Psychometric properties of the Reward Probability Index in a Colombian sample / Propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Probabilidad de Recompensa en una muestra Colombiana

Introduction: This study analysed the psychometric properties of the Reward Probability Index (RPI) in an online Colombian sample with 1129 participants. Method: To conduct a cross-validation study, the sample was randomly divided into two subsamples. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first subsample yielding a two-factor structure. Then, the fit of this two-factor model was tested on the second subsample by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis. Results: This model obtained a good fit to the data and measurement invariance across gender was observed. The RPI also showed good internal consistency according to both Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, scoring .88 in both cases. The RPI demonstrated convergent construct validity given its correlations with other related measures such as the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (r = .81), and the full version of the Behavioral Activation Scale for Depression (r = .71). Conclusions: The RPI showed good psychometric properties in this Colombian sample.

Introducción: Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Probabilidad de Recompensa (RPI) en una muestra colombiana en línea con 1129 participantes. Método: Para realizar un estudio de validación cruzada, la muestra se dividió aleatoriamente en dos submuestras. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio con la primera submuestra que arrojó una estructura de dos factores. Luego, se probó el ajuste de este modelo de dos factores en la segunda submuestra mediante la realización de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: Este modelo obtuvo un buen ajuste a los datos y se observó invarianza de medida entre sexos. El RPI también mostró buena consistencia interna según el alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald (.88 en ambos casos) y validez de constructo convergente dadas las correlaciones con otras medidas relacionadas como la Escala de Observación de Recompensa Ambiental (r = .81), y la versión de la Escala de Activación Conductual para la Depresión (r = .71). Conclusiones: el RPI mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas en esta muestra colombiana.

Finite element analysis of PMMA bone cement reinforced screw plate fixation for osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#With the help of finite element analysis, to explore the effect of proximal humeral bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation on the stability of internal fixation of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture.@*METHODS@#The digital model of unstable proximal humeral fracture with metaphyseal bone defect was made, and the finite element models of proximal humeral fracture bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation and common screw plate fixation were established respectively. The stress of cancellous bone around the screw, the overall stiffness, the maximum stress of the plate and the maximum stress of the screw were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The maximum stresses of cancellous bone around 6 screws at the head of proximal humeral with bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation were 1.07 MPa for No.1 nail, 0.43 MPa for No.2 nail, 1.16 MPa for No.3 nail, 0.34 MPa for No.4 nail, 1.99 MPa for No.5 nail and 1.57 MPa for No.6 nail. These with common screw plate fixation were:2.68 MPa for No.1 nail, 0.67 MPa for No.2 nail, 4.37 MPa for No.3 nail, 0.75 MPa for No.4 nail, 3.30 MPa for No.5 nail and 2.47 MPa for No.6 nail. Overall stiffness of the two models is 448 N/mm for bone cement structure and 434 N/mm for common structure. The maximum stress of plate appears in the joint hole:701MPa for bone cement structure and 42 0MPa for common structure. The maximum stress of screws appeared at the tail end of No.4 nail:284 MPa for bone cement structure and 240.8 MPa for common structure.@*CONCLUSION@#Through finite element analysis, it is proved that the proximal humerus bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture can effectively reduce the stress of cancellous bone around the screw and enhance the initial stability after fracture operation, thus preventing from penetrating out and humeral head collapsing.

Advances in the efficacy and safety of scleral collagen cross-linking in the prevention and treatment of pathologic myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

In 2004, it was the first time that Wollensak and Spoerl had applied physical and chemical cross-linking methods to scleral tissue. They found that the biomechanical strength of cross-linked sclera, induced by riboflavin/ultraviolet A, glyceraldehyde and glutaraldehyde, could be improved and proposed that scleral collagen cross-linking is expected to be a new method for the treatment of pathologic myopia. In recent years, a series of explorations have been made on the effectiveness and adverse reactions of physical and chemical cross-linking in the prevention and treatment of pathologic myopia, including the establishment of various animal models and different myopia modeling methods, the improvement of cross-linking methods, the amelioration of the measurement of biomechanical strength of scleral tissue and the attention of biological parameters such as the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer and the amplitude of electroretinogram in vivo. Genipin-crosslinking of the scleral collagen combined with posterior scleral contraction/reinforcement has been applied to clinical research. This review summarizes physical cross-linking and the genipin-crosslinking of scleral collagen to explore the effectiveness and safety of the methods in the prevention and treatment of the pathologic myopia.

