The Influence of Dwarfing Interstock on Biometric Growth Parameters of Apple

Apple trees grown on seedling rootstock often develop into large and vigorous trees making its management difficult. By using vigorous rootstocks only few trees can be accommodated per hectare making the productivity less profitable. Several dwarfing rootstocks of apple are available which need support system and incur heavy investment during orchard establishment. It would be ideal to obtain a tree with very good root system, to avoid the need for supporting systems and also with a low height, which can be achieved using the interstem. Therefore, in the present investigation M9 clonal interstem comprised of 2,4,6 and 8inches length were grafted between seedling rootstock and scion of two cultivars i.e., Red Delicious and American Apirouge which are most common and predominant cultivars in orchards of Kashmir. The average sapling height was to the tune of 38.85cm and 41.01 cm in Red Delicious and American Apirouge during first year of study. There was a progressive increase in the height of plant with decreasing interstem length. In both the apple cultivars stem diameter increased with decrease in interstem length but was lower than control during both the years of study, The rootstock influences the biometric parameters of the grafted trees. The results showed that increased interstem length significantly decreased sapling height and growth whereas, days taken to sprouting and survival per cent were non significant. Thus, it appeared as if the dwarfing rootstock genotype used as an inter-stem functioned as a kind of physical restriction to water movement and probably reduced the hydraulic conductance of the whole tree.

Influence of Biomass Characters of Different Grafted Scion on the Rootstock of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) under Shade Net Condition of Prayagraj Region, India

The experiment was conducted during the year 2019-20 & 2021-22, at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj with the object to study the success and initial Biomass characters of the grafts of some important varieties of mango under net house condition. The experiment consists of ten different varieties of mango Amrapali, KishanBhog, Gulabkhas, Kesar, Totapuri, Dasheri, Malgoa, Himsagar, Nisar Pasand & Bombay Green as treatments and replicated thrice in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results of present investigation clearly showed that, grafts of different mango varieties studied had a significant influence on the maximum values of biomass characters like Length of tap root (25.97 cm), No. of secondary roots (37.73) was recorded in kesar. Fresh shoot weight (19.37 g) , Dry shoot weight (g) (11.19 g), Fresh root weight (9.66 g), Dry root weight (5.04 g ) was found maximum in Dasheri. Shoot root ratio (Fresh on weight basis) (2.75g) and Shoot root ratio (Dry on weight basis) (2.77 g) was maximum in Amrapali.

Rootstocks: Importance in Fruit Crop Improvement

India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with different fruit growing zones viz., temperate, arid and semi-arid, subtropical, and tropical zones. In this present era of climate change, fruit growers are facing environment-related problems such as sudden changes in temperature, irregular and heavy rainfall, and soil-related problems like compaction, salinity, alkalinity, and acidity. In addition to this, pest and disease incidence also play a major role in limiting fruit production. Objectives of rootstock breeding includes resistance or tolerance to biotic stress, adaptability to soil and environmental conditions, dwarfism, precocity in bearing, high yield and good fruit quality. The purpose of rootstock breeding varies with crops and geographical locations. Developing rootstocks resistant or tolerant to biotic stresses in apple (fire blight and woolly apple aphid), citrus (root rot, nematodes and viral diseases), grape (Phylloxera spp. and nematode) and mango (mango fruit fly and stone weevil) for specific tree characters (dwarfing, canopy management) and horticultural traits (yield and quality) are the important aspects in rootstock breeding. The reported rootstocks which are impactful in fruit cultivation like apple (MM-111), grape (Dogridge, 99-R, 110-R and 1103-P), and mango (Turpentine, Deorakhio and Olour). The use of rootstocks which are tolerant or adaptable to adverse climatic situations and biotic stress can be an alternative option for scientists and fruit growers to face the challenges encountered by the fruit industry.

Effect of Scion Dip Treatments and Growing Condition on Physiological Parameter of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Wedge Graft cv. Dashehari

The current study was carried out on wedge grafting in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari during the2022-23 at the Fruit Research Station, Imaliya, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV Jabalpur. This research includes the use of many different plant growth regulators, ZnSo4, and growing conditions. The research was carried out using a statistical design known as Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD).The primary objective of this study is to determine the influence that different scion dip treatments and growing conditions have on the physiological characteristics of the plant. According to the findings, among the various treatments, IAA 200 ppm + ZnSo4 500 ppm under shade net condition was proved superior with respect to maximum chlorophyll content index (27,18.5), leaf area duration (2720.67 cm2/day, 2,620.67 cm2/day), leaf area index (8.65,1035) and light transmission ratio (24.05,18.15) at 60 and 120 days after grafting (DAG). It was also noticed that scion dip treatments with IAA 200 ppm in combination with ZnSo4 500 ppm under the shade net condition were favorable as compared to the open condition.

