Assessment by the Scheimpflug imaging system of corneal clarity and anterior segment properties in rosacea patients

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of rosacea on ocular surface changes such as alterations in dry eye parameters, corneal densitometry, and aberrations, in comparison with healthy controls. Methods A total of 88 eyes of 44 patients diagnosed with rosacea and 88 eyes of 44 healthy controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a comprehensive dermatologic and ophthalmic examination and Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) and Schirmer-1 tests were performed. The rosacea subtype and Demodex count and OSDI scores of all participants were recorded. Corneal topographic, densitometric, and aberrometric measurements were obtained using the Scheimpflug imaging system. Results The mean age of the 44 patients was 41.2 ± 11.0 years of whom 31 (70.5%) were female. The mean TBUT and Schirmer-1 test values were significantly decreased and OSDI scores were significantly increased in the rosacea group compared to healthy controls (p < 0.01 for all). The most common subtype of rosacea was erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (70.4%). The severity grading of rosacea revealed that 18 (40.9%) patients had moderate erythema. The median (min-max) Demodex count was 14.0 (0-120) and the disease duration was 24.0 (5-360) months. The comparison of the corneal densitometry values revealed that the densitometry measurements in all concentric zones, especially in central and posterior zones were higher in rosacea patients. Corneal aberrometric values in the posterior surface were also lower in the rosacea group compared to healthy controls. The topographic anterior chamber values were significantly lower in the rosacea group. Study limitations Relatively small sample size, variable time interval to hospital admission, and lack of follow-up data are among the limitations of the study. Future studies with larger sample sizes may also enlighten the mechanisms of controversial anterior segment findings by evaluating rosacea patients who have uveitis and those who do not. Conclusion Given the fact that ocular signs may precede cutaneous disease, rosacea is frequently underrecognized by ophthalmologists. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of the ocular surface and assessment of the anterior segment is essential. The main priority of the ophthalmologist is to treat meibomian gland dysfunction and Demodex infection to prevent undesired ocular outcomes.

Effects of Jiawei Jingqin Decoction （加味荆芩汤） on Inflammatory and Immune Responses in Rosacea Model Mice / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the potential mechanisms of Jiawei Jingqin Decoction （加味荆芩汤） in the treatment of rosacea. MethodsFifty 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group， model group， and Jiawei Jingqin Decoction low， medium， and high-dose groups， with 10 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， mice in the other groups were injected with 40μl of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 at a concentration of 320 μmol/L on the back， repeated once every 12 hours for a total of 4 injections， to induce the rosacea mouse model. The mice in the normal control group were injected with 40 μl of PBS solution at the same time. After successful modeling， the mice in the Jiawei Jingqin Decoction low， medium， and high-dose groups were orally administered Jiawei Jingqin Decoction at doses of 4.35， 8.71， and 17.42 g/（kg·d） respectively， while the mice in the normal control group and the model group were orally administered 20 ml/（kg·d） of normal saline. All groups were treated once daily for 5 days. The changes in skin lesions were observed， and the erythema area was measured and scored. Skin tissue at the injection site was collected for histopathological examination using HE staining， and the number of mast cells was detected using toluidine blue staining. The levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） in the skin lesion tissues were measured using the ELISA method. The mRNA expression levels of key factors in the innate immune response pathway of rosacea disease mechanism， including Toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2）， downstream molecules serine protease kallikrein 5 （KLK5） and matrix metalloproteinase 9 （MMP-9）， as well as related inflammatory factors （IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α）， and adaptive immune CD4+ T cell-related factors interferon-gamma （INF-γ） mRNA were detected using RT-qPCR. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the protein expression of KLK5， MMP-9， and the number of CD4+ T-positive cells. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression levels of CD4+ T cell-related factors including IFN-γ， CC chemokine receptor 5 （CCR5）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 （STAT1）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）. ResultsThe skin at the injection site on the back of mice in the normal control group appeared normal without any skin lesions or erythema， and histopathological examination showed no infiltration of inflammatory cells. The model group had significantly higher erythema scores and larger erythema areas compared to the normal control group （P＜0.05）， and histopathological examination revealed a significant infiltration of inflammatory cells， with some signs of deep connective tissue damage. Compared to the model group， the Jiawei Jingqin Decoction medium and high-dose groups showed a significant decrease in erythema scores and erythema areas （P＜0.05）， as well as a reduction in inflammatory exudates and inflammatory cell infiltration. However， the Jiawei Jingqin Decoction low-dose group did not show significant difference （P＞0.05）， but there was a slight reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration compared to the model group. When compared to the normal control group， the rosacea skin tissues of the model group showed an increase in the number of mast cells， levels of IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， mRNA expression of IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， TLR2， INF-γ， KLK5， MMP-9， protein expression of KLK5， MMP-9， and the number of CD4+ T-positive cells （P＜0.05）. Compared to the model group， the Jiawei Jingqin Decoction medium and high-dose groups showed a decrease in the number of mast cells， levels of IL-1β， mRNA expression of IL-1β， TNF-α， and the number of CD4+ T-positive cells. The Jiawei Jingqin Decoction high-dose group showed a decrease in IL-6， TNF-α levels， mRNA expression of IL-6， TLR2， INF-γ， MMP-9， protein expression of MMP-9， KLK5， and the number of CD4+ T-positive cells， as well as a decrease in IFN-γ and STAT1 protein expression （P＜0.05） compared to the Model group. ConclusionJiawei Jingqin Decoction has significant improvement effect on the skin symptoms of roseacne in a mouse model. Its mechanism might be related to regulating skin immune inflammatory reactions， thereby reducing the release of pathogenic factors and inflammatory factors.

