Rice bran oil reduces organ-specific fat deposition, attenuates hyperlipidaemia and abnormal liver function in Long Evans rats with high fat intake

@#Introduction: High-calorie diets, particularly the quality of dietary fats, are regarded as an independent risk factor for developing obesity, hyperlipidaemia, and liver diseases. The present study examined the impact of rice bran oil (RBO) on organ-specific fat deposition, lipid profile, and liver function enzymes in Long Evans rats. Methods: Long Evans rats (n=24) were fed for six weeks with a controlled high-fat diet (HFD) to induce hyperlipidaemia and abnormal liver function. Rats were then divided into two groups: one group continued feeding on HFD, and the other group was fed with a RBO diet, replacing the fat source. After six weeks of feeding, six rats from each group were sacrificed and required analytical tests were performed. The remaining obese rats (n=12) were divided into continued HFD and RBO diet, and after sacrificing, essential analytical tests were done. Results: RBO feeding to hyperlipidaemic rats for six weeks significantly reduced brown adipose tissue, abdominal adipose tissue, epididymal adipose tissue, and liver fat compared to continuing HFD group (p<0.05). Similarly, serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were all decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in response to RBO compared to HFD (p<0.05). Additionally, rats fed with RBO showed reduced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels when compared with continuing HFD-fed rats (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that RBO supports the reduction of fat storage from major fat depots, controls lipid profile, and restores healthy liver functions in rats.

Rice bran oil supplementation protects swine weanlings against diarrhea and lipopolysaccharide challenge / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Early weaned piglets suffer from oxidative stress and enteral infection, which usually results in gut microbial dysbiosis, serve diarrhea, and even death. Rice bran oil (RBO), a polyphenol-enriched by-product of rice processing, has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we ascertained the proper RBO supplementation level, and subsequently determined its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal dysfunction in weaned piglets. A total of 168 piglets were randomly allocated into four groups of seven replicates (42 piglets each group, (21±1) d of age, body weight (7.60±0.04) kg, and half males and half females) and were given basal diet (Ctrl) or basal diet supplemented with 0.01% (mass fraction) RBO (RBO1), 0.02% RBO (RBO2), or 0.03% RBO (RBO3) for 21 d. Then, seven piglets from the Ctrl and the RBO were treated with LPS (100 μg/kg body weight (BW)) as LPS group and RBO+LPS group, respectively. Meanwhile, seven piglets from the Ctrl were treated with the saline vehicle (Ctrl group). Four hours later, all treated piglets were sacrificed for taking samples of plasma, jejunum tissues, and feces. The results showed that 0.02% was the optimal dose of dietary RBO supplementation based on diarrhea, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake indices in early weaning piglets. Furthermore, RBO protected piglets against LPS-induced jejunal epithelium damage, which was indicated by the increases in villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and Claudin-1 levels, as well as a decreased level of jejunal epithelium apoptosis. RBO also improved the antioxidant ability of LPS-challenged piglets, which was indicated by the elevated concentrations of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and increased total antioxidant capacity, as well as the decreased concentrations of diamine oxidase and malondialdehyde in plasma. Meanwhile, RBO improved the immune function of LPS-challenged weaned piglets, which was indicated by elevated immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, β‍‍-defensin-1, and lysozyme levels in the plasma. In addition, RBO supplementation improved the LPS challenge-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Particularly, the indices of antioxidant capacity, intestinal damage, and immunity were significantly associated with the RBO-regulated gut microbiota. These findings suggested that 0.02% RBO is a suitable dose to protect against LPS-induced intestinal damage, oxidative stress, and jejunal microbiota dysbiosis in early weaned piglets.

Reactive oxygen species and senescence modulatory effects of rice bran extract on 4T1 and NIH-3T3 cells co-treatment with doxorubicin

Objective:To determine the effect of rice bran extract (RBE) in combination with doxorubicin on 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cells and NIH-3T3 cells. Methods:RBE was obtained by maceration with n-hexane. The phytochemical profile of RBE was observed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cytotoxic effect of RBE was evaluated through MTT assay. In addition, flow cytometry was used for cell cycle and apoptosis analysis. Cellular senescence was observed using SA-β-Gal assay and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated using DCFDA staining. The pro-oxidant property of RBE was also evaluated through 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene spectrophotometry and molecular docking. Results:RBE was obtained with a yield of 18.42％ w/w and contained tocotrienols as the major compound. RBE exerted no cytotoxic effect on 4T1 and NIH-3T3 cells. However, RBE in combination with doxorubicin decreased 4T1 cell viability synergistically (combination index<0.9) and induced apoptosis and senescence on 4T1 cells. RBE significantly decreased senescence in doxorubicin-treated NIH-3T3 cells. Additionally, RBE did not increase ROS levels in doxorubicin-treated 4T1 cells. Meanwhile, the combination of RBE and doxorubicin reduced ROS levels in NIH-3T3 cells. RBE significantly reduced glutathione-S-transferase activity and alpha-tocotrienol interacted with glutathione-S-transferase in the glutathione binding site. Conclusions:Rice bran may be used as a co-chemotherapeutic agent to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of doxorubicin while protecting against the cellular senescence effects of doxorubicin on healthy cells.