Objective evaluation of the effect of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery on the prevention and control of high myopia / 中华眼底病杂志

Due to the high incidence and the earlier onset age, high myopia has become an important public health problem in China. Posterior scleral reinforcement surgery has been developed for over 60 years in order to control the rapid progression and complications of high myopia. By suturing a certain size of material on the surface of the posterior eyeball, thickness and elasticity modulus of the local sclera significantly increase. As the result, the rapid growth of the axial length and the chorioretinopathy could be alleviated. At present, controversies about its clinical efficacy and safety still exist, so posterior scleral reinforcement surgery has not been widely carried out all over the world. An in-depth analysis of the mechanism, surgical manipulations and materials, the clinical application status of posterior scleral reinforcement surgery on control of high myopia can provide a basis for further standardized application of this surgery

Methodology for adaptive decision--making research on manufacturing process of traditional Chinese medicine based on deep reinforcement learning / 中国中药杂志

The manufacturing process of traditional Chinese medicine is subject to material fluctuation and other uncertain factors which usually cause non-optimal state and inconsistent product quality. Therefore, it is necessary to design and collect the quality-rela-ted physical parameters, process parameters, and equipment parameters in the whole manufacturing process of traditional Chinese medicine for digitization and modeling of the process. In this paper, a method for non-optimal state identification and self-recovering regulation was developed for active quality control in the manufacturing process of traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover, taking vacuum belt drying process as an example, a DQN algorithm-based intelligent decision model was established and verified and the implementation process was also discussed and studied. Thus, the process parameters-based self-optimization strategy discovery and path planning of optimal process control were rea-lized in this study. The results showed that the deep reinforcement learning-based artificial intelligence technology was helpful to improve the product quality consistency, reduce production cost, and increase benefit.

Use of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: a narrative review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with development of algorithms that seek to perceive one's environment and perform actions that maximize one's chance of successfully reaching one's predetermined goals. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the basic principles of AI and its main studies in the fields of glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. From this perspective, the limitations and potential challenges that have accompanied the implementation and development of this new technology within ophthalmology are presented. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed by a research group at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched the literature on the main applications of AI within ophthalmology, using the keywords "artificial intelligence", "diabetic retinopathy", "macular degeneration age-related", "glaucoma" and "retinopathy of prematurity," covering the period from January 1, 2007, to May 3, 2021. We used the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) and the LILACS database (via Virtual Health Library) to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: We retrieved 457 references, of which 47 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. CONCLUSION: Use of technology, as embodied in AI algorithms, is a way of providing an increasingly accurate service and enhancing scientific research. This forms a source of complement and innovation in relation to the daily skills of ophthalmologists. Thus, AI adds technology to human expertise.

Effectiveness of self-designed dental storybook as behavior modification technique in 5 – 7 year-old children A randomized controlled study

Background: Dental anxiety is one of the key factors that prevent children from obtaining dental treatment and raises anxiety levels in children. The first dental visit is usually fearful for the child and contributes to managing the child patient in a dental operatory. A pediatric dentist's role is to perform effective treatment using various nonpharmacological behavior management techniques. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effect of self-designed dental storybook on behavior and pulse rate before and after dental procedures in 57-year-old children. Settings and Design: The study was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 380 aged 57 years. Children were randomly allocated into two groups, namely, Group A ? Behavior modification using a self-designed dental storybook and Group B – Behavior modification without storybook. Research was carried out in two dental visits (screening, examination, and preventive and restorative treatment) wherein, before and after intervention, pulse rate, Facial Image Scale (FIS), and Venham Scale (VS) were recorded. Descriptive statistical analyses followed by the paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied and tabulated using the SPSS software version 23.0. Results: There was a significant difference observed in the interventional group as compared to the control group for pulse rate, FIS, and VS. Conclusion: Self-designed dental storybook as an adjuvant was found to be promising behavior modification technique for 57-year-old children.

