancer in Mice by Recovering Intestinal Barrier Function / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate whether the next-generation probiotics Akkermansia muciniphila can prevent non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We constructed a NASH-HCC model called STAM. STAM mice received oral saline or A. muciniphila starting at 4 weeks of age. Liver tissues were evaluated by HE staining and oil red O staining for NASH activity, and intrahepatic expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and ileal tight junction proteins were measured by RT-PCR. Results At 8 weeks of age, the steatosis, ballooning degeneration and NAS scores, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expression were significantly decreased in the STAM+A. muciniphila group (both P < 0.05) compared with those in the STAM+saline group (all P < 0.05). At 20 weeks of age, the number of liver surface tumors formed, tumor size and IL-6 level were decreased in the STAM + A. muciniphila group (all P < 0.05). A. muciniphila restored the thickness of the colon mucosal layer and the number of goblet cells in STAM mice as well as increased the mRNA expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-3, and Occludin in ileal epithelial cells. Conclusion Akkermansia muciniphila can inhibit the progression of NASH to HCC by improving the intestinal barrier function and may serve as a candidate drug to prevent NASH-HCC.

Engineered Bacillus subtilis alleviates intestinal oxidative injury through Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-infected piglet / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Engineered probiotics can serve as therapeutics based on their ability of produce recombinant immune-stimulating properties. In this study, we built the recombinant Bacillus subtilis WB800 expressing antimicrobial peptide KR32 (WB800-KR32) using genetic engineering methods and investigated its protective effects of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)‍-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway activation in intestinal oxidative disturbance induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 in weaned piglets. Twenty-eight weaned piglets were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with seven replicates fed with a basal diet. The feed of the control group (CON) was infused with normal sterilized saline; meanwhile, the ETEC, ETEC+WB800, and ETEC+WB800-KR32 groups were orally administered normal sterilized saline, 5×1010 CFU (CFU: colony forming units) WB800, and 5×1010 CFU WB800-KR32, respectively, on Days 1‍‒‍14 and all infused with ETEC K88 1×1010 CFU on Days 15‍‒‍17. The results showed that pretreatment with WB800-KR32 attenuated ETEC-induced intestinal disturbance, improved the mucosal activity of antioxidant enzyme (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). More importantly, WB800-KR32 downregulated genes involved in antioxidant defense (GPx and SOD1). Interestingly, WB800-KR32 upregulated the protein expression of Nrf2 and downregulated the protein expression of Keap1 in the ileum. WB800-KR32 markedly changed the richness estimators (Ace and Chao) of gut microbiota and increased the abundance of Eubacterium_rectale_ATCC_33656 in the feces. The results suggested that WB800-KR32 may alleviate ETEC-induced intestinal oxidative injury through the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, providing a new perspective for WB800-KR32 as potential therapeutics to regulate intestinal oxidative disturbance in ETEC K88 infection.

Effect of systemic administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 on apical periodontitis

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 in drinking water on the development of apical periodontitis (AP) in rats. In total 60 animals were divided into a control group (sound teeth); Group I - regular water without AP; Group II - probiotic water without AP; Group III - regular water with AP; Group IV - probiotic water with AP. AP was induced after 3 days in the control groups and after 7, 21, and 42 days in groups III and IV. The animals were euthanized, and the mandibles were subjected to histotechnical processing. Samples were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) to identify root canal features, apical and periapical regions. Additionally, histoenzymology was performed to detect osteoclasts, immunohistochemistry was used to identify osteoclastogenesis markers, and the Brown & Brenn technique was applied for microbiological analysis. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 with a significance level of 5%. Although no statistical differences were observed, the groups administered with probiotics showed better conditions in terms of histological aspects seen microscopically. Furthermore, there were no differences in the number of osteoclasts (p > 0.05). The RANKL marker was not found in the probiotic group at 42 days, unlike in group III.

Cambios en la microbiota durante el embarazo: revisión narrativa / Changes in the microbiota during pregnancy: a narrative review

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evidencia científica de los cambios en la microbiota durante el embarazo. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión de la bibliografía publicada entre el 2013 y el 2022 efectuada mediante la búsqueda de artículos científicos escritos en español e inglés resguardados en las bases de datos bibliográficas NICE, CENETEC-SALUD, BIREME y Portal OMS, OPS, Portal de Evidencias de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud - BVS, LILACS, BIREME, EVIPNET, PubMed y Cochrane. La selección de artículos se basó en los descriptores: microbiota; embarazo-pregnancy; microbiota, gut microbiome, fetus-feto; microbiota, placenta; microbiota, combinadas entre sí con el operador boleano "and". RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 3038 posibles artículos y 137 se encontraron adecuados para el objetivo de la revisión en virtud de estar relacionados directamente con el embarazo y la microbiota. Se revisaron estudios transversales, ensayos, revisiones, cohortes, casos y controles, revisiones sistemáticas o matanálisis. CONCLUSIONES: La microbiota se encuentra en diversos tejidos u órganos que anteriormente se creían estériles durante el embarazo. Se sugiere que todos los cambios que implica esta etapa pueden influir en la microbiota de la madre y el feto. A pesar de las crecientes investigaciones en el área aún quedan preguntas por contestar para ayudar a solucionar el enigma de los cambios en la diversidad en las diferentes complicaciones del embarazo y saber si los probióticos tendrían efecto o no en la disminución del riesgo a padecerlas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the scientific evidence on changes in the microbiota during pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: A review of the literature published between 2013 and 2022 was carried out through the search of scientific articles in Spanish and English in the bibliographic databases NICE, CENETEC-SALUD, BIREME AND PORTAL WHO, PAHO, Portal of Evidence of the Virtual Health Library - BVS, LILACS, BIREME, EVIPNET, PUBMED and COCHRANE. The selection of articles was based on the descriptors: Microbiota, pregnancy, Gut microbiome, Fetus-Microbiota, Placenta - Microbiota, combined with each other with the Boolean "and". RESULTS: A total of 3,038 possible articles were identified and 137 were found suitable for the objective of the review because they were directly related to pregnancy and microbiota. Cross-sectional studies, trials, reviews, cohorts, case-controls, systematic review, or meta-analysis were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiota has been found in various tissues or organs that were previously believed to be sterile during pregnancy, and with this, it is suggested that all the changes that this stage entails can influence the maternal and fetal microbiota. However, despite the growing research in the area, there are still questions to be resolved to help solve the enigma of the changes in diversity in the different complications of pregnancy and whether the use of probiotics would influence reducing the risk to present them.