Effect of Different Pre-Sowing Treatments on Germination Characteristics of Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleainum Sabine)

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination characteristics of strawberry guava (Psidium cattleainum Sabine).Study Design: The experiment consisted of eleven treatments and three replications laid out in a Completely randomized design (CRD).Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Orchard Nursery, Department of Fruit Science, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during April-June 2023.Methodology: Seeds of Psidium cattleainum (strawberry guava) were collected from guava germplasm from an orchard and treated with different pre-sowing chemicals. After pre-sowing treatment, the seeds were sown and various germination characteristics and growth parameters were observed and recorded.Results: The seeds treated with GA3 500 ppm for 30 minutes took minimum days to germinate (20), with higher germination percentage (79.33%), maximum vigour index I, and vigour index II (708.6 and 584.23). The growth parameters such as seedling height, stem girth,and number of leaves, primary root length, number of lateral roots were recorded higher in GA3 500 ppm followed by Thiourea 1%.The biomass production of seedlings was also higher in seeds treated with GA3 500 ppm.Conclusion: The seeds treated with GA3 500 ppm for 30 minutes recorded higher germination characteristics, growth parameters and biomass production. So for quicker propagation of strawberry guava to be used as rootstock, seeds can be treated with 500 ppm GA3 to obtain the large number of seedlings for the use of rootstock.

Effect of Different Rootstocks and Scions Compatibility Study on Rosa sp

An investigation entitled, “Effect of different rootstocks and scion compatibility study on Rosa sp.’’ was conducted to study the graft compatability and growth performance of grafted rose plants and the experiment was conducted in Vegetable Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Palur, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu during the year 2022. It was carried out using completely randomized design (CRD) with fifteen treatments (T1- Andhra red rose + Dog rose, T2-Andhra red rose + Button rose, T3-Andhra red rose + Ebb tide rose, T4- Andhra red rose +Fairy rose, T5- Andhra red rose + Edward rose, T6- Edward rose+ Dog rose, T7-Edward rose + Button rose, T8-Edward rose+ Ebb tide rose, T9-Edward rose + Fairy rose, T10-Edward rose+ Edward rose, T11-Damask rose + Dog rose, T12-Damask rose + Button rose, T13-Damask rose + Ebb tide rose, T14-Damask rose+ Fairy rose, T15-Damask rose+ Edward rose) and two replications. The results indicated a significant difference between the different treatment combination for graft union, success percentage, survival percentage, plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), days taken for leaf initiation. The experiment data revealed that the maximum graft success (90) and graft survival percentage (80), length of leaves (3.9 cm) and plant height (67.6) was recorded in the treatments T7 (Edward rose + Button rose). It can be concluded that the combination of rootstock as Edward rose and scion as Button rose is said to be most compatible and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.

Efecto de la salinidad sobre el crecimiento de plantines de Cucurbita maxima Duch. x Cucurbita moschata Duch / Effect of salinity on the growth of seedlings of Cucurbita maxima Duch. x Cucurbita moschata Duch

Resumen La salinización de los medios de cultivo en producciones intensivas como consecuencia del uso de agua de riego con alta conductividad eléctrica se ha incrementado en condiciones protegidas. Una estrategia para mitigar el efecto de las sales sobre los cultivos es el uso de plantas injertadas sobre un pie que tolere este estrés abiótico. El melón (Cucumis melo L.) usualmente se injerta sobre distintas especies del género Cucumis o Cucurbita, sobre híbridos interespecíficos del género Cucurbita, o sobre Lagenaria siceraria. En este estudio se comparó a través de tres experimentos el patrón de acumulación de biomasa aérea y radicular de plantines de Cucurbitamaxima Duch. x Cucurbita moschata Duch. bajo riego con solución nutritiva de diferente salinidad (0,84, 4, 6 y 8 dS.m-1). El incremento en la cantidad de sales aportadas hacia fines del ciclo evaluado determinó una menor acumulación de materia seca en las plantas con indicadores de crecimiento (RPF, TAC, ICRF e ICRP) que reflejaron esta merma, por lo que no sería recomendable el uso de este híbrido como pie de injerto para producción de plantines en condiciones salinas.