Indications and challenges of episcleral pressurization of macula / 中华眼底病杂志

Pathological myopia, characterized by progressive elongation of the axial length and formation of posterior staphyloma, is accompanied by chorioretinal irreversible degeneration. It is also the focus and biggest challenge of myopia control and blindness prevention. For managing progressive early-onset pathologic myopia and myopic traction maculopathy, episcleral pressurization of macula is a practical option. It can be divided into posterior scleral reinforcement surgery and macular buckling surgery according to the presence or absence of operative top pressure ridge after surgery, both of which are different in terms of implanted materials, procedures and indications. The implanted materials, procedures and indications are different between the two. Under the background of soaring prevalence of myopia, it is necessary to modify and cautiously popularize the techniques of episcleral pressurization of macula to provide high level clinical evidence for management of pathological myopia.

Effects of conditioning on the welfare of jaguars (Panthera onca) in captivity / Efeitos do condicionamento sobre o bem-estar de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) em cativeiro

The jaguar is the largest feline in the Americas and in the face of the threat of extinction and the reduction of natural areas, keeping the species in captivity may be important for its conservation. This condition can lead to a reduction in well-being, especially due to spatial limitation and lack of environmental stimulus. In recent decades, techniques have been sought to minimize the negative impacts of captivity, with an increase in the use of environmental enrichment and operational conditioning in order to facilitate routine procedures for the animal management. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of conditioning on the welfare of jaguars in captivity, analyzing behavioral and physiological effects through salivary cortisol. Seven jaguars were studied in a Scientific Breeder. There was an increase in behaviors associated with welfare and cortisol during conditioning, possibly related to learning. The increase in behaviors associated with welfare suggests that the technique can contribute to improve the quality of life of these animals in captivity.(AU)

A onça-pintada é o maior felino das Américas e, diante da ameaça de extinção e da redução de áreas naturais, manter a espécie em cativeiro pode ser importante para sua conservação. Essa condição pode levar à redução no bem-estar, especialmente devido à limitação espacial e à carência de estímulos ambientais. Nas últimas décadas, têm sido buscadas técnicas para minimizar os impactos negativos do cativeiro, com crescimento da utilização de enriquecimento ambiental e do condicionamento operante, com o intuito de facilitar procedimentos de rotina do manejo dos animais. Nesse cenário, o presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar os efeitos do condicionamento sobre o bem-estar de onças-pintadas em cativeiro, analisando-se efeitos comportamentais e fisiológicos por meio do cortisol salivar. Foram estudadas sete onças-pintadas em um criadouro científico. Houve aumento dos comportamentos associados ao bem-estar e do cortisol durante o condicionamento, possivelmente relacionados à aprendizagem. O aumento nos comportamentos de bem-estar sugere que a técnica pode contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de vida desses animais em cativeiro.(AU)

Transtorno do espectro autista: capacitação de professores para atividades escolares em grupo / Autism spectrum disorder: teacher training for group school activities / Trastorno del espectro autista: capacitación de profesores para actividades escolares en grupo

