Autorreconocimiento de trastornos y problemas mentales por la población adulta en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental en Colombia / Self-recognition of mental disorders and mental problems in the adult population from the Colombian National Mental Health Survey

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Los trastornos mentales son muy prevalentes en la población general; a pesar de ello, solo alrededor de un tercio reconoce que los tiene y accede a los servicios de salud. El objetivo es determinar los potenciales factores asociados con la falta de autorreconocimiento de trastornos y problemas mentales entre la población colombiana. Métodos: En la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015 (ENSM 2015) realizada en Colombia, se recogieron las respuestas de los adultos mayores de 18 anos a la pregunta sobre si tenían algún problema o trastorno mental que hayan puntuado positivo en trastornos mentales medidos por el CIDI 3.0 o en problemas mentales detectados por el SRQ-20. Se realizó un análisis bivariable con posibles variables relacionadas y otro multivariable de regresión logística. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 10.870 adultos; el 12,25% (1.332) sufría trastornos y el 30,2% (3.282), problemas. Del total de personas con trastornos y problemas, el 7,9% se autorreconoció con ellos. Las variables asociadas con el autorreconocimiento de trastornos o problemas fueron: ser mujer (OR = 1,8; IC95%, 1,4-2,3), tener disfunción familiar (OR = 1,5; IC95%, 1,2-2,0), haber sufrido un evento traumático (OR = 1,8; IC95%, 1,4-2,2), consumir sustancias psicoactivas (OR = 0,5; IC95%, 0,4-0,7), no ser pobre (OR = 1,9; IC95%, 1,2-3,0) y tener enfermedades crónicas (OR = 1,6; IC95%, 1,3-2,1), entre otras variables asociadas. Conclusiones: El autorreconocimiento de los adultos es de gran relevancia para iniciar el acceso a la atención. Los resultados proveen variables asociadas que permiten planear intervenciones para promover el autorreconocimiento en esta población.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Mental disorders are very prevalent in the general population. Despite this, it is estimated that only about a third of the people affected is able to recognise problems on their own and to access health services. The aim was to determine the factors associated with the lack of self-recognition of mental problems and disorders in the Colombian population. Methods: The National Mental Health Survey (ENSM-2015) conducted in Colombia identified adults over 18 years that answered "yes' to the question 'Have you had a mental problem or disorder?', had a positive score in mental disorders measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0, or in mental problems detected by the SRQ-20. A bivariate analysis, as well as a logistic regression, were performed with possible related variables. Results: A sample of 10, 870 adults was obtained, of whom 12.25% (1,332) had mental disorders and 30.2% (3282) had mental problems. Of those individuals with disorders and problems, 7.9% recognised themselves as affected. The variables associated with self-recognition of disorders or problems were, among others: being female (OR = 1.8; 95%CI, 1.4-2.3), family dysfunction (OR= 1.5; 95%CI, 1.2-2.0), to have experienced a traumatic event (OR =1.8; 95%CI, 1.4-2.2), illegal substance consumption (OR = 0.5; 95% saCI, 0.4-0.7), not being poor (OR = 1.9; 95%CI, 1.2-3.0), and having chronic illnesses (OR= 1.6; 95%CI, 1.3-2.1). Conclusions: Self-recognition is of great relevance to improve access to care by adults. The results provide associated variables that allow planning interventions that can promote the recognition of mental problems or disorders in this population.

Momentos de reconocimiento como sujetos de derecho de un grupo de personas jóvenes universitarias LGBT en Tunja, Boyacá / Momentos de reconhecimento como sujeitos de direitos de jovens universitàrios LGBT em Tunja, Boyacá / Moments of recognition as subjects of rights of young LGBT people in a university in Tunja, Boyacá

Resumen: Esta investigación buscó describir e interpretar las vivencias de las personas que se auto reconocen como LGBT en la ciudad de Tunja (departamento de Boyacá, Colombia), frente a la garantía, el acceso y el ejercicio de sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos. La metodología fue de carácter cualitativo y como método de análisis e interpretación se utilizó la teoría fundamentada. Los datos fueron obtenidos por entrevistas semiestructuradas, que se analizaron a través de la codificación abierta y axial; se realizó comparación constante para la emergencia de cinco categorías conceptuales que describen por medio de tres momentos que organizan los datos obtenidos e identificados en el proceso de reconocimiento de los/las participantes como sujetos de derechos. Los tres momentos son denominados: 1) definición de si, 2) reconocimiento social y 3) reconocimiento Estatal. El reconocimiento del "Otr@" a partir de la diversidad es una necesidad imperante para la atención por parte del personal de enfermería, dado que permite cuidados desde las vivencias y experiencias de los sujetos cuidados y cuidadores. Este proceso también ayuda a tomar posiciones no discriminatorias que construyen relaciones de cuidado más comprometidas con los procesos salud-enfermedad desde enfoques diversos, comprensivos y pertinentes a las comunidades en general y al colectivo LGBT en particular.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e interpretar as experiências de pessoas que se reconhecem como LGBT na cidade de Tunja (departamento Boyacá, Colômbia), diante à garantia, acesso e exercício de seus direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa e, como método de análise e interpretação, utilizou-se a teoria fundamentada. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, as quais foram analisadas por meio de codificação aberta e axial; uma comparação constante revelou cinco categorias conceptuais que descrevem três momentos, que permitem organizar os dados obtidos e identificados no processo de reconhecimento dos/das participantes como sujeitos de direitos. Os três momentos são denominados: 1) definição de si, 2) reconhecimento social, e 3) reconhecimento pelo Estado. O reconhecimento do "Otr @" a partir da diversidade é uma necessidade preponderante para a atenção das equipes de enfermagem, uma vez que permite o cuidado a partir das experiências e vivências dos sujeitos que dão e recebem o cuidado. Este processo também ajuda na tomada de posições não discriminatórias que constroem relações de cuidado mais comprometidas com os processos de saúde-doença a partir de abordagens diversas, abrangentes e relevantes para as comunidades em geral e a comunidade LGBT em particular.

