Simulación clínica en pediatría: percepciones de docentes y estudiantes en una Universidad paraguaya. Un estudio cualitativo

Introducción: La simulación clínica permite desarrollar competencias en un ambiente realista y seguro. Se analizaron las percepciones de estudiantes y docentes tras implementar escenarios simulados en Pediatría III de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa-descriptiva. Grupos focales con estudiantes y entrevistas a docentes, indagando sobre planificación, gestión, aprendizajes y expectativas. Análisis temático de contenido. Resultados: La experiencia fue valorada positivamente. Los alumnos refirieron adquisición de competencias para manejo de urgencias. Los docentes basaron escenarios en casos prevalentes. El debriefing fue desafiante. Se consideró que mejora la enseñanza y la seguridad del paciente. Conclusiones: La simulación fue percibida favorablemente, contribuyendo al desarrollo de competencias en entorno controlado. Se requiere compromiso institucional para incorporarla al currículo.

Introduction: Clinical simulation allows the development of competencies in a realistic and safe environment. The perceptions of students and teachers were analyzed after implementing simulated scenarios in the Pediatrics clerkship at the National University of Asunción. Methodology: This was a qualitative-descriptive study. We used focus groups with students and interviews with teachers, inquiring about planning, management, learning, and expectations. We then performed thematic content analysis. Results: The experience was valued positively. Students reported acquisition of competencies for managing emergencies. Teachers based scenarios on prevalent cases. Debriefing was challenging. It was demonstrated that it improves teaching and patient safety. Conclusions: Simulation was favorably perceived, contributing to the development of competencies in a controlled environment. Institutional commitment is required to incorporate it into the curriculum.

High-fidelity simulation versus case-based discussion for training undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergencies: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation of pediatric emergencies compared to case-based discussion on the development of self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students. Methods: 33 medical students were allocated to two teaching methods: high-fidelity simulation (HFS, n = 18) or case-based discussion (CBD, n = 15). Self-confidence and knowledge tests were applied before and after the interventions and the effect of HFS on both outcomes was estimated with mixed-effect models. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination activity was conducted after the interventions, while two independent raters used specific simulation checklists to assess clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership. The effect of HFS on these outcomes was estimated with linear and logistic regressions. The effect size was estimated with the Hedge'sg. Results: Both groups had an increase in self-confidence (HFS 59.1 × 93.6, p < 0.001; CDB 50.5 × 88.2, p < 0.001) and knowledge scores over time (HFS 45.1 × 63.2, p = 0.001; CDB 43.5 × 56.7, p-value < 0.01), but no difference was observed between groups (group*time effect in the mixed effect models adjusted for the student ranking) for both tests (p = 0.6565 and p = 0.3331, respectively). The simulation checklist scores of the HFS group were higher than those of the CBD group, with large effect sizes in all domains (Hedges g 1.15 to 2.20). Conclusion: HFS performed better than CBD in developing clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergency care, but no significant difference was observed in self-confidence and theoretical knowledge.

A SIMULATION APPROACH FOR NOVEL 1,3,4 THIADIAZOLE ACETAMIDE MOIETIES AS POTENT ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS

Objective: To design novel series of 1,3,4 thiadiazoles and to evaluate their anti-mycobacterial potency via In silico modeling.Methods: In silico modeling comprising of Lipinski rule evaluation, ADMET prediction, Molecular docking and Simulation studies aimed to identify potent 1,3,4 thiadiazoles.Results: The various physiochemical parameters and molecular descriptors of the proposed 1,3,4 thiadiazoles were predicted. And they exhibited good binding score compared with standard drug INH. The simulation studies showed minimal fluctuation of the ligand receptor complexes.Conclusion: The MD simulation and binding affinity of designed 1,3,4 thiadiazoles proved their efficiency as InhA inhibitors. The potency of the selected derivatives can be confirmed by further in vitro and in vivo experiments.