Dentre as dificuldades encontradas para a inclusão de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) nas escolas está a falta de conhecimentos técnicos e instrumentos específicos que ofereçam suporte à prática dos profissionais da educação e às escolas. Considerando essa necessidade, foi aplicado um programa de capacitação, com base no referencial teórico da Análise do Comportamento, para 18 professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola de cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de capacitá-los a aprenderem estratégias para promover a participação de alunos com TEA em atividades de grupo utilizando jogos cooperativos. Foram ministradas cinco aulas com enfoque prático, abordando os temas: jogos cooperativos, prompt e reforço. A avaliação do curso foi feita de três modos: aplicação de Pré-Teste, Pós-Teste e Follow-up. Para avaliar a aprendizagem dos professores participantes, foi solicitada aos professores uma atividade de simulação de situações e intervenções vivenciadas junto a alunos com TEA, a partir dos conteúdos aprendidos, e a aplicação da Escala de Avaliação do Ensino em Língua Oral em Contexto Escolar (EVALOE) para avaliar a atuação dos ministrantes. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes apresentaram mais acertos no pós-teste do que no pré-teste, a avaliação deles sobre o curso foi positiva e a atuação dos ministrantes satisfatória. Ressalta-se a importância de elaborar capacitações para os docentes e a necessidade de fornecer a eles mais materiais de apoio e atividades de autoaprendizagem.

Among the difficulties found for the inclusion of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in schools is the lack of technical knowledge and specific instruments that support the practice of education professionals and schools. Considering this need, a training program has been implemented based on the theoretical framework of behavior analysis for 18 elementary school teachers from a school in a city in the countryside of the State of São Paulo in order to enable them to learn strategies to promote the participation of students with ASD in group activities using cooperative games. Five classes have been given with a practical approach, addressing the themes: cooperative games, prompt and reinforcement. The evaluation of the course has been done in three steps: Pre-Test, Post-Test and Follow-up application. In order to evaluate the learning of the participating teachers, they performed a simulation activity of situations and interventions experienced with students with ASD based on the contents learned. In addition, the Assessment Scale of Oral Language Teaching at the School Context (EVALOE) was applied to evaluate the performance of the instructors. The results have indicated that the participants have had more correct answers in the Post-test than in the Pre-test, their evaluation of the course has been positive, and the performance of the students satisfactory. The importance of developing training for teachers and the need to provide them with more support materials and self-learning activities is emphasized.

En medio de las dificultades encontradas en la inclusión de los niños y niñas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) en las escuelas, está la falta de conocimientos técnicos y instrumentos específicos que conceden soporte a la práctica de los profesionales de la educación y a las escuelas. Considerando esta necesidad, se aplicó un programa de capacitación a 18 maestros de la Escuela Primaria y Secundaria de una ciudad del estado de São Paulo, con el fin de capacitarles para promover la participación de alumnos con TEA en actividades en grupo utilizando los juegos cooperativos. Cinco clases fueron ministradas con un enfoque práctico, abordando los temas: juegos cooperativos, Prompt y refuerzo. Los resultados indicaron que los profesores tuvieron más éxito en el post-test que en el pre-test, aplicados para evaluar el curso, y su evaluación, en general, fue positiva. Se hace hincapié en la importancia de elaborar la capacitación de los docentes y la necesidad de proporcionarles más materiales de apoyo y actividades de autoaprendizaje.

Sistematização de reconstrução da parede abdominal pós-reconstrução com TRAM / Systematization of reconstruction of the abdominal wall after reconstruction with TRAM

Introdução: O TRAM (retalho do músculo reto abdominal transverso) manteve-se o método mais utilizado de reconstrução autóloga de mama ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. Descrito pela primeira vez por Holmström, o retalho permite a reconstrução mamária com tecido análogo, proporcionando aparência e consistência natural e resultados duradouros. A reconstrução da parede abdominal do defeito instalado após a transposição do retalho é um grande desafio e não há consenso sobre qual é a forma para elevação ou fechamento do retalho da parede abdominal. O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um método prático para reconstruções de parede abdominal, visando diminuir a morbidade em pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de mama com TRAM. Métodos: Esse é um trabalho descritivo de uma técnica sistemática de reconstrução de parede abdominal com utilização de tela de propileno. Resultado: Aplicada a técnica teremos uma parede abdominal coberta com uma tela de polipropileno, totalmente fixa e bem adaptada, foi realizada a sistematização na reconstrução de parede abdominal após reconstrução com TRAM que se caracteriza por ser de fácil reprodução e aplicabilidade.Conclusão: A técnica se mostra uma boa alternativa em reconstruções de parede abdominal para o cirurgião, sistematizando a adaptação da tela de polipropileno.

