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In India, abiotic stress, particularly drought, is known to affect sugarcane cultivation. Among various management strategies, application of biostimulants, especially those from seaweeds, offer promising results in containing yield loss due to drought stress. Here, we tested the efficacy of Sea6 liquid biostimulant formulation LBS6 in field condition along with conventional management practices for comparison purpose using two popular commercial varieties of sugarcane (Co 86032 and Co 0212). Drought stress imposed during formative phase of the crop and foliar application of sea6 liquid formulation was applied at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting (DAP). The effect of liquid formulation on mitigating drought stress was assessed by studying the growth, physiological, yield and yield traits at important pheno-phases of the crop. Results showed that, in Co 86032 shoot population of control was 100.5×103 ha-1 and drought was 85.1×103 ha-1 with mean reduction of 15.5% over control. Drought stress induced 11.4, 12.4, 9.8 and 5.0% reduction in plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photochemical efficiency, respectively. In Co 0212, drought induced 10.15, 9.4, 10.5, 9.5 and 5.1% reduction in shoot population, plant height, LAI, SPAD value and photochemical efficiency, respectively. Under drought condition, in Co 86032, foliar application of KCl (2.5%) and seaweed extract LBS6(2 mL L-1) was observed comparatively higher cane yield of 92.9 t ha-1 and 89.5 t ha-1, with 18 and 16.5% yield improvement over untreated drought plot, respectively. In Co 0212, foliar application of KCl (2.5%) and seaweed extract LBS6 (2 mL L-1) recorded 99 and 93.5 t ha-1 with 18.5% and 15.2% yield improvement over untreated drought plot, respectively. Among the two varieties, Co 0212 performed better under drought situation with KCl (2.5%) spray demonstrating better physiological efficiency under stress, closely followed by of sea6 formulation LBS6 (2 mL L-1). Further, the drought management practices did not affect the juice quality parameters in both the tested varieties.
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Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate plants growth, physiological, biochemical and nutrients changes in shallot grown in soil loaded with CuO nanoparticle (CuONPs).Methodology: The shallot seedlings were treated with increasing doses (25, 50, 100, 200 mg kg-1) of CuONPs; the rate of seedling growth, plant biomass, photosynthetic pigment content level, antioxidant enzyme activities and nutrient elements were estimated and compared with the control. Results: CuONPs treated plants exhibited increased shoot and root growth (123.31% and 184.47%) and biomass compared to the control. Also, the level of photosynthetic pigments namely, chlorophyll a (277.24%), chlorophyll b (301.42%) and carotenoids (104.81%) increased in the CuONPs exposed plants. The activity of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD, 382.77-330.29%), peroxidase (POX, 197.51-166.86%) and catalase (CAT, 234-317.35%) were found to be significantly high in 100 mg NPs treated plants compared to others. Hence, the nutrient elements in 100mg NPs treated plants were estimated and found to be higher than control. Interpretation: Results indicate that the engineered phycomolecule loaded CuONPs may possibly be used as nanofertilizer to increase crop productivity and it can be used for enhancing growth of agricultural crops in the future
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Seaweeds or macroalgae are the primary producers of an oceanic food source, widely distributed across the globe andknown for their excellent defensive properties against numerous biotic and abiotic factors. These defensive traits comefrom their secondary metabolites that act as protective barriers against pathogens and harmful organisms where amongthese compounds some have been found possessing the antifouling characteristic. In this study, Dictyota dichotomaand Sargassum granuliferum collected from Pulau Nunuyan Laut, Sabah, Malaysia, were studied to determine its sterolcomposition, and isolation was carried out to isolate their pure sterol compounds. Two assays consist of disk diffusionmethod for antibacterial activity and crystal violet assay were carried out to study its antifouling activity. Campesterol,stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were the dominant sterol compound detected in both samples and six pure sterols wereisolated (compounds 1–6). Results from the antibacterial and antifouling analysis showed better inhibition for Gramnegative compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Fucosterol (4) and epicoprostanol (5) gave the best antibacterial activitywith two bacteria inhibited compared to other compound. Meanwhile, coprostanol (1), campesterol (2), stigmasterol(3), epicoprostanol (5), and 5β-cholestan-3-one (6) showed strong antifouling activity towards the selected bacterialstrains with IC50 values ranges from 266.3 to 425.8 µg/ml.