Abstract Salinization of rooting media in intensive production as a consequence of the use of irrigation water with high electrical conductivity has increased in greenhouse environments. One strategy to mitigate the effect of salts on crops is the use of plants grafted on a rootstock that tolerates this abiotic stress. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is usually grafted using as rootstock different species of the genus Cucumis or Cucurbita, interspecific hybrids of the genus Cucurbita, or with Lagenaria siceraria. In this work, three experiments were conducted to quantify the pattern of aerial and root biomass accumulation of seedlings of Cucurbita maxima Duch. x Cucurbita moschata Duch. Four treatments were carried out using nutrient solutions of different salinity (0.84, 4.00, 6.00 and 8.00 dS m-1). The increase in the amount of salts supplied at the end of the experiments in the higher salinity treatments resulted in a lower accumulation of dry matter in the plants. Growth analysis using the leaf weight ratio (RPF), absolute growth rate (TAC), relative plant growth rate (ICRF) and leaf relative growth rate (ICRP) corroborated this decrease. The results obtained indicate that it would not be advisable to use this hybrid as a rootstock for seedling production under saline conditions.

Composição volátil das uvas ao espumante da cv. Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo no sul de Minas Gerais (Brasil) / Volatile composition from grapes to sparkling wine of Chardonnay vine in different management conditions in southern of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

O aroma é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade e do caráter do vinho. Isso se deve à presença de compostos voláteis que estão associados às suas características organolépticas ou diferentes proporções entre estes compostos que podem ser influenciadas por fatores vitícolas (clima, solo, cultivar, manejo) e enológicos (maturação da uva, fermentação, tratamentos pósfermentativos). A região do sul de Minas Gerais vem se destacando na produção de espumantes de qualidade, e, nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a influência do manejo da videira no desenvolvimento do aroma, da baga até o espumante, a fim de estabelecer associações com a qualidade do produto final. Os experimentos foram realizados com a cultivar Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo, em que foram avaliados clones, porta-enxertos, sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio. Foram analisados os compostos voláteis livres por HS-SPME/GC-MS das bagas, mostos, vinhos base e espumantes nas safras 2016, 2017 e 2018. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes para a apresentação dos resultados. A primeira consistiu em verificar a influência do material genético na composição volátil da cv. Chardonnay com os experimentos de clones e portaenxertos; a segunda parte avaliou a composição volátil do clone 809 até o espumante; a terceira, em analisar as vinificações dos diferentes sistemas de condução; e a quarta, em avaliar a evolução dos compostos voláteis da baga ao espumante e analisar os aromas que as densidades de plantio podem conferir ao espumante. As principais classes de compostos aromáticos identificados nas matrizes foram: C6-C9 aldeídos, álcoois superiores, aldeídos ramificados, benzenoides, monoterpenoides, norisoprenoides, sesquiterpenoides, cetonas e ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram que os clones e os porta-enxertos apresentaram perfis voláteis diferentes, indicando que a variabilidade entre os clones e que a enxertia têm influência no metabolismo da baga; o clone 809 apresenta maior abundância de compostos monoterpenoides, confirmando o seu caráter moscato, das uvas aos espumantes; os diferentes sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio alteram o metabolismo da14 baga, refletindo no perfil volátil dos espumantes nas safras estudadas. Dessa forma, os dados indicam que a composição volátil sofre influência do manejo da videira ao espumante

Aroma is one of the most important factors in determining the quality and character of wine. This is due to the presence of volatile compounds that are associated with their organoleptic characteristics or different proportions among these compounds that can be influenced by viticultural (climate, soil, cultivar, management) and oenological factors (grape maturation, fermentation, post fermentation treatments). The southern region of Minas Gerais has been standing out in the production of quality sparkling wines, and in this context, the purpose of the present work was to learn about the influence of grapevine management on the development of aroma, from berry to sparkling wine, in order to establish associations with the quality of the final product. The experiments were carried out with the Chardonnay cultivar under different management conditions, in which clones, rootstocks, trellising systems and planting densities were evaluated. The free volatile compounds by HS-SPME/GC-MS of the berries, musts, base and sparkling wines in the 2016, 2017 and 2018 harvests were analyzed. The work was divided into four parts in order to present the results. The first part consisted of verifying the influence of genetic material on the volatile composition of the cv. Chardonnay with the experiments on clones and rootstocks; the second part evaluated the volatile composition of clone 809 up to the sparkling wine; the third one part analyzed the vinification of the different trainig systems; and the fourth part evaluated the evolution of the volatile compounds from the berry to the sparkling wine and analyzed the aromas that the planting densities can confer to the sparkling wine. The main classes of aromatic compounds identified in the matrices were: C6-C9 aldehydes, higher alcohols, branched aldehydes, benzenoids, monoterpenoids, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenoids, ketones and fatty acids. The results showed that the clones and the rootstocks have different volatile profiles, indicating that variability among clones and that grafting have great relevance to the berry secondary metabolism; the 809 clone presents a greater abundance of monoterpenoid compounds, confirming its muscat character, from grapes to sparkling wines; the different training systems and planting densities alter the berry´s metabolism, reflecting16 in the volatile profile of sparkling wines in the studied harvests. The data indicate that the volatile composition is influenced by the management of the berry to the sparkling wine

