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Objective To understand the epidemiologic characteristics on newly reported HIV cases and those recently infected HIV-1 cases in the past few years in Beijing so as to find out their correlates.Methods All the qualified newly reported HIV serum samples from both the first quarters of 2009,2010 and the second quarter of 2011 in Beijing,were tested using the BED HIV-1 incidence capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to identify those recent HIV-1 infection (BED positive) samples and related socio-demographic characteristics.The proportions of BED positives were determined and the correlates analyzed by SPSS software.Results The Annual qualified newly reported HIV serum samples of each year from Beijing were 274,236 and 356,with BED positive rate among them as 35.0％,31.8％ and 33.7％,respectively.The majority of newly reported HIV cases of each year were males (89.1％,88.6％,91.9％),range of age as 20-39 years (77.4％,75.8％,82.0％),Han nationality (77.7％,88.6％,85.7％),and most of them were not permanent residents of Beijing (74.1％,80.5％,2011 data missed).The proportions of patients through sexual transmission showed upward trend(67.5％,76.2％,86.8％).Especially in the ‘man having sex with man’ (MSM) group,it showed a significantly increase (44.9％,45.3％,62.6％).The proportions of injection drug users (15.3％,8.1％,9.0％) declined to some extent during this period.Data from statistics indicated that the proportions of BED positives among newly reported HIV cases of each year were significantly correlated to factors as patients' sex,transmission route and source of samples,but not significantly correlated to patents' age or marital status.Male cases accounted for 96.9％ and MSM accounted for 73.5％ of all the BED-positives during 2009-2011.Conclusion MSM accounted for both large portion of newly reported HIV cases and recent HIV-1 infections which suggested an increasing trend in 2009-2011.It seemed that the characteristic and changing trends of HIV epidemic in Beijing was oriented by MSM population in the last years.
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Context: In the era of free HAART, accessibility and availability of ARV has been dramatically increased in India. However, rates of treatment literacy and adherence appear to be sub-optimal. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the extent of primary drug resistance in such settings. Materials and Methods: Between July and October 2006, 18 anti-retroviral-naοve individuals were identified as recent infected by the BED-Capture enzyme immunoassay in a VCTC clinic in Chennai. Specimens from these individuals were subjected to genotypic drug resistance testing. Phylogenetic trees were generated using MEGA for Windows version 4.0 using neighbor-joining method. The significant differences in polymorphic mutation frequencies between the study specimens and established subtype C-specific polymorphisms were examined using the Chi-square test. Results: Amino acid substitution (K103N and V106MV) at drug resistance positions occurred in two (11%) isolates, conferring high-level resistance to the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), delavirdine (DLV) and notably extensive genetic variations were observed. K122E (94.4%) and K49R/KR (11.1%) polymorphisms identified in this study have not been previously described in established subtype-C specific polymorphisms. The rate of polymorphisms showed marked difference at the locations V60, D121, V35, and D123 (P < 0.0001). All the sequences showed maximum homology with Indian HIV-1 subtype C reference strain C.IN.95IN21068. Conclusions: The finding of resistance to NNRTIs is of public health importance. There is an urgent need to establish surveillance for primary drug resistance in large scale. Further studies are required to determine the phenotype impact of newer polymorphic mutations in relation to drug resistance and viral fitness.