El cirujano general en las urgencias hepatobiliares en Colombia desde la visión de los expertos: un estudio cualitativo / The general surgeon in hepatobiliary emergencies in Colombia from the experts' perspective: A qualitative study

Introducción. El manejo perioperatorio de las urgencias hepatobiliares por parte del cirujano general es una competencia esperada y se considera un reto por su relativa frecuencia, impacto en la salud del individuo y la economía, así como las implicaciones en el ejercicio clínico confiable y de alta calidad. Se desconocen los aspectos formales de la educación en cirugía hepatobiliar para el cirujano general en Colombia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la perspectiva de los cirujanos hepatobiliares sobre esta problemática. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con 14 especialistas en cirugía hepatobiliar colombianos, en donde se exploraron los desafíos del entrenamiento, el tiempo y las características de una rotación, la evaluación de la confiabilidad, el número de procedimientos y el rol de la simulación. Se hizo un análisis temático de la información. Resultados. Los expertos mencionaron la importancia de la rotación obligatoria por cirugía hepatobiliar para los cirujanos en formación. El tiempo ideal es de tres meses, en el último año de residencia, en centros especializados, con exposición activa y bajo supervisión. Conclusiones. Por las características epidemiológicas del país y la frecuencia de enfermedades hepatobiliares que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico, es necesario que el cirujano general cuente con una formación sólida en este campo durante la residencia. El presente estudio informa sobre las características ideales del entrenamiento en este campo desde la visión de los expertos colombianos.

Introduction. The perioperative management of hepatobiliary emergencies by the general surgeon is an expected competence and is considered a challenge due to its relative frequency, impact on the individual health and the economy, as well as the implications for reliable and high-quality clinical practice. The formal aspects of education in hepatobiliary surgery for the general surgeon in Colombia are unknown. The objective of the present study was to explore the perspective of hepatobiliary surgeons on this problem. Methods. A qualitative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 14 Colombian hepatobiliary surgery specialists, where the challenges of training, time and characteristics of the rotation, evaluation of reliability, number of procedures and role of simulation. A thematic analysis of the information was carried out. Results. The experts mentioned the importance of mandatory rotation for hepatobiliary surgery for surgeons in training. The ideal duration was three months, during the last year of residency, in specialized centers with active exposure and under supervision. Conclusions. Due to the epidemiological characteristics of the country and the frequency of hepatobiliary diseases that require surgical treatment, it is necessary for the general surgeon to have solid training in this field during residency. The present study reports on the ideal characteristics of training in this field from the perspective of Colombian experts.

Desenredando los nudos en cirugía: creando maestría con un simulador práctico en casa / Untangling the knots in surgery: Creating mastery with a practical at-home simulator

Introducción. Anudar es una de las habilidades quirúrgicas esenciales y de su correcta ejecución dependen procesos de vital importancia. La adquisición de estas competencias requiere trabajo motor, entornos amigables y realistas. Una estrategia para facilitar el aprendizaje de la técnica de anudado es generar instrumentos de simulación accesibles. Métodos. Se presenta un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos, construido con materiales de bajo costo y asequibles para la población en general, con un presupuesto de aproximadamente $5.000 COP (US$ 1,23). Resultados. Se desarrolló un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos que, al fijarse a la extremidad inferior desde una posición sentada, proporciona una superficie estable para llevar a cabo la práctica de anudado de manera efectiva. Conclusión. La cirugía moderna considera la seguridad del paciente como la principal prioridad, por lo que ya no es apropiado adoptar un método de formación de "ver uno, hacer uno, enseñar uno". Es la práctica constante mediante simuladores, el método más adecuado. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa de aprendizaje ininterrumpido de las técnicas quirúrgicas relacionadas con los nudos.

Introduction. Knotting is one of the essential surgical skills and vitally important processes that depends on its correct execution. The acquisition of these skills requires motor work, friendly and realistic environments. A strategy to facilitate learning the knotting technique is to generate accessible simulation instruments. Methods. A surgical knot simulator is presented, built with low-budget materials and affordable for the general population, with a budget of approximately $5,000 COP (US$ 1.23). Results. A surgical knot simulator has been developed in a way that, when attached to the thigh of a lower extremity from a seated position, provides a stable surface to effectively perform knot tying practice. Conclusion. Modern surgery considers patient safety as the top priority, so it is no longer appropriate to adopt a "see one, do one, teach one" training method. Constant practice using simulators is the most appropriate method. This work presents an alternative for uninterrupted learning of surgical techniques related to knots.