Intergeneric grafting for enhanced growth, yield and nutrient acquisition in greenhouse cucumber during winter

Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance (based on growth, yield, quality, and nutrient acquisition) of commercial greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) grafted onto different locally available species as rootstocks during winter. Methodology: The performance of cucumber cv. Infinity as scion was tested onto selected genotypes of three species of genus Cucurbita (pumpkin, squash and figleaf gourd), one each of Lagenaria (bottle gourd) and Cucumis (muskmelon) used as rootstocks. Plant growth, fruit yield and quality characteristics, and nutrient acquisition efficiency of rootstocks studied under prevailing sub-optimal temperatures during winter inside unheated greenhouse. Results: The highest fruit yield was obtained in intergeneric cucumber grafting onto figleaf gourd followed by bottle gourd rootstocks, with increase in total yield of 30 and 10%, respectively over non-grafted cucumber. Fruit dry matter content in muskmelon grafted plants and titratable acidity in figleaf gourd and muskmelon grafted plants were also increased. Interpretation: The improved performance of cucumber onto the cucurbit rootstocks, especially figleaf gourd was related to the increased root dry mass, root/shoot ratio and rootstock-stem thickness. This was also associated with the enhanced leaf nutrient status provided by vigorous root system of figleaf gourd rootstock under prevailing sub-optimal temperature.

Incompatibilidade de enxertia induz aumento da suscetibilidade de cultivares de pessegueiro à Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni / Graft incompatibility induces susceptibility increase of peach cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade de enxertia, a suscetibilidade à bacteriose e a frutificação de oito combinações, assim como, a influência da compatibilidade sobre a severidade da doença e a frutificação do pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado ao nível de campo, sob infecção natural da bactéria, no Centro Agropecuário da Palma, pertencente à FAEM/UFPel, em Capão do Leão-RS. Foram avaliadas as combinações entre as cultivares 'Chimarrita' e Maciel e os porta-enxertos 'Aldrighi', 'Capdeboscq', 'Tsukuba 1' e 'Umezeiro'. O pomar foi implantado em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental composta de cinco plantas. Foi avaliada, a compatibilidade de enxertia, o diâmetro do caule, a severidade de dano e o índice de doença, a área foliar e a frutificação. As combinações entre as cultivares 'Chimarrita' e 'Maciel' e o porta-enxerto 'Umezeiro', apresentaram menor compatibilidade de enxertia, maior severidade de dano e índice de bacteriose, além de menor frutificação que as demais. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram concluir que as combinações 'Chimarrita'/'Umezeiro' e 'Maciel'/'Umezeiro' são incompatíveis, além de, mais suscetíveis à bacteriose e menos produtivas, comparadas às demais. Pode-se dizer também, que a incompatibilidade de enxertia induz maior suscetibilidade das plantas à infecção por bacteriose, resultando em maior severidade da doença e menor frutificação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the graft compatibility, susceptibility to bacterial leaf spot and fruiting on eight combinations, as well as the influence of graft compatibility in the severity of the disease and fruiting. The research was conducted at the field under natural bacterial infection, in the Agricultural Center of Palma, belonging to the FAEM/UFPel, in Capão do Leão-RS. It was evaluated the combinations composed by grafting among the 'Chimarrita' and 'Maciel' cultivars and the rootstocks 'Aldrighi', 'Capdeboscq', 'Tsukuba 1' and 'Umezeiro'. The orchard was implanted in a randomized block design with four replications, each experimental unit composed of five plants. The graft compatibility, stem diameter, injury severity, disease index, leaf area and fruiting were evaluated. The combinations between 'Chimarrita' and 'Maciel' cultivars and 'Umezeiro' rootstocks showed lower graft compatibility, highest injury severity, disease index, as well as, lower fruiting. The results obtained allow to conclude that 'Chimarrita'/'Umezeiro' and 'Maciel'/ 'Umezeiro' combinations are incompatibles, more susceptible to bacterial leaf spot and less productive compared to the others. Furthermore, the graft incompatibility induces higher susceptibility of plants to bacterial leaf spot infection, resulting in greater disease severity and lower fruiting.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de citros durante o armazenamento em ambiente refrigerado / Physiological quality of seeds of citrus during cooling conditions storage