Introduction: Tram (transverse abdominal rectum flap) has remained the most used autologous breast reconstruction method over the last 30 years. First described by Holmström, the flap allows breast reconstruction with analogous tissue, providing natural appearance and consistency and lasting results. Reconstruction of the abdominal wall of the defect installed after flap transposition is a major challenge, and there is no consensus on the form for elevation or closure of the abdominal wall flap. The article aims to present a practical method for abdominal wall reconstructions to reduce morbidity in patients undergoing breast reconstruction with TRAM. Methods: This is a descriptive work of a systematic abdominal wall reconstruction technique using propylene mesh. Result: Once the technique is applied, we have an abdominal wall covered with polypropylene fabric, fully fixed and well adapted. The systematization of abdominal wall reconstruction after reconstruction with TRAM was performed, which is characterized by being easy to reproduce and applicable. Conclusion: The technique is a good alternative in abdominal wall reconstructions for the surgeon, systematizing polypropylene mesh adaptation.

Efficacy of transanal hand-sewn reinforcement in low rectal stapled anastomosis in preventing anastomotic leak after transanal total mesorectal excision / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To explore the efficacy and feasibility of transanal hand-sewn reinforcement of low stapled anastomosis in preventing anastomotic leak after transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME). Methods: A descriptive cohort study was conducted. Clinical data of 51 patients with rectal cancer who underwent taTME with transanal hand-sewn reinforcement of low stapled anastomosis at Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected. Inclusion criteria: (1) age >18 years old; (2) rectal cancer confirmed by preoperative pathology; (3) distance from tumor to anal verge ≤ 8 cm according to pelvic MR; (4) the lesion was evaluated to be resectable before operation; (5) with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy; (6) taTME, end-to-end stapled anastomosis, and reinforcement in the anastomosis with absorbable thread intermittently were performed, and the distance between anastomosis and anal verge was ≤ 5 cm. Exclusion criteria: (1) previous history of colorectal cancer surgery; (2) emergency surgery due to intestinal obstruction, bleeding or perforation; (3) patients with local recurrence or distant metastasis; (4) the period of postoperative follow-up less than 3 months. The procedure of transanal hand-sewn reinforcement was as follows: firstly, no sign of bleeding was confirmed after checking the anastomosis. Then, the anastomosis was reinforced by suturing the muscle layer of rectum intermittently in a figure-of-eight manner using 3-0 single Vicryl. The entry site of the next suture was close next to the exit site of the last one. Any weak point of the anastomosis could also be reinforced according to the specimen from the circular stapler. The primary outcome were the incidence of anastomotic leak, methods of the secondary operation, anastomotic infection, anastomotic stricture, and conditions of Intraoperative and postoperative. Results: All the 51 enrolled patients completed surgery successfully without any conversion to open surgery. The median operative time was 169 (109-337) minutes, and the median intraoperative blood loss was 50 (10-600) ml. The median postoperative hospital stay was 8 (5-16) days. The mssorectum was complete and distal resection margin was negative in all patients. Postive circumferential resection margin was observed in 1 patients (2.0%). Twelve (23.5%) patients underwent prophylactic ileostomy. One patient developed anastomosis stricture which was cured by digital dilatation of the anastomosis. ISREC grade C anastomotic leak was observed in 3 (5.9%) male patients, of whom 2 cases did not received prophylactic ileostomy during the operation, and were cured by a second operation with the ileostomy and anastomotic repair. The other one healed by transanal repair of the anastomosis and anti-infection therapy. One (2.0%) patient suffered from perianal infection and healed by sitz bath and anti-infection therapy. No death was reported within 30 days after operation. Conclusion: Transanal hand-sewn reinforcement in low rectal stapled anastomosis in preventing anastomotic leak after taTME is safe and feasible.