Perception of Knowledge Transfer from Clinical Simulations to the Care Practice in Nursing Students / Percepción de la transferencia de conocimientos de las simulaciones clínicas a la práctica asistencial en estudiantes de enfermería / Percepção da transferência de conhecimentos das simulações clínicas para a prática assistencial em estudantes de enfermagem

Objetivo. Avaliar a percepção da transferência de conhecimentos das simulações clínicas para a prática assistencial em estudantes de enfermagem por meio de um debriefing eficaz. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com uma lista de 281 estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade espanhola durante o curso 2020-2021, por meio de uma consulta ad hoc a partir do Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH) em português, para valorizar as áreas competentes que um estudante de graduação deve alcançar ao finalizar seus estudos. Resultados. A consulta realizada após cada simulação mostrou que os estudantes valorizaram positivamente as sessões de debriefing realizadas por especialistas, com uma pontuação média de 6.61 sobre 7 [6.56-6.65%] com base em 675 consultas analisadas, e cada estudante realizou mais de uma simulação dentro do curso acadêmico. Foram observadas 221 respostas cumulativas que o aprendizado na simulação se traduziu na prática em 89.23% [86.39-92.06%], especificamente nas áreas de Comunicação, Segurança do paciente, Trabalho em equipe e Liderança. Conclusão. Na percepção dos estudantes participantes, o uso de um debriefing eficaz na simulação clínica permitiu a transferência de conhecimentos para a prática assistencial, mostrando ser uma ferramenta crucial que ajuda a melhorar a formação dos futuros enfermeiros.

Objetivo. Evaluar la percepción de la transferencia de conocimientos de las simulaciones clínicas a la práctica asistencial en estudiantes de enfermería mediante un debriefing eficaz.Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal con una muestra de 281 estudiantes durante el curso 2020-2021, mediante una encuesta ad hoc a partir de la Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH) en español, para valorar las áreas competenciales que un estudiante de grado debe alcanzar al finalizar sus estudios. Resultados. La encuesta realizada después de cada simulación mostró que los estudiantes valoraban positivamente las sesiones de debriefing realizadas por expertos, con una puntuación media de 6.61 sobre 7 [6.56 % - 6.65 %] en base a 675 encuestas analizadas, ya que cada estudiante realizaba más de una simulación dentro del curso académico. Se observó en 221 respuestas cumplimentadas que lo aprendido en la simulación se transfirió a la práctica en el 89.23 % [86.39 % - 92.06 %], específicamente en áreas de Comunicación, Seguridad del paciente, Trabajo en equipo y Liderazgo. Conclusión. En la percepción de los estudiantes participantes, el uso de un debriefing eficaz en la simulación clínica permitió la transferencia de conocimientos a la práctica asistencial, mostrando ser una herramienta crucial que ayuda a mejorar la formación a de los futuros enfermeros.

Objective. This work sought to assess the perception of knowledge transfer from clinical simulations to the care practice in nursing students through effective debriefing.Methods. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 281 students during the 2020-2021 course, through una ad hoc survey from the Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH) in Spanish, to assess competence areas that undergraduate students must reach to complete their studies.Results. The survey conducted after each simulation showed that the students valued positively the debriefing sessions conducted by experts, with a mean score of 6.61 over 7 [6.56%-6.65%] based on 675 surveys analyzed, given that each student conducted more than one simulation within the academic course. It was observed in 221 completed answers that what was learned in the simulation was transferred to the practice in 89.23% [86.39%-92.06%], specifically in areas of Communication, Patient safety, Teamwork, and Leadership. Conclusion. In the perception by the participating students, the use of effective debriefing in clinical simulation enabled knowledge transfer to the care practice, proving to be a crucial tool that helps to improve the formation of the future nurses.