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do armazenamento sobre a viabilidade das sementes dos porta-enxertos Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, limoeiro Cravo, Trifoliata Limeira, Rangpur x Swingle 1707 armazenadas em sacolas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) sobre temperatura controlada de 5-7°C e umidade relativa do ar de 70% por 210 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 30 dias foram avaliadas a emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e o grau de umidade das sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Nas condições de armazenamento utilizadas, as sementes do limoeiro Cravo com umidade de 8,03% ainda conservaram o poder germinativo em 67%, mas, para a manutenção da viabilidade de sementes de Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur x Swingle 1707, o grau de umidade deve estar entre 30-40%. A viabilidade das sementes dos porta-enxertos Rangpur x Swingle 1707, Citradia 1708' e Citrange Carrizo se mantém por até 150 dias.

Aimed to evaluate the effect of storage on emergence and force of the rootstocks Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur lime, Trifoliata Limeira, Rangpur x Swingle 1707 seeds stored in High density polyethylene (HDPE) at 5-7°C and relative humidity of 70% for 210 days. The emergence, emergence speed index and seed moisture content were performed each 30 days. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications. The storage in that conditions cited showed that the seeds of Rangpur with moisture content inferior to 9% still showed 66.94% and 2.03 for germination and IVE, respectively. For the maintenance of the viability of seeds of the rootstocks Citradia 1708, Citrandarin 1710, Citrange Carrizo, Rangpur x Swingle 1707, moisture content could be kept between 35-40%. Seed viability of the rootstocks Rangpur x Swingle 1707, Citradia 1708 and Citrange Carrizo was maintained for until 150 days.

Evaluation of drought tolerance of new grapevine rootstock hybrids.

The drought tolerance is a very important property of grapevine rootstocks. For that reason the breeding and selection of new rootstock varieties is focused also on the evaluation of their drought tolerance. In this experiment, altogether 20 new hybrids and 4 existing rootstock varieties were compared and evaluated. The experimental scheme involved 3 variants of water supply. Evaluated were the following properties: growth intensity of annual shoots, CCI (chlorophyll content index) and visual characteristics of plants. The most resistant were hybrids from the pedigree groups C (Binova x Börner), D /Binova x /(Binova x Teleki 5C/) x Börner/, and F (Teleki 5 C x Börner). The following hybrids were classified as drought-tolerant: 17-1-6 (C); 17- 1-9 (C); 17-6-2 (C); 17-6-9 (C); 17-8-2 (D) and 9-20-1 (F). Based on obtained experimental results and also on correlations existing between individual traits it can be concluded that practically all traits under study may be used when evaluating the resistance of plants to drought. The obtained results indicated that the Börner rootstock (and thus also the species Vitis cinerea) can be used as a suitable genetic resource for the purpose of the breeding grapevine rootstocks for tolerance to drought.

Influence of cultivar and rootstock on early growth and syllepsis in nursery trees of pear (Pyrus communis L., Rosaceae)

A two-year field study was conducted to examine the capacity of spontaneous formation of long sylleptic shoots (LSS) in nursery trees of pear cvs. 'Abbé Fétel', 'Conference' and 'Starking Delicious' grafted on Quince MA (MA) and Quince BA 29 (BA 29) rootstocks in a nursery during the first year after bud grafting. Tree height (TH), trunk diameter (TD) - 10 cm above the bud union and number of LSS were measured at the end of each season. The TH was measured from the ground level. The highest number of LSS was developed by cv. 'Abbé Fétel' in both the seasons, and the lowest by cv. 'Starking Delicious'. Tree height and TD were highly significantly affected by the cultivar in both the years and by the rootstock in 2008. The interactions between them did not significantly affect the examined parameters. The study showed that the early growth and syllepsis of pear nursery trees during the first year after bud-grafting were incomparably more affected by the cultivar than by the rootstock under similar weather conditions and on the same soil in a crop rotation system.