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Abstract Seaweeds are accessible and important marine organisms found in coastal zones, which have shown their nutritive potential as food or additive. These organisms are relatively abundant in the coastline of Ecuador, but their biochemical composition has not been adequately studied. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the proximate composition of seven seaweeds (four red, two brown, and one green) collected from Salinas Bay, Ecuador, as a contribution to the knowledge of the nutritional potential of these organisms that belong to this region. Moisture, ash, fat, fiber and protein contents were determined by standard protocols, while carbohydrates were obtained by difference. Energetic content (or caloric profile) was calculated according to the contributions of macromolecules (fats, proteins and carbohydrates). The parameters in highest proportion found in all species were carbohydrates (32.2-45.5 %) and minerals (or ash, 25.8-36.7 %), which play a significant role in human nutrition and the food industry. Furthermore, protein, fiber, and fat contents were relatively low, with values around 4.7-8.0 %, 0.9-5.0 %, and 0.3-3.0 %, respectively, indicating these organisms are a good option as healthy food. According to statistical analysis (ANOVA), each nutritive parameter was significantly different among the species (P < 0.05). Results indicate edible seaweeds from Ecuador have potential as nutritious food that could offer between 1 500-2 000 kcal kg-1, which is higher than many common vegetables.(AU)
Resumen Las macroalgas marinas son organismos accesibles e importantes de las zonas costeras, los cuales han mostrado su potencial como alimentos o aditivos nutritivos. En la línea costera de Ecuador estos organismos son relativamente abundantes, pero su composición bioquímica no ha sido estudiada adecuadamente. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la composición proximal de siete especies de macroalgas (cuatro rojas, dos pardas y una verde) que fueron recolectadas en la Bahía de Salinas, Ecuador, como una contribución al conocimiento del potencial nutricional de estos organismos pertenecientes a esta región. Los contenidos de humedad, cenizas, grasa, fibra y proteínas fueron determinadas mediante protocolos estándares, mientras que el contenido de carbohidrato fue obtenido por diferencia. El contenido energético (o perfil calórico) de las macroalgas fue calculado de acuerdo con las contribuciones de las macromoléculas (grasas, proteínas y carbohidratos). Los parámetros encontrados en mayor proporción en todas las especies fueron: carbohidratos (32.2-45.5 %) y minerales (o cenizas, 25.8-36.7 %), los cuales tienen importancia en la nutrición humana y la industria alimentaria. Además, los contenidos de proteína, fibra y grasa fueron relativamente bajos, encontrando valores alrededor de 4.7-8.0, 0.9-5.0, y 0.3-3.0 %, respectivamente, indicando que estos organismos son una buena y saludable opción como alimento. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico (ANOVA), cada parámetro nutritivo fue significativamente diferente entre especies (P < 0.05). Los resultados indican que las algas comestibles de Ecuador tienen potencial como alimento nutritivo que pueden ofrecer entre 1 500-2 000 kcal kg-1, un aporte energético un poco mayor que muchos vegetales comunes.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Algas Marinas/química , Mariscos , Evaluación Nutricional , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , EcuadorRESUMEN
Objective: To investigate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions from Vietnamese red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea. Methods: The seaweed Laurencia dendroidea was extracted by using microwave-assisted extraction method in 80％ methanol. The seaweed extract was then fractionated using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). These obtained fractions were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. The enzyme inhibition mode was determined using Lineweaver-Burk plot. For acidic and thermal stabilities, the ethyl acetate fraction was treated at pH 2.0 and 100 ℃, respectively. The residual inhibitory activity of the fraction was calculated based on the initial inhibitory activity. For in vivo antidiabetic activity, mice were divided into four groups, including normal control, diabetic control, diabetic mice treated with ethyl acetate fraction and diabetic mice treated with gliclazide. Blood glucose level of treated mice during acute and prolonged treatments was measured. To evaluate the toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction, the body weight changes and activities of liver function enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gammaglutamyl transferase) were carried out. Results: The extract of Laurencia dendroidea showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Methanolic concentrations affected both α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. A 80％ aqueous methanol was the suitable solvent for extraction of enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants. Among solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the highest inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase with a mixed type of inhibition and the strongest antioxidant activities, and was stable under acidic and thermal conditions. The ethyl acetate fraction treated diabetic mice significantly reduced blood glucose level compared with the diabetic control group (13.16 mmol/L vs. 22.75 mmol/L after 3 hours of treatment). Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction did not exhibit toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight as determined by body weight changes and liver biochemical parameters. Conclusions: Laurencia dendroidea could be a potential source for production of antidiabetic and antioxidative agents.