Deciphering FFAR4 Mediated Functional Pathways and Potential Drug Targets in Diabetes Mellitus: An Integrated Protein Interaction Network Analysis and Kinetic Simulation

Type 2 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects people worldwide. The G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) known as free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)and complications linked to obesity. The present study focuses on the pharmaceutical role of FFAR4 and its potential agonists by predicting anti-diabetic responses, including insulin secretion, glucose uptake and calcium ion concentration levels. We identified differentially expressed genes and elucidated their role extensively through analysis of pathways, molecular mechanisms and linked biological processes. In the present study, a systems biology approach was implemented to establish an interaction network between FFAR4 and its driver’s such as CASR and NR1H4, that highlighted their significance as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets. A mathematical model incorporating biological events mediated by these proteins is studied and simulated using kinetics law reactions. Furthermore, the kinetic simulations were conducted to assess the impact of drug molecules, namely comp35, comp50, compN1 and compN2, on FFAR4 function. The findings reveal FFAR4’s potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Analysis of the Accuracy of CAM-type Deformity Resection on a Low-cost Arthroscopic Simulator in a Training Scenario / Análise da acurácia da ressecção de deformidades tipo CAME em simulador artroscópico de baixo custo em um cenário de treinamento

Abstract Objective To evaluate surgeons' performance in resecting CAM-type deformities using a realistic arthroscopic surgery simulator. Methods An arthroscopic simulator was created using low-cost materials with the help of a GTMax Core A1 3D printer and the programs Invesalius and Meshmixer 2017, which were used to develop femoral head parts in ABS material, with the presence of a CAM-type deformity, to mimic a femoroacetabular impact situation. After the operations were performed by 16 surgeons, the femurs were compared to a previous model with deformity and another without, using Cloudcompare, and parameters such as the volumetric difference between the operated femurs, with and without deformity, the minimum and maximum distance between them, the percentage of the deformity resected, the estimated time for total resection of the deformity, as well as a qualitative analysis based on the images and graphs provided by the program representing the areas of the parts resected, were evaluated at the end. Results The average resection speed was 34.66 mm3/min (SD = 46 mm3/min, max = 147.33; min = −2.66). The average resection rate was 26.2% (SD = 34.7%, max = 111; min = −2). Qualitative analysis showed hyporesection of deformities and sometimes hyperresection of nondeformed areas. The simulator was highly rated by the surgeons, with a tactile sensation very similar to real surgery, according to them. Conclusion Arthroscopic simulators have proved very useful in training less experienced surgeons.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho de cirurgiões na ressecção de deformidades tipo CAME fazendo uso de um simulador realista de cirurgia artroscópica. Métodos Um simulador artroscópico foi criado a partir de materiais de baixo custo com auxílio de uma impressora 3D GTMax Core A1 e dos programas Invesalius e Meshmixer 2017, que foram utilizados para criar peças de cabeça de fêmur em material ABS, com a presença de uma deformidade tipo CAME, a fim de mimetizar uma situação de impacto femoroacetabular. Após as operações serem realizadas por 16 cirurgiões, os fêmures foram comparados a um modelo prévio com e outro sem deformidade pelo programa Cloudcompare, sendo avaliados ao final parâmetros como diferença volumétrica entre os fêmures operados, com e sem deformidade, distância mínima e máxima entre eles, porcentagem da deformidade ressecada, tempo estimado para ressecção total da deformidade, além de uma análise qualitativa feita com base nas imagens e gráficos fornecidos pelo programa representando as áreas das peças efetivamente ressecadas. Resultados A velocidade média de resseção foi de 34,66mm3/minuto (DP = 46 mm3/min, max = 147,33 mm3/min; min = −2,66 mm3/min). A média de ressecção obtida foi de 26,2% (DP = 34,7%, max = 111%; min = −2%). A análise qualitativa demonstrou uma hiporresecção das deformidades e, por vezes, hiperresecção de áreas não deformadas. O simulador foi muito bem avaliado pelos cirurgiões, tendo uma sensação tátil bem semelhante à cirurgia real segundo os mesmos. Conclusão Simuladores artroscópicos se mostraram muito úteis no treinamento de cirurgiões menos experientes.