Protective effects of rice bran hydrolysates on heart rate variability, cardiac oxidative stress, and cardiac remodeling in high fat and high fructose diet-fed rats

Objective: To examine the ameliorative effect of rice bran hydrolysates (RBH) on metabolic disorders, cardiac oxidative stress, heart rate variability (HRV), and cardiac structural changes in high fat and high fructose (HFHF)-fed rats.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily fed either standard chow diet with tap water or an HFHF diet with 10％ fructose in drinking water over 16 weeks. RBH (500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to the HFHF-diet-fed rats during the last 6 weeks of the study period. At the end of the treatment, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, HRV, and cardiac structural changes were examined. Results: RBH administration significantly ameliorated metabolic disorders by improving lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, RBH restored HRV, as evidenced by decreasing the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV, a marker of autonomic imbalance. Cardiac oxidative stress was also mitigated after RBH supplementation by decreasing cardiac malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl, upregulating eNOS expression, and increasing catalase activity in the heart. Furthermore, RBH mitigated cardiac structural changes by reducing cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis in HFHF-diet-fed rats. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that consumption of RBH may exert cardioprotective effects against autonomic imbalances, cardiac oxidative stress, and structural changes in metabolic syndrome.

Anti-tumor activity of rice bran hydrolysates on migration, invasion and angiogenesis

Objective: To investigate anti-tumor effect of rice bran hydrolysates (RBH) on proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: RBH was prepared from Tubtim Chumprae rice (Oryza sativa L.) by hydrothermolysis followed by protease digestion. Phenolic content in RBH was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Human CCA cells, KKU-156, KKU-452, and KKU-100, were used to study the effects of RBH on proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion by wound healing, Transwell chamber, and fibronectin cell adhesion assays. Angiogenesis was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Proteins associated with cancer progression were analyzed by immunobloting assays. Results: RBH contained carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and various phenolic compounds and flavonoids. RBH did not inhibit CCA proliferation, but strongly suppressed migration, invasion, adhesion of CCA cells, and the formation of tube-like capillary structures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, RBH down-regulated phosphorylation of FAK, PI3K, and Akt, suppressed NF-κB nuclear translocation, decreased the expression of ICAM-1, vimentin and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), and increased the expression of E-cadherin. Conclusions: RBH suppresses CCA cell migration and invasion and decreases expression of proteins involved in cancer metastasis. RBH is a potential food supplement for cancer prevention.

Protective effects of rice bran hydrolysates on heart rate variability, cardiac oxidative stress, and cardiac remodeling in high fat and high fructose diet-fed rats

Objective: To examine the ameliorative effect of rice bran hydrolysates (RBH) on metabolic disorders, cardiac oxidative stress, heart rate variability (HRV), and cardiac structural changes in high fat and high fructose (HFHF)-fed rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily fed either standard chow diet with tap water or an HFHF diet with 10% fructose in drinking water over 16 weeks. RBH (500 and 1 000 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to the HFHF-diet-fed rats during the last 6 weeks of the study period. At the end of the treatment, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, HRV, and cardiac structural changes were examined. Results: RBH administration significantly ameliorated metabolic disorders by improving lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, RBH restored HRV, as evidenced by decreasing the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV, a marker of autonomic imbalance. Cardiac oxidative stress was also mitigated after RBH supplementation by decreasing cardiac malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl, upregulating eNOS expression, and increasing catalase activity in the heart. Furthermore, RBH mitigated cardiac structural changes by reducing cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis in HFHF-diet-fed rats. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that consumption of RBH may exert cardioprotective effects against autonomic imbalances, cardiac oxidative stress, and structural changes in metabolic syndrome.

Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates alleviate hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats

Objective: To evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates (SRH) and in combination with lisinopril against hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats with nitric oxide deficiency-induced hypertension. Methods: Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Hypertensive rats were administered daily with SRH (500 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day), or the combination of SRH and lisinopril by gastric lavage for the last 3 weeks of L-NAME treatment. Hemodynamic status, vascular reactivity to vasoactive agents, and vascular remodeling were assessed. Blood and aortic tissues were collected for measurements of oxidative stress markers, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, plasma angiotensin II, and protein expression. Results: L-NAME induced remarkable hypertension and severe oxidative stress, and altered contents of smooth muscle cells, elastin, and collagen of the aortic wall. SRH or lisinopril alone reduced blood pressure, restored endothelial function, decreased plasma ACEs and angiotensin II levels, alleviated oxidant markers and glutathione redox status, and restored the vascular structure. The effects were associated with increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased expression of gp91phox and AT1R expression. The combination of SRH and lisinopril was more effective than monotherapy. Conclusions: SRH alone or in combination with lisinopril exert an antihypertensive effect and improve endothelial function and vascular remodeling through reducing oxidative stress and suppressing elevated renin-angiotensin system.

Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates alleviate hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats

Objective: To evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates (SRH) and in combination with lisinopril against hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats with nitric oxide deficiency-induced hypertension. Methods: Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Hypertensive rats were administered daily with SRH (500 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day), or the combination of SRH and lisinopril by gastric lavage for the last 3 weeks of L-NAME treatment. Hemodynamic status, vascular reactivity to vasoactive agents, and vascular remodeling were assessed. Blood and aortic tissues were collected for measurements of oxidative stress markers, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, plasma angiotensinⅡ, and protein expression. Results: L-NAME induced remarkable hypertension and severe oxidative stress, and altered contents of smooth muscle cells, elastin, and collagen of the aortic wall. SRH or lisinopril alone reduced blood pressure, restored endothelial function, decreased plasma ACEs and angiotensinⅡlevels, alleviated oxidant markers and glutathione redox status, and restored the vascular structure. The effects were associated with increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased expression of gp91phox and AT1R expression. The combination of SRH and lisinopril was more effective than monotherapy. Conclusions: SRH alone or in combination with lisinopril exert an antihypertensive effect and improve endothelial function and vascular remodeling through reducing oxidative stress and suppressing elevated renin-angiotensin system.

Avaliação do desempenho de oleogéis estruturados com ceras vegetais como base lipídica reduzida em ácidos graxos saturados aplicados em cream cheeses / Performance evaluation of structured oleogels with vegetable waxes as a reduced lipid base in saturated fatty acids applied in cream cheeses

Diante das exigências crescentes das agências regulatórias do mundo todo quanto à redução/eliminação de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos industrializados, bem como da conscientização do consumidor sobre a relação entre alimentação e saúde, o desenvolvimento de alternativas mais saudáveis aos óleos parcialmente hidrogenados e a outras fontes lipídicas com alto grau de saturaçã o se faz necessário. O oleogel, um sistema composto por um óleo preso em uma rede tridimensional formada por um agente estruturante, se apresenta como uma solução promissora. Dentre os diversos agentes estruturantes, as ceras vegetais se destacam por sua excelente capacidade de gelificação de óleos. Contudo, apresentam uma desvantagem sob o aspecto sensorial, pois podem conferir cerosidade e sabor residual desagradável aos alimentos. Com o objetivo de viabilizar o uso das ceras como agentes estruturantes em oleogéis face ao seu excelente desempenho tecnológico, este projeto propõe o estudo e a aplicação de oleogéis à base de óleo de soja (SBO) estruturado com ceras de farelo de arroz (RBW) a 2 e 4 % (m/m) ou carnaúba (CBW) a 3 e 6% (m/m), isoladamente. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas e o comportamento de gelificação de cada cera foi avaliado por análises de textura por penetração de cone, estabilidade à perda de óleo por centrifugação, energia coesiva por parâmetro de solubilidade de Hansen (HSP) e comportamento de cristalização e fusão por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os resultados mostraram que ambas as ceras são capazes de formar oleogéis estruturalmente estáveis, contudo, o oleogel com 2% de RBW apresentou maior firmeza a 20 °C (190,4 gf/cm2) do que o oleogel com 6% de CBW a 5 °C (186,1 gf/cm2). Ao final de 5 dias, a capacidade de retenção de óleo do oleogel preparado com RBW foi de 100% às concentrações de 2 e 4% (m/m), contra 61 e 99,3% do oleogel elaborado com CBW às concentrações de 3 e 6% (m/m), respectivamente. Esses resultados podem ser explicados pela diferença entre as energias coesivas, ou seja, do grau de interação molecular entre o solvente e o soluto de cada oleogel. De acordo com os resultados de distância, que prevê se o gel formado será forte, fraco ou se não haverá formação de gel, o soluto CBW apresentou menor interação com o óleo (3,3 MPa1/2) do que o soluto RBW (3,7 MPa1/2). Os oleogéis foram aplicados como ingredientes em diferentes formulações de cream cheese, que foram analisados quanto a diferentes parâmetros de textura e esses resultados foram comparados a uma referência comercial. Nenhuma das amostras produzidas obteve resultados de textura estatisticamente iguais aos do cream cheese comercial (CC), o que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças de formulação e processamento dos produtos. Face aos resultados para textura e estabilidade à perda de óleo dos oleogéis de RBW, este agente estruturante apresenta ria maior potencial de aplicação, porém o oleogel CBW6 obteve alta capacidade de retenção de óleo (99,3%) e quando aplicado na formulação de cream cheese (CCBW6) apresentou resultados de firmeza e espalhabilidade mais próximos da amostra de referência, feita com gordura do leite (CMF)