Production of peach grafts under hydroponic conditions / Produção de mudas de pêssego enxertadas em sistema hidropônico

The objective of the present work was to study the feasibility of producing Okinawa rootstocks and peach grafts using a hydroponic system. The study was conducted in two phases. The growth and development of Okinawa rootstocks under hydroponic conditions were determined in the first phase, and in the second phase, the viability of grafting production of peach cultivars Aurora and Diamante associated with different types of rootstocks. The parameters analysed were the time required for 60 to 75 percent plants to reach the stages of transplanting (15 cm height) and grafting (4 to 6 cm stem diameter), the percentage of sprouting grafts determined 20 days after grafting, and the height of the shoots measured every 7 days until grafts were 40 cm high measured from the crown. Although 13 percent of the Okinawa rootstocks grown under hydroponic conditions presented undesirable genetic segregation characteristics, transplanting was reached at 30 days after transference (DAT) to hydroponic conditions and grafting at 61 DAT. Proximal pruning at 5 cm gave rise to grafts of 47.53 cm in height at 116 DAT, and both cultivar showed 100 percent graft sprouting with the cultivar Aurora presenting higher growth.

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade da produção de porta-enxerto 'Okinawa' e de mudas enxertadas em sistema hidropônico. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, pesquisaram-se o tempo de germinação e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas do porta-enxerto 'Okinawa' e na segunda etapa a viabilidade de produção de mudas enxertadas de pêssego das cultivares 'Aurora' e 'Diamante', associada a diferentes tipos de desmama dos enxertos. As características avaliadas referiram-se ao tempo para que 60 a 75 por cento das plântulas atingissem o ponto de repicagem (15 cm de altura) e o ponto de enxertia (diâmetro de 4 a 6 mm) coletados semanalmente, a percentagem de pegamento da enxertia foi avaliada aos 20 dias após a enxertia e o crescimento em altura dos enxertos (brotos), tomadas semanalmente, até atingirem 40 cm de altura. Embora cerca de 13 por cento dos porta-enxerto de 'Okinawa' tenham se apresentado com aparência arbustiva e ananicante, características impróprias ao futuro desenvolvimento normal das mudas, o ponto de repicagem dos porta-enxertos foi atingido aos 30 dias após transferência para solução nutritiva (DAT) e o ponto de enxertia aos 61 DAT. A desbrota a 5 cm foi a mais apropriada à propagação de mudas de pessegueiro, estando as mesmas prontas para a comercialização aos com 47,53 centímetros de altura aos 116 DAT e ambas as cultivares apresentaram índice de pegamento de 100 por cento, sendo que a cultivar Aurora apresentou maior crescimento.

Adubação na produção de plântulas do marmeleiro 'Japonês' / Fertilization in the production of seedlings of 'japanese' quince tree

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de verificar a ação da adubação por cobertura e por liberação lenta, no crescimento de plântulas do marmeleiro 'Japonês'. Sementes do marmeleiro 'Japonês' foram estratificadas à frio-úmido por 30 dias e, em seguida, foram dispersas em bandejas de poliestireno de 72 células (células com capacidade de 120 cm³, uma semente por célula), contendo Vermiculita® de grânulos finos como substrato. No primeiro experimento, a Vermiculita® foi acrescida de diferentes doses do adubo de liberação lenta Basacot® (15-8-12): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 kg m-3 de substrato. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram dispersas em bandejas similares, preenchidas com Vermiculita® e passados 30 dias da semeadura, foram realizadas adubações por cobertura com nitrogênio na forma de uréia (45 por cento de N), via água de irrigação: 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 e 1500 mg dm-3. As aplicações foram parceladas em duas vezes em intervalos de 10 dias, adicionada em cada célula 10 mL de solução por aplicação. As bandejas permaneceram dentro de telado constituído de sombrite 50 por cento de luminosidade e foram irrigadas diariamente. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura, foi mensurada a porcentagem de emergência, o comprimento médio das plântulas, número médio de folhas, massa seca média da parte aérea e total das plântulas. Concluiu-se que a adição de 9 kg de Basacot® em cada m-3 de Vermiculita® favoreceu o melhor desenvolvimento das plântulas.

