Definition of macrophage subtypes based on the expression of CD169 in murine splenic red pulp macrophages / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To investigate the gene expression profiles of CD169+ and CD169- red pulp macrophages based on the expression of CD169 in murine splenic red pulp macrophages. Methods • The expression of CD169 in splenic red pulp macrophages in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. CD169 knockout (KO) mice were used as negative control. F4/80+ splenic red pulp macrophages were enriched and separated into CD169+ and CD169- subtypes. RNA-sequencing was performed on the two subtypes. DESeq2 was used to analyze differentially expressed genes at P<0.05 & |log2FC| ≥ 1. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was used to classify the differentially expressed genes according to the pathways involved or functions they performed, and some differentially expressed genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results • Expression of CD169 in some red pulp macrophages was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. There were 485 differentially expressed genes in CD169+ and CD169- subtypes. Some differentially expressed genes related to inflammation were highly expressed in the CD169- subtype. Conclusion • The CD169+ and CD169- red pulp macrophages have different transcriptional profiles, and CD169- red pulp macrophages have more features of M1 macrophages.

The Spleen Morphology of the African Giant Pouch Rat (Cricetomys gambianus-Waterhouse, 1840) from Eastern Nigeri

The spleen morphology of the African Giant pouch rat from the rainforest vegetative region of Nigeria was investigated to establish is basic biology as there dearth of information on it from available literature. Grossly, the spleen was shaped like an elongated triangle, with the two ventral sides of the triangle forming a hilus at the apex of their both convergence. This hilus served as the site of entry and exist of blood vessels and nerves. Microscopically, the spleen was covered by a capsule of connective tissue. The parenchyma was composed mainly of red pulp and isolated areas of white pulp. The red pulp contained splenic cords, sinusoids and other vessels. The white pulp contained the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath which presented a germinal centre, marginal zone and eccentrically located artery surrounded by small lymphocytes. The microanatomy of the spleen revealed an organ involved in blood storage, blood purification and body immune response. This paper will fill the knowledge gap and serve as baseline data for further investigative research

Alteraciones morfológicas del bazo de ratas (rattus norvergicus), tratadas con trióxido de arsénico / Morphological alterations of the spleen of rats (rattus norvegicus) treated with arsenic trioxide

En América Latina la presencia del arsénico en el ambiente y en las fuentes de agua para consumo humano, se debe a factores naturales de origen geológico como a actividades antropogénicas. El arsénico en las aguas naturales se encuentra principalmente como trivalente (arsenito) o pentavalente (arsenato). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las alteraciones que provoca el trióxido de arsénico a nivel de la morfología del bazo de ratas (Rattus norvegicus - Sprague-Dawley). Se utilizaron 24 ratas de ambos sexos de 55 días de vida. Las ratas fueron pesadas y divididas en 3 grupos (4 hembras y 4 machos). Los grupos tratados fueron inyectados con 5 mg y 10 mg de As2O3 respectivamente, en dosis única diaria vía intraperitoneal por 15 días. Al grupo control se le aplicó agua destilada sin arsénico. Después del tratamiento los animales fueron sacrificados por eutanasia convencional y se obtuvo el bazo, los cuales fueron lavados, pesados y seccionados en cuatro partes, que fueron fijadas en formol tamponado al 10 por ciento. Mediante técnica histológica se obtuvieron 4 muestras seriadas de cada bazo, de 5 micrones de espesor con una separación de 100 micrones entre si. Posteriormente fueron teñidas con H-E. Se analizaron 30 campos (120 campos por órgano). Los datos obtenidos permiten concluir que ratas tratadas con trióxido de arsénico, presentan alteración a nivel de los compartimentos del bazo, con un aumento del compartimento de la pulpa roja, una depleción en el tamaño y número de folículos linfoides y de la zona marginal. A su vez, se observó pérdida de la celularidad de la vaina linfoide periarteriolar (PALS).

In Latin America, the presence of arsenic in the environment and water sources for human consumption is due to natural geological factors and anthropogenic activities. Arsenic in natural waters is mainly found as trivalent (arsenite) or pentavalent (arsenate). The aim of this study was to determine the alterations causing arsenic trioxide-level morphology of the spleen of rats (Rattus norvegicus - Sprague-Dawley). Were used 24 rats of both sexes of 55 days of life. The rats were weighed and divided into 3 groups (4 females and 4 males). The treated groups were injected with 5 mg and 10 mg of As2O3 respectively, intraperitoneally daily dosing for 15 days. The control group was administered arsenic-free distilled water. After treatment the animals were euthanized conventionally, and spleen was removed, which was washed, weighed and sectioned into four parts, which were fixed in 10 percent buffered formalin. Histological technique using four serial samples were obtained from each spleen of 5 microns thick with a spacing of 100 microns between them. Subsequently these were stained with H-E. We analyzed 30 fields (120 fields per organ). The data obtained indicates that rats treated with arsenic trioxide have an altered level of the compartments of the spleen, with an increased red pulp chamber, depletion in the size and number of lymphoid follicles and marginal zone. Furthermore, loss of cellularity of periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) was observed.