Given the growing demands of regulatory agencies around the world regarding the reduction/elimination of trans fatty acids in processed foods, as well as consumer awareness about the relationship between food and health, the development of healthier alternatives to partially hydrogenated oils and others lipid sources with a high degree of saturation are necessary. Oleogel, a system composed of an oil trapped in a three-dimensional network formed by a structuring agent, presents itself as a promising solution. Among the various structuring agents, vegetable waxes stand out for their excellent oil gelling capacity. However, they have a sensory disadvantage, as they can give waxy and unpleasant aftertaste to foods. Aiming at enabling the use of waxes as structuring agents in oleogels in view of their excellent technological performance, this study proposes the evaluation and application of oleogels based on soybean oil (SBO) structured with rice bran wax (RBW) at 2 and 4% (m/m) or carnauba (CBW) at 3 and 6% (m/m). The raw materials were characterized and the gelling behavior of each wax was evaluated by analysis of texture by cone penetration, stability to oil loss by centrifugation, cohesive energy by Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) and crystallization and melting behavior. by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that both waxes are able to form structurally stable oleogels, however, oleogel with 2% RBW showed greater firmness at 20 °C (190.4 gf/cm2) than oleogel with 6% CBW at 5° C (186.1 gf/cm2). At the end of 5 days, the oil retention capacity of oleogel prepared with RBW was 100% at concentrations of 2 and 4% (m/m), against 61 and 99.3% of oleogel prepared with CBW at concentrations of 3 and 6% (m/m), respectively. These results can be explained by the difference between the cohesive energies, that is, the degree of molecular interaction between the solvent and the solute of each oleogel. According to the distance results, which predicts if the formed gel will be strong, weak or if there will be no gel formation, the CBW solute showed less interaction with the oil (3.3 MPa1/2) than the RBW solute (3 ,7 MPa1/2). Oleogels were applied as ingredients in different cream cheese formulations, which were analyzed for different texture parameters and these results were compared to a commercial reference. None of the samples produced had texture results statistically equal to those of commercial cream cheese (CC), which can be explained by the differences in formulation and processing of the products. Given the results for texture and oil binding capacity of RBW oleogels, this structuring agent would present greater application potential, but CBW6 oleogel obtained high oil biding capacity (99.3%) and when applied in cream cheese formulation (CCBW6) showed firmness and spreadability results closer to the reference sample, made with milk fat (CMF)

Potency Of Γ-Oryzanol-Rich Black Rice Bran (ORYZA Sativa L. Indica) Extract For Tyrosinase Inhibition

Objective: The objectives of this study were to quantify γ-oryzanol in an ethanolic extract of Oryza sativa L. Indica (black rice) bran and to evaluate its activity as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Black rice bran was extracted via maceration in 96% ethanol, and the γ-oryzanol concentration in the extract was measured through high-performance liquid chromatography. The applicability of the extract as a skin lightening agent was determined by evaluating its tyrosinase inhibition activity. Results: The dry rice bran contained 118.572 mg/g of γ-oryzanol, and the extract inhibited tyrosinase activity at an IC50 of 74.8%. Conclusion: The black rice bran extract was sufficiently potent for use in skin lightening formulations.

Emission Characteristics of Methyl Ester of Rice Bran Oil Blends with Ethanol in CI Engine

Increasing demand and rapid depletion of fossil fuels have together prompted the researchers of many countries to look for alternate renewable fuels. This study is an attempt to test the feasibility of rice bran oil as fuel in C. I. engine in its original and in its refined form. It is generally produced from rice bran which is a by-product produced during paddy processing. Its viscosity though relatively higher than diesel can be reduced by natural sedimentation process. In this attempt, the performance and emission characteristics of rice bran oil and its refined form were studied and compared with diesel by employing them as a fuel in a single cylinder, direct injection, 4.4 KW, air cooled diesel engine. The performance characteristics revealed that the brake thermal efficiency of the rice bran oil was higher than its refined form and were marginally lower than that of diesel. Emission measurements were carried out using MRU Delta 1600L gas analyzer and the soot concentration was measured with AVL smoke meter. It was found that though blends of rice bran oil with ethanolexhibited greater soot concentration characteristics than rice bran oil and diesel at all loads, it exhibited desirable characteristics for other emissions such as lower CO, HC, NOx emissions and lower exhaust gas temperatures with increasing load.