Progress of scleral cross-linking in the treatment of pathological myopia and glaucoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Myopia is a common eye disease, and pathological myopia is mainly caused by abnormal axial elongation.The weakening of scleral biomechanics is one of the important characteristics of pathological myopia.In recent years, preventing the growth of the eyeball through strengthening the posterior sclera and improving the scleral stiffness has become a primary method to treat pathological myopia.Direct enhancement of scleral stiffness by scleral cross-linking is a new treatment under study, and the main methods of it include scleral collagen crosslinking induced by the photosensitizer riboflavin and ultraviolet-A irradiation, and induced by chemical reagent.People with myopia, especially high myopia, are more likely to suffer from primary open angle glaucoma.Glaucoma and myopia in the early stage are similar in clinical manifestations as well as the pathogenesis, which can promote and influence each other.There are some similarities in strengthening sclera, improving the scleral biomechanical properties, reducing axial elongation and scleral deformation in the treatment of the two diseases.Whether scleral cross-linking can be used as a new treatment of glaucoma and to reduce retinal ganglion cells damage has become a new research hotspot.In this article, the research progress in scleral cross-linking for the treatment of myopia and glaucoma were summarized, and the existing disputes were discussed in order to analyze the future of scleral cross-linking therapy.

Research progress of clinical application of posterior scleral reinforcement / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Posterior sclera reinforcement(PSR), also known as posterior sclera strengthening or posterior sclera bandage, is a kind of operation to fix biological or non-biological materials to the posterior sclera, with the aim to strengthen sclera and improve the blood circulation of the choroid and retina by using the traction of materials or the immune inflammatory stimulation, thereby delaying the continuous extension of the axis and improving visual function. The main indications of PSR include pathologic myopia(PM)and its related complications. In addition, PSR can also help to improve blood circulation at the posterior pole of the eye in patients with retinitis pigmentosa(RP), especially in conjunction with superficial temporal artery ligation. After more than half a century's development, PSR has been currently considered as one of the few and effective methods to treat PM and RP, but as a more traumatic operation, the stability of its clinical effect varies greatly, so there is still room for improvement in surgical procedures and materials used.

Single Exposure to Cocaine Impairs Reinforcement Learning by Potentiating the Activity of Neurons in the Direct Striatal Pathway in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Plasticity in the glutamatergic synapses on striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) is not only essential for behavioral adaptation but also extremely vulnerable to drugs of abuse. Modulation on these synapses by even a single exposure to an addictive drug may interfere with the plasticity required by behavioral learning and thus produce impairment. In the present work, we found that the negative reinforcement learning, escaping mild foot-shocks by correct nose-poking, was impaired by a single in vivo exposure to 20 mg/kg cocaine 24 h before the learning in mice. Either a single exposure to cocaine or reinforcement learning potentiates the glutamatergic synapses on MSNs expressing the striatal dopamine 1 (D1) receptor (D1-MSNs). However, 24 h after the cocaine exposure, the potentiation required for reinforcement learning was disrupted. Specific manipulation of the activity of striatal D1-MSNs in D1-cre mice demonstrated that activation of these MSNs impaired reinforcement learning in normal D1-cre mice, but inhibition of these neurons reversed the reinforcement learning impairment induced by cocaine. The results suggest that cocaine potentiates the activity of direct pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum and this potentiation might disrupt the potentiation produced during and required for reinforcement learning.