The objective of the present work was to verify the effect of the fertilizations by covering and slow liberation, on the growth of seedlings of the 'Japanese' quince tree. Seeds of the 'Japanese' underwent cold-humid stratification for 30 days and were then dispersed in polystyrene trays of 72 cells (cells with capacity of 120 cm³, one seed for cell), containing thin granule Vermiculite® as substrate. In the first experiment, we added to Vermiculite® different doses of the fertilizer of slow liberation Basacot® (15-8-12): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg m-3 of substrate. In the second experiment, the seeds were dispersed in similar trays and filled with Vermiculite® ; after 30 days, fertilizations was accomplished by covering with nitrogen in the form of urea (45 percent N), through irrigation water: 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 mg dm-3. The applications were parceled out in twice, in intervals of 10 days, and in each application, 10 mL of solution were added in each cell. The trays were kept under shading sieve (50 percent shading), being irrigated periodically. 60 days after seeding, the emergency percentage, the average length of the seedlings, average number of leaves, shoot dry matter and total seedlings were evaluated. It was concluded that adding 9 kg of Basacot® to each m-3 of Vermiculite® favored the best development of the seedlings.

Production of quince nursery trees by different grafting methods / Produção de mudas de marmeleiro por diferentes métodos de enxertia

Cutting propagation was the system to produce quince nursery trees (Cydonia oblonga). Experiments have been carried out in order to identify news propagations methods. As a result of this research, the 'Japonês' quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) was selected with rootstock, due to its good plant vigor for grafting, rusticity, and adequate performance in the field, mainly in the first years after planting. However, the best grafting period and grafting method must be determined for this rootstock. This research evaluated three grafting methods and five quince scion cultivars on 'Japonês' rootstock. The quince cultivars 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna', and 'Japonês' were grafted by winter cleft grafting, winter budding, and summer budding on 90cm long plants of 'Japonês' quince rootstock seedlings, cultivated in 3-liter plastic bags. Plant growth evaluations started as early as 60 days, and were concluded 150 days after grafting. Cleft grafting resulted in the highest graft survival rate for 'Smyrna', 'Mendoza Inta-37' and 'Japonês' cultivars. Although the higher graft survival rate was recorded in the winter, the buds grafted in the summer had better development.

Propagação por estaquia foi o sistema adotado no passado para produzir mudas de marmelo (Cydonia oblonga). Atualmente, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para identificar novos métodos de propagação. A partir dos resultados dessas pesquisas, neste trabalho, o marmelo Japonês (Chaenomeles sinensis) foi selecionado como porta-enxerto, pelo seu bom vigor, pela sua rusticidade e pelo seu desempenho adequado no campo, principalmente nos primeiros anos depois do plantio. Porém, devem ser determinados a melhor época para a realização da enxertia e o método mais adequado quando se utiliza esse porta-enxerto. O presente trabalho avaliou três métodos de enxerto e cinco cultivares de marmelo enxertadas no porta-enxerto 'Japonês'. As cultivares de marmelo 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês' foram enxertadas por meio de três métodos: por garfagem em fenda cheia (julho), borbulhia de inverno (julho) e borbulhia de verão (janeiro), em mudas do porta-enxerto 'Japonês', com 90cm de comprimento e diâmetro próximo a 8mm, 15cm acima do colo da planta, mantidas em sacos plásticos com capacidade de 3L. As avaliações de crescimento tiveram incício aos 60 dias e foram concluídas 150 dias depois da enxertia. A enxertia realizada pelo processo de garfagem favorece a maior porcentagem de enxertos brotados, chegando próximo a 100 por cento de sucesso para 'Smyrna', 'Mendoza Inta-37' e 'Japonês'. Embora a taxa de sobrevivência de enxerto mais alta tenha sido registrada na enxertia por borbulhia realizada no inverno, os enxertos realizados no verão tiveram melhor desenvolvimento.

Enxertia, produção e qualidade de tomateiros cultivados em ambiente protegido / Grafting, production and quality of tomato growth in protected environment

Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da enxertia na produção e qualidade de tomateiros cultivados em ambiente protegido, conduziu-se um experimento em Viçosa, Minas Gerais (MG). Seis tratamentos foram avaliados no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, resultantes da combinação de duas cultivares de tomate 'Débora' e 'Sta. Clara', enxertadas sobre os porta-enxertos 'Anchor T' e 'BGH 3472', além das duas cultivares de pés francos. A enxertia foi realizada por encostia. Os tratamentos enxertados com 'BGH 3472' e os pés francos Débora e Sta. Clara apresentaram as maiores produtividades comerciais. Não houve variação no teor de SST dos frutos, e o pH da polpa dos frutos foi menor nas combinações 'Anchor T'/Sta. Clara e 'BGH 3472'/Débora. Observou-se maior ATT nos frutos de Débora e menor nos frutos de Sta. Clara. A relação SST/ATT foi maior nos frutos da combinação 'Anchor T'/Sta. Clara, comparados aos frutos das combinações 'BGH 3472'/Débora e 'Anchor T'/Débora.