Rice bran hydrolysates induce immunomodulatory effects by suppression of chemotaxis, and modulation of cytokine release and cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of rice bran hydrolysates on cultured immune cells and their underlying mechanism. Methods: Rice bran hydrolysates were prepared from pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) by hydrothermolysis and protease digestion. Rice bran hydrolysates were assayed for phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Cell proliferation of Jurkat, THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Chemotaxis was evaluated by transwell chamber methods. Immunoadherence of THP-1 was performed on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cytokine released from PBMC was measured by ELISA assay kits. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was carried out on KKU-452 cells. Proteins associated with immunomodulation were analyzed by Western immunoblotting assay. Results: Rice bran hydrolysates were rich in phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, and quercetin glycosides. Rice bran hydrolysates suppressed phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- stimulated proliferation of PBMC and Jurkat cells, chemotaxis of Jurkat and THP-1 cells, and immunoadherence of THP-1 on HUVEC cultured cells. The cellular mechanism of rice bran hydrolysates involved the activation of AMPK as well as suppression of mTOR, NF-κB and VCAM-1. Rice bran hydrolysates potentiated PBMC on the PHA-stimulated release of IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-4, and enhanced PHA-induced non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity on KKU-452 cancer cells. Conclusions: The immunomodulatory effect of phytochemicals derived from rice bran hydrolysates suggests its therapeutic potential for further investigation.

Rice bran hydrolysates induce immunomodulatory effects by suppression of chemotaxis, and modulation of cytokine release and cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of rice bran hydrolysates on cultured immune cells and their underlying mechanism. Methods: Rice bran hydrolysates were prepared from pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) by hydrothermolysis and protease digestion. Rice bran hydrolysates were assayed for phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Cell proliferation of Jurkat, THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Chemotaxis was evaluated by transwell chamber methods. Immunoadherence of THP-1 was performed on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cytokine released from PBMC was measured by ELISA assay kits. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was carried out on KKU-452 cells. Proteins associated with immunomodulation were analyzed by Western immunoblotting assay. Results: Rice bran hydrolysates were rich in phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, and quercetin glycosides. Rice bran hydrolysates suppressed phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated proliferation of PBMC and Jurkat cells, chemotaxis of Jurkat and THP-1 cells, and immunoadherence of THP-1 on HUVEC cultured cells. The cellular mechanism of rice bran hydrolysates involved the activation of AMPK as well as suppression of mTOR, NF-κB and VCAM-1. Rice bran hydrolysates potentiated PBMC on the PHA-stimulated release of IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-4, and enhanced PHA-induced non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity on KKU-452 cancer cells. Conclusions: The immunomodulatory effect of phytochemicals derived from rice bran hydrolysates suggests its therapeutic potential for further investigation.

Feasibility of ultrasound-assisted optimized process of high purity rice bran protein extraction / Viabilidade do processo otimizado assistido por ultrassom para extração de proteína de farelo de arroz de alta pureza

ABSTRACT: Rice bran is a by-product of the rice milling process, found worldwide in abundance and highlighted due its protein content. This study optimized the conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of protein from defatted rice bran (DRB) and characterized the rice bran protein concentrate (RBPC). A sequential strategy of experimental design was employed; the effect of pH, temperature, ultrasound exposure time, and amplitude were evaluated regarding the percentage of protein extraction by a Full factorial design (FFD) with a fixed frequencies (FFD-A: 37 kHz; FFD-B: 80 kHz). Subsequently, the percentage of protein extracted was optimized employing a Central composite rotatable design (variables: pH and ultrasound exposure time) and RBPC obtained was characterized regarding chemical and functional properties. The pH and ultrasound exposure time had positive effect (P ≤ 0.05) on percentage of protein extraction; moreover, 37 kHz frequency was more effective in protein extraction. The optimized condition (frequency: 37 kHz; temperature: 30 °C; pH: 10; ultrasound exposure time: 30 min; and amplitude: 100%) allowed 15.07% of protein recovery and the RBPC presented 84.76 g 100 g-1 of protein. Magnesium and copper were the main mineral in RBPC (34.4 and 25.5 µg g-1, respectively), while leucine was the limiting amino acid (0.42) and threonine presented the highest chemical score (1.0). The RBPC solubility was minimal at pH 4 and higher at pHs 6-10; the water and oil absorption capacity were higher than bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the emulsifying capacity was comparable to BSA, with a suitable stability. It was possible to obtain a higher purity RBPC than described in the literature, due to the optimization in the extraction process steps, with functional properties suitable for application in food products, especially emulsified ones.