How to avoid misdiagnosis of rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

In recent years, with the in-depth research on rosacea, dermatologists′ understanding of rosacea has gradually increased. However, misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis emerge as a tendency because some doctors roughly equate erythema with rosacea, neglecting the differential diagnosis with other similar skin problems. This article discusses clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria of rosacea, elaborates on how to make a correct diagnosis, and lists key points in differential diagnosis between rosacea and other skin diseases, with a view to providing a reference for clinicians in the treatment of rosacea, and to reducing its misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis.

Insights into rosacea from the perspective of psychosomatic medicine / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a psychosomatic disorder characterized by a distinct neurobiological etiology. It is prone to be comorbid with many neuropsychiatric conditions, and imposes a significant psychosocial burden. This article discusses the psychosomatic attributes of rosacea from neurological, psychiatric, social, and psychological perspectives, aiming to enhance dermatologists′ understanding of its psychosomatic nature.

Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea in the real world: a survey on the current status / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To analyze the current status of diagnosis and treatment of rosacea in China, and to strengthen the understanding and management of this disease.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, and patients with rosacea were enrolled from 23 tertiary hospitals in 6 provinces or municipalities in northern and southern China. Clinical characteristics, previous diagnosis and treatment status of these patients were collected through questionnaires. Non-normally distributed continuous data were described by M ( Q1, Q3), and compared using Mann-Whitney U test, while categorical data were compared using chi-square test. Results:Among the 593 patients with rosacea, 164 were males and 429 were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶2.6; 205 patients were from southern China, and 388 from northern China; most patients (349 cases, 58.8%) were aged 20 to 40 years, and the patients from northern China were significantly older than those from southern China (median age: 37 years vs. 30 years, P < 0.001). Multiple-site involvement (371 cases, 62.6%) and coexistence of multiple phenotypes (391 cases, 65.9%) were common, the cheeks (429 cases, 72.3%) and nose (393 cases, 66.3%) were mostly affected, and skin lesions mainly manifested as persistent erythema (354 cases, 59.7%), papulopustules (344 cases, 58.0%), and telangiectasia (282 cases, 47.6%). Involvement of the cheeks was more common in the patients from southern China (160 cases, 78.0%) than in those from northern China (269 cases, 69.3%), but the nose and eyes were less involved in the patients from southern China than in those from northern China (nose: 125 cases [61.0%] vs. 268 cases [69.1%]; eyes: 3 cases [1.5%] vs. 23 cases [5.9%]; both P < 0.05). The prevalence of transient erythema and papulopustules was significantly higher in the patients from southern China (38.0% and 65.4%, respectively) than in those from northern China (20.9% and 54.1% respectively, both P < 0.05), while the patients from northern China more frequently presented with persistent erythema compared with those from southern China (64.9% vs. 49.8%, P < 0.05). The disease duration ( M [ Q1, Q3]) was 12 (4, 30) months among the patients with rosacea, and the time from the onset to diagnosis was 10 (3, 24) months. The disease duration was significantly longer (12 [4, 36] months), and the proportion of patients with disease duration > 5 years was significantly higher (16.4% [63 cases]) in the patients from northern China than in those from southern China (12 [3, 24] months, 9.4% [19 cases], respectively; both P < 0.05). The patients with varied subtypes and severity of rosacea were previously mainly treated with topical antimicrobial agents (71.9%) ; 72.7% of the patients with mild rosacea were treated with systemic drugs; poor patient compliance was observed, and only 40.6% of the patients completed more than 4 consecutive weeks of treatment at a time. Conclusions:Rosacea usually occurred in young and middle-aged people in China, mostly involved the cheeks and nose, and mainly manifested as erythema or papulopustules. Delayed diagnosis, non-standard treatment and poor patient compliance existed in clinical practice.