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Objective: To investigate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions from Vietnamese red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea. Methods: The seaweed Laurencia dendroidea was extracted by using microwave-assisted extraction method in 80% methanol. The seaweed extract was then fractionated using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). These obtained fractions were evaluated for α -glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. The enzyme inhibition mode was determined using Lineweaver-Burk plot. For acidic and thermal stabilities, the ethyl acetate fraction was treated at pH 2.0 and 100 °C, respectively. The residual inhibitory activity of the fraction was calculated based on the initial inhibitory activity. For in vivo antidiabetic activity, mice were divided into four groups, including normal control, diabetic control, diabetic mice treated with ethyl acetate fraction and diabetic mice treated with gliclazide. Blood glucose level of treated mice during acute and prolonged treatments was measured. To evaluate the toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction, the body weight changes and activities of liver function enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) were carried out. Results: The extract of Laurencia dendroidea showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Methanolic concentrations affected both α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. A 80% aqueous methanol was the suitable solvent for extraction of enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants. Among solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the highest inhibitory activities against α -glucosidase with a mixed type of inhibition and the strongest antioxidant activities, and was stable under acidic and thermal conditions. The ethyl acetate fraction treated diabetic mice significantly reduced blood glucose level compared with the diabetic control group (13.16 mmol/L vs. 22.75 mmol/L after 3 hours of treatment). Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction did not exhibit toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight as determined by body weight changes and liver biochemical parameters. Conclusions: Laurencia dendroidea could be a potential source for production of antidiabetic and antioxidative agents.
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ABSTRACT: Although the knowledge on agricultural using of biostimulants increases, there is still little information on their interactions with other chemicals i.e. herbicides. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of popular herbicides (MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron, florasulam+2,4-D) used with and without biostimulants based on seaweed extract (Kelpak) and nitrophenols (Asahi) on weed control efficiency, yield and quality of the crop. Field trial was carried out in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The experiment was established on spring wheat cv.'Torridon', in 4 replications, using randomized block design. In the experiment two variants of application were tested. In the first variant preparations (herbicide and biostimulant) were applied as tank mixtures at the crop growth stage BBCH 30 and in the second variant in some combinations herbicide application was followed by biostimulant used alone. Weather conditions had a profound impact on tested preparations activity. Addition of biostimulants to herbicide had not affected weed control efficacy but application of herbicide and biostimulant mixture revealed its influence on yield parameters of wheat. Biostimulants influenced yield quality parameters e.g. by enhancing gluten amount in grains.
RESUMO: Embora o conhecimento sobre o uso agrícola de bioestimulantes aumente, ainda há pouca informação sobre suas interações com outros produtos químicos, como por exemplo, herbicidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron + e florasulam + 2,4-D, usados com bioestimulantes a base de extratos de algas marinhas (Klepak) e nitrofenóis (Asahi) sobre a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas e o rendimento da produção das plantas cultivadas. Os estudos de campo foram realizados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 pelo Instituto de Proteção de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas em Poznań (Polônia). O experimento foi realizado na cultura do trigo, cultivar 'Torridon' com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas diferentes opções de mistura de herbicidas versus bioestimulantes que foram aplicados em mistura de tanque ou o bioestimulante foi aplicado três dias após a aplicação do herbicida. As condições climáticas afetaram o desempenho das misturas utilizadas. A adição de bioestimulante ao herbicida não modificou a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas, mas revelou grande influência nos parâmetros de produtividade do trigo. O uso de bioestimulantes provocou a melhora da qualidade dos grãos, aumentando o teor de glúten.