Morphologic features frommdxmice spleens, used for duchenne muscular dystrophy studies

The mdx mice model is widely used for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) studies, which is present in a high percentage from newborns human males. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible morphological changes from spleens in these mice and to compare with normal mice (Mus musculus) in contribution to DMD understanding and its consequences on immune system by affected individuals. The study was performed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques beyond immunohistochemistry. Was found microscopically an increased number of lymph nodes and decreased in red pulp region by mdx, beyond a larger VEGF-C (vascular endothelial growth factor C) expression stimulates lymphangiogenesis in red pulp region from spleen. These findings suggest a spleen adaptation in order to supply immunological demand due upper respiratory infection, which are common in individuals affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Histopathological audit of splenectomies received at a cancer hospital.

Background: There are few studies in the literature studying the yield of the diagnostic splenectomy in a suspicious lymphoma case. Moreover, their relevance is limited owing to low number of cases, the use of selection criteria, and the lack of modern ancillary studies. We present a histopathological review of splenectomy specimens referred as a case of lymphoma to our center. Materials and Methods: The medical charts and laboratory data on all patients of all splenectomy specimens between the years 2003 and 2008 were reviewed. Morphological and immunohistochemical features were analyzed and the lymphomas were sub-typed in accordance to 2008 WHO Classification of Hematolymphoid Neoplasms. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping available in few cases was correlated. Results: A total of 46 cases studied included splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) (19 cases), splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (14 cases), splenic diffuse red pulp B-cell lymphoma (DRP) (five cases), follicular lymphoma (three cases), hairy cell leukemia (HCL) (two cases), HCL variant (HCLv) (1 case), 1 case of hepatosplenic gamma delta T-cell lymphoma (TCL), and 1 cases of TCL (not otherwise specified). Conclusions: Predominantly splenic lymphoma is a biologically heterogeneous entity, ranging from low-grade SMZL to high-grade DLBCLs. TCLs constituted only 4% of all our cases. DRP, HCL, and HCLv have similar diffuse red pulp patterns of splenic involvement and are differentiated based on flow cytometric immunophenotyping. We had a large number of splenic DLBCL and none of these involved bone marrow (BM), while all other lymphoma subtypes had BM involvement (stage IV disease). Morphological and immunophenotypic (immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry) features of BM and splenectomy specimen need to be correlated to differentiate these rare though similar-looking entities with overlapping features.

Morphological Study on the Spleen following the Administration of 5-Fluorouracil or Mitomycin C / 체질인류학회지

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C on the spleen of the mice. 5-fluorouracil (60 mg/kg) or mitomycin C (400 microgram/kg) were injected subcutaneously every other day, and the animals were sacrificed at 1 week and 2 weeks following the first injection. Pieces of the tissue were taken from the spleen, fixed in 10% neutral formalin for light microscopy. The paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson-trichrome, Bielschowsky's silver impregnation or aldehydefuchsin. For electron microscopy, the tissues were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde followed by post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. The ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The observed results were as follows: 1. On histological study, in the mitomycin C treated group, macrophages which contain pyknotic nuclei were observed more frequently than in those of 5-fluorouracil treated group. 2. In the 5-fluorouracil treated group, positive reactions to Masson-trichrome and Bielschowsky's silver impregnation were observed in the splenic capsule and traculae at the 1 week, and weak postive stains were observed at the 2 weeks. 3. In the mitomycin C and the 5-fluorouracil group, positive staining reaction to aldehyde-fuchsin were observed in splenic capsule, trabeculae and around artery at the 1 week and 2 weeks. 4. On the ultrastructural study, distended cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticula were observed frequently at 1 week. 5. In the mitomycin C treated group, myelin figures in the lymphocytes and reticular cells were observed more frequently than in those of 5-fluorouracil treated group. From the above results, it was concluded that lymphocytes and reticular cells of the spleen were slightly damaged by 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C, and mitomycin C seems more harmful on the spleen than 5-fluorouracil does.

Morphometric Study on Histologic Components of the Spleen / 대한해부학회지

The partial splenectomy was performed on the basis of the arterial distribution in order to reduce complications. The spleen consists of the various histologic components that have different functions. But we can not find the reports whether the distribution of red pulp, white pulp and trabecula is uniform or not according to the regions of the spleen. We used 15 spleens from Korean[male 8, female 7 and age 17-74]. The volume was measured with the mass cylinder. The 1cm3 blocks were selected in 5 different regions. Whole splenic slices by celloidin embedding were made from two spleens. The point counting method with eyepeice reticule was used for the measurement of the distribution of red pulp, white pulp and trabecula. The results were as follows : 1. The volume of the spleen was ranged 45-158ml and the individual difference was marked. The male spleen was larger than female`s [p<0.05]. 2. The ratio of red pulp, white pulp and trabecula of the paraffin embedding preparations was 83.2, 10.9, and 5.9% respectively. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the histologic components among five regions[upper, hilum, middle, outer, and lower]. 3. The distribution of red and white pulps in whole splenic slices was not uniformity. The ratio of red pulp, white pulp and trabecula in whole splenic slices was 80.1, 13.4 and 6.5% respectively. These results showed no significant difference with those of five regions of the spleen.