Pathogenesis of Terson syndrome

Purpose: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the pathogenesis of Terson syndrome (TS), which currently is controversial. Methods: The central retinal artery (in 39 orbits), posterior ciliary arteries (in 8 orbits), and central retinal vein (CRV in 21 orbits) were occluded in rhesus monkeys by exposing them to lateral orbitotomy. Fundus examination and fluorescein fundus angiography were performed before and immediately after cutting the vessels and serially thereafter during the follow?up period. The rationale of the experimental study design is discussed. Results: In eyes with central retinal artery occlusion, retinal hemorrhages were seen soon after the procedure in 7 eyes, and on follow?up in a total of 15 eyes. In posterior ciliary artery occlusion, retinal hemorrhages were seen soon after the procedure in one eye, and on follow?up in a total of three eyes. In eyes with CRV, all eyes had extensive scattered retinal hemorrhages. Conclusion: The findings of this experimental study, and my basic, experimental, and comprehensive clinical studies on CRVO, suggest the following concept of the pathogenesis of TS: Compression of the CRV plays a crucial role in the development of TS. The CRV is compressed, as it lies in the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve sheath, by raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure and/or accumulated blood. This results in retinal venous stasis and raised venous pressure in the retinal veins, leading to venous engorgement, rupture of the retinal capillaries and retinal hemorrhages. The clinical importance of compression of the CRV and not occlusion of CRV in TS is that optic nerve sheath decompression by opening it and releasing the blood and raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, would result in immediate decompressing of the CRV in the subarachnoid space and restoration of normal circulation and prevent visual loss

Manifestaciones retinianas secundarias a Dengue. Reporte de caso / Retinal manifestations after Dengue fever. A case report

Introducción: El Dengue es una infección viral aguda, causada por un virus de la familia Flaviviridaeque se transmite por la picadura del mosquito Aedes Aegypti. Se han descrito manifestaciones oculares asociadas a esta enfermedad como son: maculopatía, hemorragias retinales, neuritis óptica, retinitis y vasculitis, aunque son poco frecuentes. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con manifestaciones oculares después de ser diagnosticado con Dengue. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 58 años de edad que 1 mes después de haber padecido Dengue comienza a presentar visión borrosa en ambos ojos, constatándose al examen oftalmológico del fondo de ojo, hemorragias maculares y exudados escasos en algunos cuadrantes en ambos ojos. Recibió tratamiento con antiinflamatorios sistémicos por 2 meses y mejoró su sintomatología inicial, así como el cuadro clínico fondoscópico. Conclusiones: El Dengue es una enfermedad con repercusión no solo sistémica sino también oftalmológica lo que, aunque no es muy frecuente, debe tenerse presente. Resultaron de considerable utilidad la clínica, la retinofoto y la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) para el seguimiento de las alteraciones retinianas halladas posterior a su aparición. Los esteroides fueron utilizados con éxito para el tratamiento en este caso(AU)

Introduction: Dengue is an acute viral infection, caused by a virus of flaviviridae family that is transmitted by the Aedes Aegypti mosquito sting. Ocular manifestations associated to this illness have been described such as maculopathy, retinal hemorrhages, optic neuritis, retinitis and vasculitis, although they are not frequent. Objective: To present a case that is not frequently reported in own context. Case presentation: 58-year-old male patient that suffered from dengue and 1 month after that he began having blurred vision in both eyes. In the ophthalmic examination, it was detected that he had macular hemorrhages and exudates in some quadrants of both eyes. He was treated with systemic antiinflammatories for 2 months. There was an improvement of his initial symptoms and the clinical features of the ocular fundus with this treatment. Conclusions: Dengue is an illness that has not only a systemic impact but also causes ophthalmic damage that we should consider. The clinical manifestations, the retinophoto and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) were considerably useful for the follow-up of the retinal alterations found post-dengue. Steroids were used successfully for the treatment of this case(AU)