Manejo de la vía aérea ante un caso de paro respiratorio en un escenario clínico simulado. Experiencia en una residencia de pediatría / Airway management during a respiratory arrest in a clinical simulation scenario. Experience at a pediatric residency program

Introducción. La insuficiencia respiratoria es la causa más común de paro cardíaco en pediatría; su reconocimiento y el manejo adecuado son cruciales. La simulación se utiliza para mejorar las habilidades médicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la proporción de residentes de pediatría que reconocieron un paro respiratorio (PR) pediátrico en un centro de simulación. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional con 77 médicos residentes. Se utilizó un caso simulado de un paciente con dificultad respiratoria que progresa a PR. Resultados. De los 77 participantes, 48 reconocieron el paro respiratorio (62,3 %). El tiempo medio para reconocer el PR fue de 34,43 segundos. Conclusión. El 62,3 % de los participantes logró reconocer el paro respiratorio. Entre aquellos que lo identificaron, el tiempo promedio fue de 34,43 segundos. Se observaron graves deficiencias en algunas de las intervenciones esperadas.

Introduction. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pediatrics. Recognizing and managing it adequately is critical. Simulation is used to improve medical skills. The objective of this study was to establish the proportion of pediatric residents who recognized a respiratory arrest in a child at a simulation center. Methods. This was an observational study in 77 residents. A simulation of a patient with respiratory distress that progressed to respiratory arrest was used. Results. Among the 77 participants, 48 recognized respiratory arrest (62.3%). The mean time to recognize respiratory arrest was 34.43 seconds. Conclusion. Respiratory arrest was recognized by 62.3% of participants. Among those who did so, the average time was 34.43 seconds. Severe failures were noted in some of the expected interventions.

Avaliação da acurácia do diagnóstico de enfermagem atribuído por estudantes por meio de casos clínicos escrito e telessimulado / Assessment of diagnostic accuracy in nursing assigned by students through written and telesimulated clinical cases

Introdução: esta pesquisa buscou investigar o exercício acurado do raciocínio diagnóstico seguido da tomada de decisão clínica em estudantes de enfermagem por meio da aplicação de duas tecnologias educacionais, caso clínico escrito e telessimulado. Objetivo geral: avaliar a acurácia do diagnóstico de enfermagem atribuído por estudantes na resolução de caso clínico na modalidade escrita e telessimulada. Objetivos específicos: verificar o julgamento do diagnóstico de enfermagem atribuído por estudantes pela ausência e presença do diagnóstico "Desobstrução Ineficaz de Vias Aéreas", em caso clínico na modalidade escrita e telessimulada; comparar o grau de acurácia do diagnóstico de enfermagem atribuído por estudantes na resolução de caso clínico na modalidade escrita e telessimulada pela aplicação da Escala de Acurácia de Diagnóstico de Enfermagem. Método: pesquisa experimental com desenho cruzado. O experimento foi realizado com 52 estudantes de enfermagem. A partir do diagnóstico de enfermagem "Desobstrução Ineficaz de Vias Aéreas", um caso clínico foi elaborado em conformidade com um estudo de validação clínica diagnóstica, que foi vivenciado pelos estudantes em um caso clínico escrito (Grupo 2) e em um caso clínico telessimulado (Grupo 1). Para verificação do grau de acurácia diagnóstica dos estudantes de enfermagem foi utilizada a Escala de Acurácia de Diagnóstico de Enfermagem. Resultados: observou-se que o Grupo 2 apresentou maior porcentagem de acurácia alta (46,15%) em relação ao Grupo 1 (7,69%). Além disso, uma maior porcentagem dos estudantes do Grupo 2 (53,85%) julgaram ter conhecimento prévio do DE "Desobstrução Ineficaz de Vias Aéreas" em comparação aos do Grupo 1 (26,92%); foi identificada uma tendência à correlação positiva entre a categoria de acurácia diagnóstica e o número de sinais e sintomas relevantes para o diagnóstico de enfermagem, indicando que à medida que aumentou o número de sinais e sintomas referidos, aumentou a acurácia diagnóstica, e vice-versa; foi verificada uma dificuldade de alguns estudantes em identificar pistas; apenas um estudante nomeou corretamente o diagnóstico de enfermagem selecionado. Conclusão: o ensino de enfermagem deve levar em consideração a importância da experiência e do desenvolvimento de habilidades para o aprimoramento do raciocínio diagnóstico. A utilização de tecnologias educacionais, por sua vez, pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para o avanço das estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem nesse campo.