RESUMO: O farelo de arroz é um subproduto do processo de moagem do arroz, encontrado em abundância em todo o mundo e destacado devido ao seu teor de proteínas. Este estudo otimizou as condições para a extração assistida por ultrassom da proteína do farelo de arroz desengordurado (DRB) e caracterizou o concentrado de proteína do farelo de arroz (RBPC). Uma estratégia sequencial de desenho experimental foi empregada; o efeito do pH, temperatura, tempo de exposição ao ultrassom e amplitude foram avaliados em relação à porcentagem de extração proteica por um Delineamento Fatorial Completo (FFD) com frequências fixas (FFD -A: 37 kHz; FFD-B: 80 kHz). Posteriormente, a porcentagem de proteína extraída foi otimizada empregando um Planejamento Composto Central (variáveis: pH e tempo de exposição ao ultrassom) e o RBPC obtido foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades químicas e funcionais. O pH e o tempo de exposição ao ultrassom tiveram efeito positivo (P ≤ 0,05) na porcentagem de extração proteica. Além disso, a frequência de 37 kHz foi mais eficaz na extração de proteínas. A condição otimizada (frequência: 37 kHz; temperatura: 30 °C; pH: 10; tempo de exposição ao ultrassom: 30 min; e amplitude: 100%) permitiu 15,07% de recuperação de proteínas e o RBPC apresentou 84,76 g 100 g-1 de proteína. Magnésio e cobre foram os principais minerais da RBPC (34,4 e 25,5 µg g-1, respectivamente), enquanto a leucina foi o aminoácido limitante (0,42) e a treonina apresentou o maior escore químico (1,0). A solubilidade do RBPC foi mínima em pH 4 e superior em pH 6-10; a capacidade de absorção de água e óleo foi maior que a albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e a capacidade de emulsificação foi comparável à BSA, com uma estabilidade adequada. Assim, foi possível obter um RBPC com elevada pureza, maior do que o descrito na literatura, devido à otimização nas etapas do processo de extração, com propriedades funcionais adequadas para aplicação em produtos alimentícios, principalmente emulsificados.

A Comparative Assessment of Quality Features and Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Bran Supplemented Breads with Local Breads

Aims: Qualitative assessment of rice bran supplemented bread with local breads. Study Design: The study was designed to identify good quality bread between rice bran supplemented bread and local breads. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Five different varieties of rice brans (BR-5, BR-10, BRRI-28, BRRI-39, and Kalijira) were collected from Noor-Habib Grain Industries Ltd. Sopura, Rajshahi, Janata Auto Rice and Flour Mills Ltd.Bogura, North Bengal Auto Rice Mills, Naogan, Biswas Rice Mills, Natore, and Chaudhuri Auto Rice Mills Dinajpur respectively. The research was carried out at Natural Products Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Methodology: A comparative analysis of prepared rice bran supplemented bread and locally available bread has been done for the parameters such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFAs and iodine value. Results: The prepared rice bran bread contained wheat flour and five different varieties of rice bran named BR-5, BR-10, BRRI-28, BRRI-39 and kalijira. The physicochemical characteristics of prepared rice bran supplemented bread such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were varied from 26.0-28.4 %, 2.17-2.83%, 1.54-1.96%, 6.95-8.04%, 6.64-7.25%, 43.2-46.3%, 5.60-6.80%, 150-169 mg KOH/g fat,1.16-1.51 mg KOH/g fat,92.1-100 g I2/100 g fat respectively. On the other hand, physicochemical characteristics of locally available bread like moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were found to be ranged from 31.1-32.9%, 2.70-2.93%, 2.04-2.61%, 7.91-8.12%, 5.49-6.21%, 39.9-41.4%, 7.13-8.61%, 138-149 mg KOH/g fat, 1.63-1.86 mg KOH/g fat, 57.4-71.0 g I2/100 g fat respectively. Conclusion: It may be concluded that prepared rice bran supplemented bread might be considered superior quality than the locally available bread.