Smartphone Fundus Photography in an Infant with Abusive Head Trauma

PURPOSE: To report fundus photography using a smartphone in an infant with abusive head trauma. CASE SUMMARY: An 8-month-old male infant presented to the emergency room with decreased consciousness and epileptic seizures that the parents attributed to a fall from a chair. He had no external wounds or fractures to the skull or elsewhere. However, computerized tomography of the brain revealed an acute subdural hematoma in the right cranial convexity and diffuse cerebral edema, leading to a midline shift to the left and effacement of the right lateral ventricle and basal cistern. The attending neurosurgeon promptly administered a decompressive craniectomy. Immediately after the emergency surgery, a fundus examination revealed numerous multi-layered retinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole extending to the periphery in each eye. He also had white retinal ridges with cherry hemorrhages in both eyes. We acquired retinal photographs using the native camera of a smartphone in video mode. The photographer held the smartphone with one hand, facing the patient's eye at 15–20 cm, and held a 20 diopter condensing lens at 5 cm from the eye in the other hand. Our documentation using a smartphone led to a diagnosis of abusive head trauma and to obtain the criminal's confession, because the findings were specific for repetitive acceleration-deceleration forces to an infant`s eye with a strong vitreoretinal attachment. CONCLUSIONS: This ophthalmic finding had a key role in the diagnosis of abusive head trauma. This case presented the diagnostic use of a smartphone for fundus photography in this important medicolegal case.

Ophthalmic manifestations of acute and chronic leukemias presenting to a tertiary care center in India.

Context: Screening for ocular manifestations of leukemia, although not a routine practice, is important as they may antedate systemic disease or form an isolated focus of its relapse. Aims: This study evaluates the spectrum of ocular manifestations in acute and chronic leukemias presenting to a tertiary care center in India. Settings and Design: Subjects of leukemia presenting to a tertiary care center in India. Subjects and Methods: A prospective, cross‑sectional study looking at the spectrum of ocular manifestations in all inpatients of acute or chronic leukemia. Statistical Analysis Used: The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows software, version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: The study subjects (n = 96) comprised 61 males and 35 females whose age ranged from 18 months to 91 years (mean = 39.73, ±22.1). There were 79 adults and 17 children, 53 new and 43 existing patients, 68 acute and 28 chronic, 61 myeloid and 35 lymphoid patients. Ocular lesions were found in 42 patients (43.8%). The ocular manifestations of leukemia were significantly (P = 0.01467) more frequent in acute 35/68 (51.9%) than chronic 7/28 (25%) leukemias. Primary or direct leukemic infiltration was seen in 8 (8.3%) subjects while secondary or indirect involvement due to anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperviscosity, total body irradiation, and immunosuppression were seen in 42 (43.8%) subjects. Ocular changes were present in 37/79 (46.8%) adults and 5/17 (29.4%) children (P = 0.09460). Twenty‑eight males (28/61) 45.9% and 14/35 (40%) females had ocular manifestations (P = 0.2874). The ocular manifestations were significantly (P = 0.01158) more frequent in myeloid leukemias 32/61 (52.9%) than lymphoid leukemias 10/35 (28.6%). Conclusions: Leukemic ophthalmic lesions were found in 42/96 (43.8%) patients. Ocular involvement is more often seen in adults, acute and myeloid leukemias. All the primary leukemic manifestations were seen in males. A periodic ophthalmic examination should be mandatory for all leukemic patients, as ocular changes are often picked up in asymptomatic patients.

High altitude retinopathy.

High altitude retinopathy is a condition often seen among mountain climbers or among persons who reach high altitudes rapidly. In this report, we describe a case of a 57 year old healthy gentleman who presented with diminution of vision in both the eyes associated with retinal hemorrhages and the spontaneous resolution of the same.

Traumatic endophthalmitis presenting as isolated retinal vasculitis and white-centered hemorrhages: Case report and review of literature.

The article reports a case and review of the literature of endophthalmitis presenting as isolated retinal vasculitis. A 26-year-old male was observed to have white-centered retinal hemorrhages and retinal vasculitis following an occult scleral perforation. At presentation, the visual acuity was 20/60. With clinical suspicion of early endophthalmitis, he underwent wound exploration, scleral tear repair, vitreous biopsy and administration of intravitreal antibiotics. Microbiology evaluation revealed significant presence of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. Final visual acuity improved to 20/20 at 6 weeks postoperatively. Literature search revealed eight similar cases, all of them due to Staphylococcus species. Retinal vasculitis and white-centered retinal hemorrhages can be a presenting sign of early endophthalmitis, especially with non-fulminant pathogens like S. epidermidis.