In order to check the effects of grafting in the production and quality of tomato grown in unheated greenhouse, an experiment was conducted in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Six treatments were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications, resulting from the combination of two tomato cultivars Débora and Sta. Clara, grafted on two rootstocks 'Anchor T' and 'BGH 3472' in addition of the two ungrafted cultivars. The grafting method utilized was used. The treatments with the rootstock 'BGH 3472' and the cultivars 'Débora' and 'Sta. Clara' presented greatest commercial yields. There was no change in the content of SST. Fruit pH was smaller at the combinations 'Anchor T'/Sta.Clara and 'BGH 3472'/Débora Clara. It was observed greater ATT in the pulp of the fruits of Débora and smaller in the fruits of Sta. Clara. SST/ATT ratio was greater in fruits of the combination 'Anchor T'/Sta.Clara when compared with the fruits of the combinations between BGH 3472/Débora and BGH and 'Anchor T'/Débora.

Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de pessegueiro e clones de umezeiros submetidos à aplicação de AIB / Rooting of peach and clones of japanese apricot cutting treated with IBA

A utilização do umezeiro ou damasqueiro-japonês (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) como porta-enxerto de Prunus sp. vem despertando grande interesse em função de sua rusticidade, resistência a pragas e doenças, adaptação e, principalmente, por reduzir o porte de pessegueiros e nectarineiras. Visto que trabalhos prévios constataram baixo enraizamento de alguns clones de umezeiro e um estímulo a este processo em estacas herbáceas com uso de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB, objetivou-se no presente trabalho estudar o enraizamento de estacas de pessegueiro e clones selecionados de umezeiros tratados com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na forma líquida. Estacas lenhosas do pessegueiro 'Okinawa' e dos clones de umezeiro Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 e Clone IAC-XIX, foram padronizadas com 25 cm de comprimento, ausentes de folhas e 5 cm de suas bases tratadas com AIB, nas concentrações 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg.L-1, por cinco segundos. As estacas foram colocadas em leito de areia umedecido, coberto com sombrite 50 por cento de luminosidade. As avaliações ocorreram após 90 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliou-se a porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, enraizadas, brotadas e o número médio de raízes por estacas. Concluiu-se que a concentração de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB promoveu os melhores resultados para a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, com calos e número médio de raízes por estacas. De uma forma geral, o Clone IAC-X demonstrou-se superior entre os demais no enraizamento de suas estacas.

The use of the japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) as rootstock of Prunus sp. has raised a great interest due to its rusticity, resistance to plagues and diseases, adaptation and mainly for reducing the peach and nectarines. Since previous works had evidenced low cut of rooting of some clones of japanese apricot and stimulation to this process in herbaceous of cut using 2000 mg.L-1 of AIB, the objective of the present work was to study the rooting clones of peach and japanese apricot cutting treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA). Woody cutting of the peach tree 'Okinawa' and clones of japanese apricot Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 and Clone IAC-XIX, were standardized with 25 cm of length, absent of leaves and treated with IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1) for five seconds. The cuttings were placed under nursery conditions with 50 percent of brightness. After 90 days, the alive cutting, rooting, callous and sprouted percentage, medium number of roots of cutting were evaluated. The concentration of 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA promoted the best results of rooting percentage, callous percentage and medium number of roots of cutting. In general, Clone IAC-X demonstrated better cutting of rooting among the other clone.

In silico analysis of ESTs from roots of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) under water stress

CitEST project resulted in the construction of cDNA libraries from different Citrus sp. tissues under various physiological conditions. Among them, plantlets of Rangpur lime were exposed to hydroponic conditions with and without water stress using PEG6000. RNA from roots was obtained and generated a total of 4,130 valid cDNA reads, with 2,020 from the non-stressed condition and 2,110 from the stressed set. Bioinformatic analyses measured the frequency of each read in the libraries and yielded an in silico transcriptional profile for each condition. A total of 40 contigs were differentially expressed and allowed to detect up-regulated homologue sequences to well known genes involved in stress response, such as aquaporins, dehydrin, sucrose synthase, and proline-related synthase. Some sequences could not be classified by using FunCat and remained with an unknown function. A large number of sequences presented high similarities to annotated genes involved with cell energy, protein synthesis and cellular transport, suggesting that Rangpur lime may sustain active cell growth under stressed condition. The presence of membrane transporters and cell signaling components could be an indication of a coordinated morphological adaptation and biochemical response during drought, helping to explain the higher tolerance of this rootstock to water stress.