Receptive and Expressive Language in Hindi Speaking Children with Postcochlear Implantation at 6-Month Intervals

Abstract Introduction Individual variability in the language outcomes of children with cochlear implantation (CI) is a major concern. In CI rehabilitation, there is lack of a protocol regarding uniform post-CI language assessment interval duration, which can ensure better understanding of the trajectory of language growth as well as optimize language outcomes by providing feedback in fine tuning the language intervention program. Objective To evaluate the receptive and expressive language in Hindi speaking children with up to 2 years of CI experience using revised receptive-expressive emergent language test-3ed. (REELT-3) at 6 months intervals and to compare it with that of children with normal hearing (NH). Methods The present study included 192 children divided in 2 groups, 96 children with CI (15.8 ± 6.7 months), and 96 age-matched children with NH (22.3 ± 7.9 months). A cross-sectional, prospective study design was used to measure the language ability score (LAS) at an interval of 6 months from the time of implantation (TIA), which is 0 to 6 months, 7 to 12 months, 13 to 18 months, and 19 to 24 months of CI usage. Results The two-way analysis of variance revealed that the LAS after 18 months of CI usage was similar to (F (3, 92) = 8.63, p= 0.19, ηp2 = 0.028) that of the children with NH. However, other demographic factors, for instance, gender (F (3, 92) = 1.73, p= 0.505, ηp2 = 0.002), parent's education, (F (3, 92) = 2.05, p= 0.937, ηp2 = 0.031), and financial background (F (3, 92) = 2.49, p= 0.351, ηp2 = 0.076) had no major impact on language. Conclusion Eighteen months of CI usage duration can potentially stimulate receptive and expressive language up to age-matched children with NH. A protocol of periodic assessment of language, at least of 6 months, may be developed to optimize language outcomes.

Relación entre lenguaje expresivo y receptivo y habilidades prelectoras / Relationship between expressive and receptive and pre-reading skills

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las relaciones entre habilidades de lenguaje expresivo y receptivo y habilidades prelectoras en niños en edad preescolar. Usando un diseño metodológico empírico observacional de corte transversal se evaluaron las habilidades de lenguaje oral y habilidades fonológicas a un total de 106 preescolares. Los modelos de regresión multivariante señalan que las habilidades expresivas explican una mayor varianza de habilidades fonológicas implicadas en la detección de rimas y sonidos iniciales de las palabras, precursores importantes para el aprendizaje posterior de la lectoescritura.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish the relationship of receptive and expressive language abilities with pre-reading skills in preschoolers. An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out by evaluating oral language abilities and phonological skills in a total sample of 106 children. Multivariate regression models pointed out that expressive abilities significantly explain the variance of the phonological skills implied in the detection of rhymes and initial phonemes, which are important precursors for the subsequent literacy learning.

Ensino de linguagem receptiva para crianças com autismo: comparando dois procedimentos / La enseñanza del lenguaje receptivo para niños con autismo: comparación de dos procedimientos / Comparing two procedures for teaching receptive language to children with autism

Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de um treino de Discriminação Simples-Condicional (DSC), que empregou blocos de tentativas e três estímulos desde o seu início, com a do treino de Discriminação Condicional (DC), no ensino de linguagem receptiva para três crianças com autismo. Com cada criança foram treinadas nove relações palavra falada-figura em cada tipo de treino. O treino DSC consistiu na redução gradual de tentativas por bloco (de seis blocos de três tentativas, na Fase 1 para nove blocos de duas tentativas, na Fase 2), até sua randomização total, na Fase 3. O treino DC foi idêntico à Fase 3 de DSC, porém com outros estímulos. O treino DC se mostrou mais eficiente para o estabelecimento da linguagem receptiva, mas o treino DSC foi mais efetivo para a manutenção do repertório. Discutem-se as implicações desses resultados para a área aplicada e direções para novos estudos.

Este estudio comparó la eficiencia de un procedimiento de Discriminación Simple-Condicional (DSC) que empleó bloques de ensayos y tres estímulos desde su inicio, con la de uno de Discriminación Condicional (DC) en la enseñanza del lenguaje receptivo para tres niños con autismo. Cada niño fue entrenado en nueve relaciones palabra hablada-figura en cada tipo de procedimiento. El procedimiento DSC consistió en seis bloques de tres ensayos en la Fase 1, en nueve bloques de dos ensayos en la Fase 2, y en ensayos aleatorizados en la Fase 3. El procedimiento DC fue idéntico a la Fase 3 del DSC, pero con otros estímulos. El procedimiento DC fue más eficiente para el establecimiento de lenguaje receptivo, pero el DSC fue más eficaz para el mantenimiento del repertorio. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para el área aplicada y direcciones para futuras investigaciones.

This study compared the efficiency of a Simple-Conditional Discrimination (SCD) procedure that from the start used trial blocks and three stimuli, with another procedure of Conditional Discrimination (CD) in teaching receptive language to three autistic children. Each child was trained in nine spoken-word/figure relations contained in each type of procedure. The SCD procedure consisted of six blocks of three trials in Phase 1, nine blocks of two trials in Phase 2, and randomized trials in Phase 3. The CD procedure was identical to Phase 3 of SCD, but with other stimuli. The CD procedure was more efficient for establishing receptive language, but the SCD was more effective for maintaining the repertoire. The implications of these results for the applied area and directions for future research are discussed.

A Comparison of Receptive-Expressive Language Profiles between Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Language Delay

PURPOSE: It is well known that expressive language impairment is commonly less severe than receptive language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, this result is based on experiments in Western countries with Western language scales. This study tries to find whether the result above is applicable for toddlers in a non-Western country; more specifically, in Korea with non-Western language scales. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 166 toddlers aged between 20 months and 50 months who visited the clinic from December 2010 to January 2013. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and developmental language delay (DLD) was 103 and 63, respectively. Language development level was assessed using Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), a Korean language scale. Using SELSI, each group was divided into 3 sub-groups. Moreover, the group difference by age was observed by dividing them into three age groups. Chi-square test and linear-by-linear association was used for analysis. RESULTS: Receptive language ability of the DLD group was superior to that of the ASD group in all age groups. However, expressive language ability in both groups showed no difference in all age groups. A greater proportion of expressive dominant type was found in ASD. The 20-29 months group in ASD showed the largest proportion of expressive language dominant type in the three age groups, suggesting that the younger the ASD toddler is, the more severe the receptive language impairment is. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that receptive-expressive language characteristics in ASD at earlier age could be useful in the early detection of ASD.

Relationship of Language, Intelligent and Social Quotients in Children with Speech and Language Disorder

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of language, intelligent and social quotients in children with speech and language disorder and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of language quotient for predicting the extents of cognitive and social functions. METHOD: Total 139 children who visited the department of rehabilitation medicine for the evaluation of suspected speech-language delay. All children were evaluated for receptive and expressive language quotients, articulation accuracy, verbal, performance and full-scale intelligent quotients and social maturation assessment. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of the children who had chief complaints of speech or language disorder were diagnosed as 'receptive and expressive language developmental delay'. Intelligent and social quotients of the children with receptive and expressive language developmental delay were significantly lower than those of the other groups (p<0.05). Both receptive and expressive language quotients, but not dysarticulation, were significantly correlated with intelligent and social quotients (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the language quotients could predict intelligent and social quotients as simple equations (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Primary result of receptive and expressive language quotients from screening test of language evaluation might be able to predict cognitive function and social maturity, which also showed high-degree positive correlation with intelligent and social quotients. This result could provide a useful guideline for further developmental studies in children with speech and language disorder who received primary speech evaluation.