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rosacea: prevalence and clinical features / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with rosacea, and to analyze the relationship between breath test results and the occurrence of rosacea.Methods:Patients with rosacea were enrolled from the outpatient department of Xiangya Hospital from March 2022 to June 2023. The methane-hydrogen breath test was used to detect intestinal levels of methane and hydrogen in all patients to investigate the prevalence of SIBO. The basic information, clinical symptoms and severity, quality of life scores, gastrointestinal symptoms, and past medical history of the patients were collected. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the chi-square test, nonparametric test and multivariate logistic regression models to investigate the relationship between SIBO and the occurrence of rosacea.Results:A total of 116 patients with rosacea completed the methane-hydrogen breath test. They were aged 18 to 56 years (median [ Q1, Q3]: 25 [22, 33] years), and included 7 males (6.0%) and 109 females (94.0%) ; there were 43 cases (37.1%) of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, and 73 (62.9%) of papulopustular rosacea. As the breath test showed, 94 patients were diagnosed with SIBO (81.0%, 95% CI: 72.7% - 87.7%) based on the breath tests, 84 showed positive hydrogen breath test results (72.4%, 95% CI: 63.3% - 80.3%), and 47 had positive methane breath test results (40.5%, 95% CI: 31.5% - 50%). Among the 67 patients with moderate to severe erythema, 33 (49.3%) showed positive methane breath test results, and 14 of 49 (28.6%) patients with mild erythema showed positive methane breath test results, with a rate difference of 20.7% ( P = 0.025, 95% CI: 13.9% - 27.5%) ; there were no significant differences in the positive rates of SIBO and hydrogen breath test results between the patients with moderate to severe erythema and those with mild erythema (both P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the age, gender, clinical subtypes, severity of papulopustules, flushing and burning sensation, or rosacea quality of life index scores between the SIBO-positive and -negative groups, between hydrogen-positive and -negative groups, and between methane-positive and -negative groups (all P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that methane positivity on breath test was associated with the severity of erythema in rosacea ( OR = 2.495, 95% CI: 1.102 - 5.649, P < 0.05) . Conclusions:The prevalence of SIBO was relatively high in the patients with rosacea. However, only the positive rate of methane breath test differed between the rosacea patients and non-rosacea controls, and there was some correlation between methane positivity on breath test and increased severity of rosacea erythema.

Role of ion channels in the pathogenesis of rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

External physicochemical factors and emotional changes often lead to intermittent facial flushing in patients with rosacea, accompanied by burning, stinging, and itching sensations. Many studies have demonstrated that neurovascular dysfunction and neurogenic inflammation induced by neuropeptides released following the activation of ion channels were associated with the occurrence of rosacea. This review summarizes research progress on the role of ion channels in the pathogenesis of rosacea and provides evidence for further research on ion channels as potential therapeutic targets for rosacea.

Metabolomics in rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease whose exact pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Metabolomics has been widely used in the field of life science to provide strong evidence for exploring the pathogenesis and biomarkers of diseases. In recent years, researchers have applied metabolomics to rosacea-related fields using sebum, tear, saliva, and serum samples. This review summarizes research progress on current metabolomics methods and the application of metabolomics in rosacea.