Abstract: This study describes and interprets the experiences of people who self-identify as LGBT in the city of Tunja (Boyacá Department, Colombia), in terms of their guarantee, access and exercise of sexual and reproductive rights. The methodology was qualitative in nature and, as a method of analysis and interpretation, the grounded theory was used. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed by means of open and axial coding; a constant comparison revealed five conceptual categories describing three moments, which organize the obtained information identified in the process of recognition of the participants as subjects of rights. The three moments are called: 1) self-definition, 2) social recognition, and 3) recognition by the State. The recognition of the "Other" from a diversity point-of-view is a preponderant stage in the care provided by nursing teams, based the subjects lived experiences both giving and receiving care. This process also helps non-discriminatory positions to build care relations committed to a health-disease processes from a approach diverse, comprehensive and relevant to communities in general and the LGBT community in particular.

Preferencias étnicas en niños bolivianos: Tras la huella de la exclusión / Ethnic preferences in Bolivian children: On the track of exclusion

Resumen: La presente investigación busca evidencia científica acerca de las preferencias étnicas (PE) como alternativa para el estudio acerca del desarrollo de la identidad en niños por debajo de los 12 años. Con este propósito, se evaluaron las PE y del desarrollo cognitivo en una muestra de 388 niños de ambos sexos, 192 varones (49,5%) y 196 mujeres (50,5%), provenientes de zonas urbanas y peri urbanas de tres ciudades de Bolivia. Se postuló, en concordancia con la multidimensionalidad de las PE que, la edad, el origen étnico de los niños, las destrezas cognitivas, el entorno social y cultural en el que se desarrollan (homogéneo-heterogéneo) y el auto-reconocimiento con respecto a las características de su endogrupo, podrían ser factores de importante influencia sobre sus preferencias. Los resultados mostraron que los niños no consolidan su identidad antes de los 12 años. Sin embargo, resultó evidente que las PE evolucionan y modifican desde la infancia hasta el inicio de la adolescencia, siguiendo un patrón más o menos constante asociado con las variables anteriormente mencionadas.

Abstract: The present research seeks scientific evidence about ethnic preferences (EP) as an alternative for the study on the development of identity in children below 12 years old. With this purpose, the EP and cognitive development was evaluated in a sample of 388 children of both sexes, 192 boys (49.5%) and 196 women (50.5%) from urban and peri-urban of three cities of Bolivia. It was postulated, according with the multidimensionality of EP that, in addition to the age, the ethnicity of children, their cognitive skills, the social and cultural environment in which they develop (homogeneous-heterogeneous) and the self-recognition with respect to the in-group characteristics, could be factors with important influence in their preferences. The results showed that children do not consolidate their identity before 12 years. However, it became clear that ethnic preferences develop and change from childhood to early adolescence, following a more or less constant pattern associated with the aforementioned variables.

Escuela inclusiva y subjetividad, categorías para el desarrollo del talento en niños y niñas

Introducción. El momento histórico contemporáneo de la educación colombiana señala que el currículo y la escuela deben articularse con el contexto universal del conocimiento y propender por considerar fundamental en la práctica pedagógica la condición humana. Objetivo. Establecer, mediante una mirada integradora, el potencial y el talento que tienen los estudiantes en el aula de clase. Materiales y métodos. La investigación ha sido orientada por la investigación cualitativa, con el tipo de investigación acción educativa. La técnica ha sido definida teniendo en cuenta la intencionalidad de la misma: el método biográfico desde sus variantes: biografía y autobiografía asistida, las que se seleccionaron para determinar los hallazgos de la investigación. Resultados. El método biográfico dio lugar al reconocimiento y autorreconocimiento de los padres de familia hacia sus hijos, de los estudiantes para sí mismos y de los profesores hacia sus estudiantes, y deja a la luz los talentos perceptibles de los estudiantes en el aula; además, determina con ello la práctica pedagógica a re-crear pertinentemente. Conclusión. Se obtuvo un totalizante de la población que dio lugar al reconocimiento de la condición humana desde sus potencialidades a partir del autorreconocimiento de sus capacidades.