Optimisation Of Biosurfactant Production By Serratia Rubidaea Kap Isolated From Oil Contaminated Soil Sample

Surfactants are surface active molecules which play an important role in variousindustrial processes and product formation due to their interfacial properties, biodegradabilityand eco-friendly nature. Many of the chemical surfactants in use today are produced fromnon-renewable petrochemical feedstocks, hence bio surfactants produced by microorganismsusing renewable and cheap substrates are considered as viable alternatives to petroleumbased surfactants. In the current study, the optimization of various parameters for maximumproduction of bio surfactant, by Serratia rubidaea KAP isolated from oil contaminated soilsample, was carried out. Optimum bio surfactant production was obtained in a mediumcontaining; (g %) KH2PO4 (0.3), Na2HPO4 (0.6), yeast extract (0.5), NaCl (0.5), (NH4)2SO4 (0.3),MgSO4.7H2O (2mg), FeSO4.7H2O (0.002), and CaCl2.2H2O (0.006), rice bran oil (5% v/v) with C:N and C: P ratio as 8:1 and 7:1 respectively. The media was adjusted to pH 7.2, inoculated with5% v/v test culture prepared at 0.8O.D600nm, and incubated at 30°C for 96h under agitationspeed of 160rpm. The resulting bio surfactant yield of 1.0g% was achieved, with 0.88g% weightof dry biomass, 56.78% decrease in surface tension of the medium and emulsification index of87.5%. Thus the isolate showed good potential as a bio surfactant-producing bacterium thatcan be used for large scale production using rice bran oil as a cost-effective substrate, as analternative to chemical surfactants.

Encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and different prebiotic agents by external ionic gelation followed by freeze-drying / Encapsulação de Lactobacillus acidophilus e diferentes agentes prebióticos por gelificação iônica externa seguida de liofilização

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the addition of prebiotics rice bran, inulin and hi-maize, on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in alginate microparticles obtained by external ionic gelation followed by freeze-drying. The microparticles size ranged from 127.5μm to 234.6μm. Microparticles added from the different prebiotics demonstrated an increase in the protection of the microorganism, which presented greater viability against the gastrointestinal simulation. As for storage under different conditions, rice bran treatment at 25ºC kept probiotics viable for 30 days. Under storage conditions -18°C and 7°C, treatments containing prebiotics hi-maize and rice bran maintained viable probiotic microorganisms for a period of 60 days.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência da adição dos prebióticos farelo de arroz, inulina e hi-maize, na sobrevivência de Lactobacillus acidophilus em micropartículas de alginato obtidas por gelificação externa seguida de liofilização. Analisou-se o tamanho das micropartículas, a viabilidade, em simulação gastrointestinal e estabilidade, durante armazenamento. O tamanho das micropartículas variou de 127.5µm a 234.6µm. As micropartículas adicionadas dos diferentes prebióticos demonstraram um aumento na proteção do microrganismo, que apresentou maior viabilidade frente à simulação gastrointestinal. Quanto ao armazenamento em diferentes condições, a 25ºC o tratamento farelo de arroz manteve os probióticos viáveis por 30 dias. Nas condições de armazenamento -18ºC e 7°C os tratamentos contendo os prebióticoshi-maize e farelo de arroz mantiveram os microrganismos probióticos viáveis por um período de 60 dias.

Efficacy of rice bran fermentation in cosmetics and skin care products / Eficácia da fermentação de farelo de arroz em cosméticos e produtos para cuidados com a pele

This study aims to develop rice bran-based skin care products with moisturizing, whitening and anti-wrinkle effects similar to Pitera (a natural by-product of sake lees fermentation) but without alcohol irritation for sensitive skin. To achieve this objective, bran from organic indica rice was fermented by lactic acid bacteria in a safe and pollution-free environment. In terms of anti-oxidation, the DPPH ．free radical scavenging ability of 100.0 mg/mL bran fermentation solution was 71.4% of that of vitamin C of the same concentration; and its Fe2+ chelating ability was 79.0% of that of EDTA of the same concentration. Moreover, the superoxide anion scavenging ability of 10.0 mg/mL bran fermentation solution was equivalent to 42.9% of that of BHT of similar concentration. With respect to inhibition of melanin synthesis, the bran fermentation solution's ability to inhibit the synthesis of dopachrome, the intermediate of melanin, was positively correlated to its concentration, i.e., the higher the concentration of the bran fermentation solution was, the better the inhibition ability was. The IC50 of bran fermentation solution was 9.23 mg/mL while, for comparison, that of arbutin was 0.52 mg/mL. Furthermore, according to the cell survival assay, no obvious cytotoxic effect was found with the increase of the concentration of the bran fermentation solution. As for whitening evaluation, the whitening improvement rate was 9.29% in 20% dilution, 5.36% in 15% dilution, 3.69% in 10% dilution, 2.43% in 5% dilution, 0.35% in 1% dilution in a 30-day test. In the moisturizing evaluation, the moisturizing improvement rate was 44.31% in 20% dilution, 20.48% in 15% dilution, 7.68% in 10% dilution, 6.02% in 5% dilution and 2.02% in 1% dilution. Based on the experimental results, the alcohol-free rice bran fermentation solution not only did not cause irritation but also had antiaging, melanin synthesis inhibition, whitening and moisturizing effects. Therefore, it is advisable to add rice bran fermentation solution to cleaning mousse, shower gel, serum and essence to turn bran from compost of agricultural waste (cradle to grave) into a natural raw material (cradle to cradle) of the cosmetic industry, creating new value of rice bran.

Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver produtos de cuidados com a pele baseados em farelo de arroz com hidratação, branqueamento e efeitos antiarrugas semelhantes à Pitera (um subproduto natural da fermentação de sauces), mas sem irritação com álcool para a pele sensível. Para alcançar esse objetivo, o farelo do arroz indica orgânico foi fermentado por bactérias do ácido lático em um ambiente seguro e livre de poluição. Em termos de antioxidação, a capacidade de eliminação radical de DPPH.free de 100,0 mg / mL de solução de fermentação de farelo foi de 71,4% da vitamina C da mesma concentração; E sua capacidade de quelação Fe2 + foi de 79,0% da EDTA da mesma concentração. Além disso, a capacidade de eliminação de aniões superóxido de 10,0 mg / mL de solução de fermentação de farelo era equivalente a 42,9% da BHT de concentração similar. Com relação à inibição da síntese de melanina, a capacidade da solução de fermentação do farelo de inibir a síntese do dopachrome, o intermediário da melanina, correlacionou-se positivamente com sua concentração, ou seja, quanto maior a concentração da solução de fermentação do farelo, melhor a capacidade de inibição estava. A solução de IC50 de fermentação de farelo foi de 9,23 mg / mL enquanto que, para comparação, a arbutina era de 0,52 mg / mL. Além disso, de acordo com o ensaio de sobrevivência celular, nenhum efeito citotóxico óbvio foi encontrado com o aumento da concentração da solução de fermentação de farelo. Quanto à avaliação do branqueamento, a taxa de branqueamento foi de 9,29% na diluição de 20%, 5,36% na diluição de 15%, 3,69% na diluição de 10%, 2,43% na diluição de 5%, 0,35% na diluição de 1% em um teste de 30 dias . Na avaliação hidratante, a taxa de melhora hidratante foi de 44,31% em 20% de diluição, 20,48% em diluição de 15%, 7,68% em diluição de 10%, 6,02% em diluição de 5% e 2,02% em diluição a 1%. Com base nos resultados experimentais, a solução de fermentação de farelo de arroz sem álcool não só não causou irritação, mas também teve anti-envelhecimento, inibição da síntese de melanina, branqueamento e efeitos hidratantes. Portanto, é aconselhável adicionar solução de fermentação de farelo de arroz para mousse de limpeza, gel de banho, soro e essência para transformar o farelo do composto de resíduos agrícolas (berço a túmulo) em uma matéria-prima natural (berço para berço) da indústria de cosméticos, criando Novo valor do farelo de arroz.

A comprehensive review on anti-diabetic property of rice bran

Rice bran (RB) is one of the nutrient-rich agricultural byproducts. It is a composite of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fibers, minerals, and trace elements such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and manganese. The extraction and purification process influences the quality and quantity of rice bran oil, which is rich in tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and unsaturated fatty acids. The bioactive components of RB have been reported for exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, anti-colitis, and antidiabetic properties. In vitro and in vivo studies, and clinical trials in human volunteers revealed the anti-hyperglycemic activity of RB derived compounds. An updated comprehensive review on the antidiabetic property of RB and its derivative is required to appraise the current knowledge in the particular field. Thus, the present paper covered the composition and bioactivities of RB, and influence of extraction methods on the biological property of rice bran oil and rice bran extract. And the current review also focused on the reported anti-hyperglycemia activity of rice bran derivatives, and its probable mechanism.

A comprehensive review on and-diabetic property of rice bran

Rice bran (RB) is one of the nutrient-rich agricultural byproducts.It is a composite of carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,fibers,minerals,and trace elements such as phosphorus,potassium,magnesium,calcium and manganese.The extraction and purification process influences the quality and quantity of rice bran oil,which is rich in tocopherols,tocotrienols,γ-oryzanol,and unsaturated fatty acids.The bioactive components of RB have been reported for exhibiting antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,hypocholesterolemic,anti-cancer,anti-colitis,and antidiabetic properties.In vitro and in vivo studies,and clinical trials in human volunteers revealed the anti-hyperglycemic activity of RB derived compounds.An updated comprehensive review on the antidiabetic property of RB and its derivative is required to appraise the current knowledge in the particular field.Thus,the present paper covered the composition and bioactivities of RB,and influence of extraction methods on the biological property of rice bran oil and rice bran extract.And the current review also focused on the reported antihyperglycemia activity of rice bran derivatives,and its probable mechanism.