Severity assessment criteria for rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease, and correct assessment of clinical symptoms and severity may facilitate treatment options. This review summarizes a range of subjective, semi-subjective and objective methods currently used in the assessment of rosacea severity, in order to provide useful tools for clinical assessment of rosacea severity and give guidance on treatment modification according to the therapeutic effect.

Advances in the pathogenesis of rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory skin disease. It has been proved that heredity, immunity, neurovascular disorders, microorganisms, skin barrier damage and ultraviolet rays are closely related to the occurrence of rosacea. However, the exact pathogenesis of rosacea has not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the pathogenesis of rosacea in the past 5 years.

Efficacy of intense pulsed light in treatment of rosacea: a Meta analysis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light on rosacea.Methods:From December 2022 to April 2023, the Dermatology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM and other Chinese and English databases to collect clinical randomized controlled studies on intense pulsed light treatment of rosacea for ameta-analysis.Results:A total of 559 patients were included in 6 randomized controlled trials. The efficacy of the combination of strong pulsed light and medication in the treatment of rosacea was significantly better than that of medication alone ( Z=6.15, P<0.001). After subgroup analysis, the combination of strong pulsed light and tetracycline drugs was more effective in treating rosacea than using tetracycline drugs alone ( Z=3.17, P<0.05). The efficacy of the combination of strong pulsed light and minocycline in the treatment of rosacea was better than that of minocycline alone ( Z=2.37, P<0.05), and clinical evaluation showed the improvements of erythema, papules, and pustules. The differences in scores for itching and capillary dilation were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The efficacy of intense pulsed light therapy for rosacea is definite, and its combination with topical or oral medication is superior to that of medication alone. However, the stability of the effect needs to be confirmed by more high-quality randomized controlled trials.

Associations of serum gamma-linolenic acid levels with erythema severity and anxiety/depression status in patients with rosacea

Abstract Background The development of rosacea is suggested to be closely associated with lipid metabolism, inflammation, and anxiety/depression. Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is a key factor participating in lipid metabolism, which is also confirmed to regulate the inflammatory response. However, the associations of serum GLA levels with rosacea severity and psychological status still remain unclear. Objective and limitations of the study The present study aimed to investigate the associations of gamma linolenic acid (GLA), a key factor participating in lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response, with rosacea severity and psychological status. The present study still had some limitations. First, this study is a cross-sectional study and does not provide longitudinal evidence about the relationship between GLA and rosacea; Second, the cohort in this study is also relatively small, and a larger cohort is needed in further investigation to reveal the potential role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Methods A total of 62 rosacea patients were consecutively recruited. Patient's Self-Assessment (PSA) scale and Clinician Erythema Assessment (CEA) as well as 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were conducted to evaluate the degree of erythema severity and anxiety/depression, respectively. Serum GLA levels were determined by gas chromatography mass. Results Lower levels of serum GLA in rosacea patients were observed (p < 0.001), and subgroup analysis revealed that patients with higher-level GLA had lower scores of PSA, CEA, GAD-7 and PHQ-9. Moreover, Spearman correlation analysis uncovered that serum GLA levels were negatively associated with PSA, CEA, GAD-7 as well and PHQ-9 scores, respectively. Linear regression model found that serum GLA levels at baseline were a predictive factor for prognosis of clinical outcomes after 1-month conventional treatment. Conclusion The present study indicates that lower levels of serum GLA in rosacea patients are negatively associated with the degree of erythema and anxiety/depression status.

Characterization of meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with rosacea / Caracterização da disfunção das glândulas de Meibomio em pacientes com rosácea