Efeitos da Modelação e Reforçamento Positivo no Consumo de Frutas em Crianças / Effects of Modeling and Positive Reinforcement on Children's Fruit Consumption

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito da modelação (vídeos) e das consequências sobre o consumo de frutas em oito pré-escolares. No Experimento1 foram apresentados vídeos e, posteriormente, consequências. No Experimento 2 foram programadas consequências, em seguida, vídeos e consequências conjuntamente. No Experimento 1, o consumo foi maior durante apresentação de consequências; no Experimento 2, a apresentação conjunta de vídeos e consequências produziu maior consumo que consequências isoladamente, sugerindo efeito potencializador dos vídeos. Mudança gradual na intermitência das consequências reduziu consumo de três participantes do Experimento 1, mas aumentou consumo para os dois participantes afetados pelas intervenções no Experimento 2. O consumo foi maior na LBII comparada à LBI, porém menor que durante intervenções, indicando efeito temporário dessas intervenções sobre o consumo.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of modeling (videos) and consequences on fruit consumption of three preschool children. In Experiment 1, videos were presented, and subsequently, consequences. In Experiment 2, consequences were programmed, then videos and consequences were presented together. In Experiment 1, consumption was greater during presentation of consequences; in Experiment 2, videos and consequences together produced higher consumption than only consequences, suggesting an enhancing effect of videos. Gradual change in the intermittence of consequences reduced consumption for three participants in Experiment 1, but increased consumption for the two participants affected by the interventions in Experiment 2. Consumption was greater in BLII, compared to BLI, but it was lower than during interventions, indicating temporary effect of such interventions on consumption.

Efeitos de um Análogo de Reforçamento Negativo sobre a Seleção de Culturantes / Effects of an Analogue of Negative Reinforcement on the Selection of Culturants

Resumo O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de um análogo de reforçamento negativo sobre a seleção de culturantes e, diferentemente de estudos anteriores, buscou eliminar a interferência da punição negativa de outros culturantes. Três microculturas de laboratório, com três participantes cada, foram expostas a um delineamento ABAB. Os participantes escolhiam entre linhas coloridas e numeradas de 1 a 10. Na condição de Reforçamento Positivo (A), os culturantes-alvo produziam consequências culturais. Na condição de Reforçamento Negativo (B), as consequências culturais eram subtraídas a cada 30s, mas os culturantes-alvo podiam adiar a perda dessas consequências. O análogo de reforçamento negativo, assim como o de reforçamento positivo, selecionou os culturantes-alvo sem a interferência de contingências punitivas acidentais.

Abstract The present research investigated the effect of a negative reinforcement analog on the selection of culturants and, unlike previous studies, sought to eliminate the interference of the negative punishment of other culturants. Three laboratory microcultures, with three participants in each of them, were exposed to an ABAB design. The participants chose between colored lines, numbered from 1 to 10. In the Positive Reinforcement condition (A), target culturants produced cultural consequences. In the Negative Reinforcement condition (B), cultural consequences were subtracted every 30 seconds, but target culturants could delay the loss of those consequences. The analog of negative reinforcement, as well as that of positive reinforcement, selected target culturants without the interference of accidental punitive contingencies.

Teoria da Sensibilidade ao Reforçamento: Pressupostos, Procedimentos e Medidas / Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Assumptions, Procedures, and Measures

Resumo A Teoria da Sensibilidade ao Reforçamento (RST) é um modelo psicobiológico de personalidade derivado de estudos experimentais com humanos e não humanos. Na RST, duas dimensões de personalidade influenciam a reatividade ao ambiente: sensibilidade à recompensa (SR) e sensibilidade à punição (SP). O pressuposto central da teoria é de que há uma relação entre personalidade (SR e SP) e aprendizagem por condicionamento. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar aos pesquisadores brasileiros a história, as hipóteses centrais e os procedimentos experimentais da RST e discutir as medidas utilizadas para testar os pressupostos da teoria. A RST é um modelo promissor para o estudo da personalidade dentro da psicologia experimental, psiquiatria e neurociências.