Introduction. The current times in Colombian education indicate that the curriculum and the school must be articulated to the universal context of knowledge and consider human condition as a crucial factor in the pedagogy practice. Objective. Establish, with an integrated look, the potential and the talent of the students in the classroom. Materials and methods. This research work has been made with a qualitative method, educational action research. The technique has been defined keeping in mind its intention: the biographic method from its variations: biography and assisted autobiography, chosen to determine the research's finds. Results. The biographic method brought recognition and self-recognition from parents to children, from students to themselves and from teachers to students, and unveils perceptible talents of the students in the classroom. Besides, the pedagogy practice of pertain re-creation is determined. Conclusion. The whole population recognized human condition from its potential, with the self-recognition of their capabilities

Introdução. O momento histórico contemporâneo da educação colombiana mostra que o currículo e a escola devem articular-se com o contexto universal do conhecimento e propender por considerar fundamental na prática pedagógica a condição humana. Objetivo. Estabelecer, mediante uma mirada integradora, o potencial e o talento que tem os estudantes na aula. Materiais e métodos. A investigação há sido orientada pela investigação qualitativa, com o tipo de investigação ação educativa. A técnica há sido definida tendo em conta a intencionalidade da mesma: o método biográfico desde suas variantes: biografia e autobiografia assistida, as que se selecionaram para determinar as descobertas da investigação. Resultados. O método biográfico deu lugar ao reconhecimento e auto-reconhecimento dos pais de família para seus filhos, os estudantes para si mesmos e dos professores para seus estudantes, e deixa à luz os talentos perceptíveis dos estudantes em classe; ademais, determina com isso a prática pedagógica a recriar pertinentemente. Conclusão. Se obteve um total da população que deu lugar ao reconhecimento da condição humana desde suas potencialidades a partir do auto-reconhecimento das suas capacidades.

The Effectiveness of Na Reduction Program for Cook in Child-care Center: Focus on Self-reevaluation and Strengthen Consciousness / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a Na-reduction education program and apply it for cooks who prepare meals in day-care centers. To development of the program was based on increasing the self-awareness of salinity, eating behaviors and enforcing skills of low-Na cooking. METHODS: The study was carried out from April to October in 2013, fifty five cooks participated in this program. The Na reduction program composed of 4 sessions of education which included a 90-minute lecture and self-reevaluation of personal saltsensitivity degree and three low Na recipe cooking classes. In order to measure the effectiveness of the program, the pretest and posttest of salinity of the soups provided by day care centers was conducted at registration and 5 month after the program with the same menu. RESULTS: After the conduct of the program, salimeter using rate was increased from 8.2% to 94.6% after the program and the other measuring instruments using rate was gradually increased. We observed that the score on eating behaviors increased 1.51 points from 38.80 to 40.31 after the intervention program (p < 0.001). Further, increased knowledge and skill provided by the intervention program resulted in improved Nareduction cooking capability. According to the results from analyzing the soup salinity, the salinity in watery soup was significant reduced from 0.556 to 0.449 0.107 and soybean-paste soup was significant reduced from 0.669 to 0.551 after the intervention program (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As the result of fact, the intervention programs that was based on self-reevaluation, to enforce practical skill and consciousness was effective to serve low sodium menu at day care centers.

Uso de recursos herbolarios entre mapuches y criollos de la comunidad campesina de Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina) / Use of medicinal plant resources in Mapuche and Criollo inhabitants of the rural community of Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Argentina)

This work investigates wild medicinal plant use in a rural population of Northwest Patagonia. Arroyo Las Minas population is composed by families with different cultural identitites. Biogeographical origin and differential use between Mapuches and Criollos were focused in this work.. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 inhabitants. Among the medicinal plants used in this population, native flora was best represented than the exotic one. The Mapuche inhabitants utilized more total richness (particularly native species) of medicinal plants than the Criollos. Cultural identity (i.e. self-recognition as Mapuche) and time of interaction with the local flora seems to influence the present use of the medicinal plants in this population.

Este trabajo indaga acerca del uso de plantas silvestres medicinales usadas en una pequeña población campesina del noroeste patagónico. La población Arroyo Las Minas está compuesta por familias con diferente auto-reconocimiento cultural. En este estudio se enfoca en aspectos relacionados con el origen biogeográfico de los recursos utilizados y se analiza si el uso de plantas varía entre mapuches y criollos. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas a 17 personas del paraje. La flora nativa se encuentra mejor representada que los elementos exóticos en la herbolaria de esta población. Los pobladores mapuches utilizan una mayor riqueza de plantas medicinales, y de nativas en particular en comparación con los pobladores criollos. El auto-reconocimiento cultural y el tiempo de interacción con la flora son aspectos que parecen influir en el uso actual de plantas medicinales en esta población.