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare ocular surface parameters in rosacea patients with those of controls. Methods: Ninety-three participants took part in this cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional study. These consisted of a rosacea group (n=40) and a control group (n=53). We compared objective parameters of the ocular surface, including conjunctival hyperemia, tear film stability and volume, meibomian gland dysfunction, dry eye disease, and ocular surface staining, between the two groups. Results: In the rosacea group, 69.23% were female. The mean age was 47.34 ± 12.62 years old. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in visual acuity (p=0.987), tear film parameters (tear meniscus height (p=0.338), noninvasive tear film rupture time (p=0.228), invasive rupture time (p=0.471), Schirmer's test scores (p=0.244), conjunctival hyperemia (p=0.106), and fluorescein staining (p=0.489). Significant differences were found in meibography evaluations (p=0.026), mucous layer integrity (p=0.015), and ocular surface symptoms (p<0.0001). Rosacea patients also showed important eyelid differences in glandular expressibility (p<0.001), glandular secretion pattern (p<0.001), and telangiectasia (p<0.001) compared to controls. Conclusion: Meibomian gland dysfunction is frequently associated with dermatological conditions. It can be observed in morphological findings from meibography as well as lipid secretion impairment, leading to evaporative dry eye, ocular surface dysfunction, and inflammation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações da superfície ocular em pacientes com Rosácea, e comparar com grupo controle. Métodos: Noventa e três indivíduos foram selecionados para este estudo transversal, observacional e não intervencionista, dividido em dois grupos: rosácea (n=40) e controles (n=53). Foram avaliados parâmetros objetivos da superfície ocular (hiperemia conjuntival, estabilidade e volume do filme lacrimal, disfunção da glândula meibomiana, doença do olho seco, coloração da superfície ocular) e comparado indivíduos saudáveis com pacientes com rosácea. Resultados: 69,23% dos indivíduos com rosácea eram mulheres, com média de idade de 47,34 ± 12,62 anos. Em comparação com controles pareados, não foram evidenciadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à acuidade visual (p=0,987) e parâmetros do filme lacrimal (altura do menisco lacrimal (p=0,338), tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal não invasivo (p=0,228), tempo invasivo de ruptura (p=0,471) e teste de Schirmer (p=0,244), bem como hiperemia conjuntival (p=0,106) e coloração com fluoresceína (p=0,489). Associação significativa foi encontrada na avaliação da meibografia (p=0,026), integridade da camada mucosa (p=0,015) e sintomas de superfície ocular (p<0,0001). Pacientes com rosácea também apresentaram alterações importantes na borda palpebral: expressibilidade glandular (p<0,001), padrão de secreção glandular (p<0,001) e telangiectasia (p<0,001). Conclusão: A disfunção da glândula de Meibômio está frequentemente associada a condições dermatológicas e é caracterizada por achados morfológicos na meibografia, bem como comprometimento da secreção lipídica que leva ao olho seco evaporativo e alterações da superfície ocular e inflamação.

Preferred practice patterns and review on rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory facial dermatosis commonly found in fair skin tone population. Recent studies have shown the increasing prevalence in the dark skin tone population as well. Ocular involvement is very common and can occur without cutaneous features. Common ocular features are chronic blepharoconjunctivitis with eyelid margin inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction. Corneal complications include corneal vascularization, ulceration, scarring, and rarely, perforation. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical signs, although it is often delayed in the absence of cutaneous changes, particularly in children. The management ranges from local therapy to systemic treatment, depending on the severity of the disease. There is a positive association between demodicosis and rosacea; however, causality is always argued. In this review, we describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of rosacea and ocular rosacea.

Rosácea Granulomatosa: una variante infrecuente en la infancia / Granulomatous Rosacea: A variant infrequent in childhood

RESUMEN La rosácea es una dermatosis inflamatoria crónica de la piel, caracterizada por la presencia de eritema, telangiectasias, pápulas y pústulas en la región centro facial. Dentro de sus variantes, la forma granulomatosa es un cuadro clínico comunicado con escasa frecuencia en la infancia. Se presenta una paciente de sexo femenino, de 9 años de edad, quien presenta enrojecimiento facial y lesiones quísticas de tamañosvariables. Se decide realizar biopsia cutánea profunda, en la que se observó en lámina histológica, con técnica de H-E, al 40X: infiltrado inflamatorio severo perivascular superficial y profundo, a predominio linfo-plasmocitario, leucocitos polimorfonucleares e histiocitos, formando granulomas. Se instaura tratamiento tópico y sistémico, con resolución satisfactoria del cuadro clínico, con lo que mejora su calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis of the skin, characterized by the presence of erythema, telangiectasias, papules and pustules in the central facial region. Among its variants, the granulomatous form is a clinical picture rarely reported in childhood. A 9-year-old female patient is presented, who presents facial redness and cystic lesions of variable sizes, it was decided to perform a deep skin biopsy where it was observed in histological plate, with the H-E technique, at 40X; Superficial and deep perivascular severe inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphoplasmacytic, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and histiocytes, forming granulomas. Topical and systemic treatment was established with satisfactory resolution of the clinical picture, improving their quality of life.