Abstract The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a biological model of personality derived from experimental studies with humans and nonhumans. In RST, two personality dimensions influence reactivity to the environment: sensitivity to reward (SR) and sensitivity to punishment (SP). The central assumption of the theory is that there is a relationship between personality (SR and SP) and conditioning learning. This article aims to introduce Brazilian researchers to the history, central hypotheses, and experimental procedures of RST and discuss the measures used to test the theoretical assumptions. RST is a promising model for the study of personality within experimental psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.

Research on clinical application of multi-agent reinforcement learning framework for automatic locating of uterine coronal plane in three-dimensional ultrasound / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To explore the accuracy and clinical application value of a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning framework (MARL framework) in three-dimensional ultrasound to automatically locate the coronal plane of the uterus.Methods:A total of 144 female patients who underwent routine gynecological examinations in Luohu People′s Hospital during May 2020 were selected as the experimental subjects. The three-dimensional volume data of the uterus of all the experimental subjects were collected by using the Resona-8 high-end color Doppler ultrasound system. A sonographer with more than 5 years of clinical experience manually locate the coronal plane of the uterus in all collected data, and at the same time automatically locate the coronal plane of the uterus MARL framework. The coronal plane images of the uterus obtained by the two methods were saved, and the operation time of the two methods was recorded. The coronal plane uterine images obtained by the two methods were mixed together, and the images were scored 0-1 by two senior ultrasound experts in a double-blind manner. The average score greater than or equal to 0.6 points was considered qualified.Results:①In 144 volunteers, among the coronal planes of the uterus located by the two methods, 131 were qualified by the manual method, and 137 were qualified by the automatic method.There was no statistical difference between the manual and automatic coronal plane images of the uterus (χ 2=1.934, P=0.164) by the chi-square test. ②Using interquartile range analysis, the median and interquartile range of the image score of the automatic group was 0.80(0.75, 0.90), while the median and interquartile range of the image score of the manual group was 0.80(0.75, 0.90). The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the quality of the coronal plane images obtained by manual and automatic methods, and the difference was not statistically significant ( Z=1.241, P=0.215). ③The paired t test was used to compare the time required to locate the coronal surface of the uterus, by manual method (63.65±10.182)s, by automatic method (3.25±0.294)s, the difference between the two methods was statistically significant ( t=19.52, P<0.001). Conclusions:The method based on MARL framework has a high correlation with the manual locating of the coronal plane of uterus in three-dimensional ultrasound, and greatly reduces the operation time. It can be effectively applied in clinical practice and lays a foundation for the automatic diagnosis of uterine related diseases.

Prospective interventional study of staple line reinforcement and buttressing in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has gained increasing acceptance among bariatric surgeons and patients. The three main options for staple line reinforcement are over-sewing and buttressing with synthetic polymers or biologic tissue. The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyse the relative efficacy of gastric staple line reinforcement (SLR) by using over sewing as the method of reinforcement and comparing it with non-reinforcement laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in 60 patients who were admitted in IGGMC Nagpur from May 2017 to November 2019.Methods: Obese patients with age 18-65 years, BMI 40 and above with-out co-morbidities and 35 and above with co-morbidities, and BMI below 60, with no malignancy, no hiatus hernia, no previous bariatric procedure were included. All patients underwent LSG after thorough evaluation. 30 patients had reinforced staple line, while 30 had simple staple line.Results: Total 60 patients were studied, 30 in each group. Intraoperative leak was seen in 1 patient each in both study groups. No bleeding was seen in reinforced LSG, while 3 patients had intraop bleeding in simple staple line group. 1 patient each of non-reinforced group had postop leak, postop bleeding and post op morbidity and mortality in 1 patient, while no postop leak or bleeding, morbidity or morality was seen in reinforced group.Conclusions:Reinforcement of staple line by over sewing in LSG resulted in significantly fewer surgical complications, lesser morbidity and no mortality compared to simple stapling of the gastric tube.