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Abstract: Brazil has an important role in marine ornamental trade, exploiting native species for both international and domestic market. A few works have previously assessed wild species exploited by the Brazilian marine aquarium industry and most of them focused solely on fish. Hence, the present paper intends to address an information gap regarding the species currently traded in the country, as well as concerning their conservation statuses. Thus, different sources of information were investigated and each species was categorized in accordance with existing lists of threatened species. A wide variety of native species was identified in Brazilian marine aquarium trade, including not only fish but also invertebrates, seaweeds and macrophytes. Some of these species were legally protected, but are still commerced anyway. Such illegal exploitation of native species causes increasing concerns about the sustainability of the activity. Therefore, in order to reduce environmental impacts caused by marine ornamental trade, Brazilian authorities should encourage the implementation of eco-fees, the purchase of eco-labeled aquarium products, the development of sustainable ornamental aquaculture and ecosystem-based management initiatives.
Resumo: O Brasil possui um papel importante no comércio de ornamentais marinhos, utilizando espécies tanto para exportação como para o mercado interno. Poucos trabalhos anteriores descreveram as espécies nativas utilizadas pela indústria brasileira de aquarismo marinho, e a maioria deles era focada exclusivamente no uso de peixes. Assim, o presente trabalho almeja preencher a falta de informação em relação às espécies atualmente exploradas no país, bem como relativas às suas categorias de conservação. Dessa forma, diferentes fontes de informação foram investigadas e cada espécie foi categorizada de acordo com as listas de espécies ameaçadas existentes. Uma grande variedade de espécies foi identificada no comércio do aquarismo marinho brasileiro, o que inclui não somente peixes, mas também invertebrados, macroalgas e macrófitas. Algumas dessas espécies não poderiam ser exploradas, mas mesmo assim seguem sendo comercializadas. Essa utilização ilegal de espécies nativas provoca preocupações frequentes acerca da sustentabilidade dessa atividade. Desse modo, para reduzir os impactos ambientais causados pelo aquarismo marinho, as autoridades brasileiras deveriam incentivar a implementação de taxas-ecológicas, a aquisição de produtos de aquário com selos ecológicos, o desenvolvimento sustentável da aquacultura ornamental e iniciativas de manejo baseadas no ecossistema.
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Abstract Schistosomiasis may be caused by six different species of the genus Schistosoma. Current treatment is based only on two drugs: oxamniquine, which is only effective against the Schistosoma mansoni species, and praziquantel, which is ineffective against young parasites. Therefore, research on new drugs and their targets for the treatment of this disease is urgently needed. In the present work, the efficacies of several seaweeds extracts against S. mansoni were tested. Worm couples were incubated with different concentration of seaweed extracts for 120 h and monitored after the first 2 h and then every 24 h to evaluate death, mobility reduction and couple detachment. The extracts of 13 different seaweed species were tested in a first trial and the active extracts were further evaluated in lower concentrations. The extracts of Gracilaria ornata and species belonging to the genera Dictyota and Laurencia showed activity at relatively low concentrations. The active extracts were analyzed by LC–MS, and possible candidates are proposed.
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The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was evaluated for the marine seaweeds viz., Enteromorpha sp. Cystoseria indica, Sargassum swartzii, Gracilaria corticata, Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa from Kodinar coast, Gujarat. Different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether were used for seaweed extraction to envisage the antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity were determined in ethanol extracted seaweeds. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in the ethanol extract of all the seaweeds except C. racemosa. Among the seaweeds, the total antioxidant potential was found to be maximum in the ethanol extract of S. swartzii - 19.84±0.14 (19.8 mg of Ascorbic acid/g of seaweed extract) and the greatest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by the ethanol extract of S. swartzii (81.63±0.39 % inhibition) compared to the control (ascorbic acid) 95.24±0.22. Hence, from the present study it is evident that the seaweeds collected from Kodinar coast harbors excellent inhibitory activity against various human pathogens and has significant antioxidant potential as well. In particular, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. swartzii was found to be excellent and can be pointed out as the best candidate among the other seaweeds tested.