JAK-STAT signaling pathway and rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Studies have shown that rosacea is related to inflammatory factors, neurovascular function, micro-ecological environment and other factors. The Janus kinase (JAK) -signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway involves a variety of inflammatory cytokines, and plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune regulation. This review summarizes the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and explores its potential role in rosacea.

Analysis of clinical treatment outcomes of ocular lesions in 28 cases of severe ocular rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate clinical treatment regimens for ocular lesions in patients with severe ocular rosacea.Methods:A total of 28 patients (34 eyes) with severe rosacea complicated by blepharokeratoconjunctivitis were collected from outpatient department of the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 1, 2019 to May 30, 2021. They were randomly divided into two groups: group A (13 cases, 16 eyes) topically treated with sodium hyaluronate 0.3% eye drops and levofloxacin 0.5% eye drops, and group B (15 cases, 18 eyes) topically treated with sodium hyaluronate 0.3% eye drops alone. Patients in both groups also received oral minocycline hydrochloride 100 mg every day for the first 2 weeks, and then 50 mg every day for the next 6 weeks. Meanwhile, all patients received same physical therapies such as meibomian gland massage, eyelid hot compresses and eyelid margin cleaning. LogMAR visual acuity, tear break-up time (BUT) , ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, and meibomian gland function grading examination results in the two groups were recorded before and 8 weeks after treatment. Paired t test was used to compare within-group differences in the parameters before and after treatment, and two-independent-sample t test to compare intergroup differences after treatment. Results:After 8-week treatment, both group A and group B showed significantly increased LogMAR visual acuity ( t = 3.10, 2.15, P = 0.007, 0.046, respectively) , improved BUT ( t = 3.44, 2.85, P = 0.003, 0.011, respectively) , but significantly decreased OSDI scores ( t = 7.12, 9.33, respectively, both P < 0.001) and meibomian gland function scores ( t = 13.73, 16.82, respectively, both P < 0.001) compared with those before treatment. After treatment, no significant differences were observed in the LogMAR visual acuity ( P = 0.721) , BUT ( P = 0.189) , OSDI scores ( P = 0.808) and meibomian gland function scores ( P = 0.191) between the two groups. No adverse drug reactions occurred during the treatment. During the follow-up period (8 months or shorter) , no recurrence of ocular lesions was observed. Conclusion:Without topical antibiotics, oral minocycline hydrochloride combined with topical sodium hyaluronate eye drops is still effective for the treatment and prevention of recurrence of ocular lesions in patients with severe ocular rosacea.

Skin imaging and noninvasive measurements for rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease. In addition to subjective evaluation, some objective quantifiable indices are needed for the diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. Some skin imaging and noninvasive measurement tools have been applied to clinical practice, and can provide quantitative or semi-quantitative indices to assist the diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. This review summarizes relevant research progress to provide evidence for clinical standardized application.

Photoelectric therapy for rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis mostly occurring on the central face, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently, drug treatment is the first-line therapy for rosacea. In recent years, photoelectric therapy has showed a favorable therapeutic effect on rosacea by selective photothermolysis. This review summarizes latest advances in photoelectric therapy for rosacea.

Symbiotic homeostasis of Staphylococcus epidermidis is associated with common skin disorders / 中华皮肤科杂志

Staphylococcus epidermidis can exhibit both protective and opportunistic pathogenic effects on the skin: on the one hand, it suppresses pathogenic bacteria and inflammation, assists the innate immune system of the skin, and maintains homeostasis of skin microenvironment; on the other hand, it exhibits pathogenic potential. How Staphylococcus epidermidis affects human skin conditions depends not only on itself, but also on the communication among it, the host immune system, other microorganisms and environment factors. The balance of this interaction is the symbiotic homeostasis of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and when the homeostasis is disrupted, a variety of skin diseases such as acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, rosacea and melanoma can occur. Factors affecting the symbiotic homeostasis of Staphylococcus epidermidis include environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen content and nutrition, antibiotics, the number of other microorganisms, microecological diversity, etc. This review summarizes recent research progress in symbiotic homeostasis of Staphylococcus epidermidis.