A Case of Bilateral Retinal Hemorrhages Caused by Plasmodium Vivax Malaria

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral retinal hemorrhages caused by Plasmodium vivax malaria. CASE SUMMARY: The 38-year-old male patient with cyclic high fever for 48 hours was admitted to the department of internal medicine in our hospital. He complained of decreased visual acuity of the left eye. The best corrected visual acuity was 1.0 in right eye and 0.3 in left eye. His blood hemoglobin concentration was 7.5 g/dl. Fundus examination revealed retinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole and preretinal hemorrhage in the macular area in his left eye. The peripheral blood smear confirmed Plasmodium vivax malaria. Hydroxychloroquine and Premaquine were given orally. Forty-nine days after the initial visit, retinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole and preretinal hemorrhage in the macula area occurred in his right eye. Although retinal hemorrhages in both eyes were reduced 100 days after the initial visit, the best corrected visual acuity was 0.2 in right eye and 0.4 in left eye and visual acuity did not improve. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal hemorrhages infrequently can occur by Plasmodium viviax malaria and can result in permanent visual loss.

Síndrome de la niña y el niño sacudidos: hallazgos anatomoclínicos / Shaken baby syndrome: anatomoclinic features

El síndrome del niño sacudido es una de las formas más severas de maltrato infantil que ocurre principalmente en niños menores de un año. Por la vulnerabilidad de las víctimas y por las secuelas que puede producir, incluyendo la muerte, es necesario, en el abordaje clínico, tener presente la sospecha diagnóstica ante lesiones de explicación insatisfactoria por parte de los encargados del menor. Asimismo si se trata de un abordaje médico legal deben tenerse las consideraciones necesarias para documentar las lesiones, tanto en el paciente vivo, como en los casos de homicidio, para colaborar con la administración de justicia. Para ello se debe tratar de implementar una metodología homogénea para la realización de dichas pericias, tanto en la parte clínica como patológico forense. En este artículo se describe la forma habitual de presentación clínica del síndrome del niño sacudido y se expone una guía básica para la realización de autopsias medico legales en casos de muertes por esta causa.

The shaken baby syndrome is one of the most severe presentations of child abuse that is seen in children especially under the first year of age. The great vulnerability of this group of patients and the serious consequences that they may encounter in the future, including death, are enough reason to inquire, during the clinical approach, about the possibility that the patient being attended may be a victim of physical abuse. From a medico-legal evaluation, it is pertinent to document and describe thoroughly the physical lesions in the living patient and in cases of homicide, in order to contribute scientifically in the administration of justice. For that reason it is essential to follow a uniform methodology in the management of both the clinical and the forensic assessment. This article reviews the usual clinical presentation of the shaken baby syndrome and proposes a basic guide to evaluate the autopsies in cases of deaths originated by this cause.

A Case of Decompression Retinopathy after Glaucoma Surgery

PURPOSE: Acute decompression of the eye in patients with high intraocular pressure (IOP) can lead to development of posterior pole hemorrhages. The courses of this rare syndrome is relatively benign. Herein we report a case of decompression retinopathy that developed diffuse retinal hemorrhages after glaucoma surgery in both eyes. METHODS: A 17-year-old male patient diagnosed with juvenile primary open angle glaucoma (JPOAG) underwent glaucoma surgery on both eyes at five months interval. Visual acuity on presentation was no light perception (NLP) in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. On the first postoperative day, IOP was 4 mmHg and diffuse retinal hemorrhages was found in the posterior pole after nonperforating trabecular surgery and triangular reticulated sodium hyaluronidate (SK GEL 3.5) implantation in the right eye. Trabeculectomy with 0.02% mitomycin C soaking (1 minute) was performed in the left eye 5 month after the right eye operation. On the second postoperative day, IOP was 5 mmHg and diffuse retinal hemorrhages was also observed in the posterior pole of the left eye. During the follow-up period (8 weeks), the retinal hemorrhage was absorbed without impairment of visual acuity. RESULTS: Decompression retinopathy developed in the posterior pole of the patient with JPOAG after glaucoma surgery, and the hemorrhages were absorbed over time with no visual impairment.