Introduction: this research sought to investigate the accurate exercise of diagnostic reasoning followed by clinical decision-making in nursing students through the application of two educational technologies, written and telesimulated clinical case. Objectives: evaluate the accuracy of the nursing diagnosis given by students in resolving a clinical case in written and telesimulated modes; verify the judgment of the nursing diagnosis attributed by students due to the absence and presence of the diagnosis "Ineffective Airway Clearance", in a clinical case in written and telesimulated mode; compare the degree of accuracy of the nursing diagnosis attributed by students in resolving a clinical case in written and telesimulated modes by applying the Nursing Diagnosis Accuracy Scale. Method: experimental research with crossover design. The experiment was carried out with 52 nursing students. Based on the nursing diagnosis "Ineffective Airway Clearance", a clinical case was prepared in accordance with a clinical diagnostic validation study, which was experienced by the students in a written clinical case (Group 2) and in a telesimulated clinical case (Group 1). To check the degree of diagnostic accuracy of nursing students, the Nursing Diagnostic Accuracy Scale was used. Results: it was observed that Group 2 had a higher percentage of high accuracy (46.15%) compared to Group 1 (7.69%). Furthermore, a higher percentage of students in Group 2 (53.85%) believed they had prior knowledge of the ND "Ineffective Airway Clearance" compared to those in Group 1 (26.92%); a tendency towards a positive correlation was identified between the category of diagnostic accuracy and the number of signs and symptoms relevant to the nursing diagnosis, indicating that as the number of signs and symptoms reported increased, diagnostic accuracy increased, and vice versa; some students found it difficult to identify clues; only one student correctly named the selected nursing diagnosis. Conclusion: nursing education must take into account the importance of experience and skill development for improving diagnostic reasoning. The use of educational technologies, in turn, can be a valuable tool for advancing teaching-learning strategies in this field.

Propuesta de estrategias terapéuticas combinadas para KRAS en cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas a partir de análisis in silico / Proposal of combined therapeutic strategies for KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer based on an in silico analysis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas positivas a la mutación del gen linfoma anaplásico quinasa (ALK+) que, además, presentan mutaciones en el gen Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS), como KRASG12C, están mostrando resistencia tanto a inhibidores del gen linfoma anaplásico quinasa (ALK) como de KRAS. Por ello, se analizó la interacción de los inhibidores de ALK con KRAS, para sugerir una sinergia entre ambos. Materiales y métodos: En el estudio se realizó un modelado por homología de las estructuras KRASwt, KRASG12C y ALKwt. Posteriormente, se realizaron acoplamientos moleculares para determinar la energía de unión de los inhibidores de ALK y de KRAS, y evaluar la posible interacción entre los inhibidores de ALK con KRAS y la estructura KRASG12C. Finalmente, se analizó la expresión en la vía de proliferación celular de las proteínas rat sarcoma/quinasa regulada por señales extracelulares (vía RAS/MEK) mediante la técnica de Western blot. Resultados: Los valores de energía de unión muestran la posibilidad de interacción de los inhibidores de ALKwt, como crizotinib y alectinib, con las estructuras de KRASwt y KRASG12C. Los acoplamientos entre crizotinib con KRASwt y KRASG12C, respectivamente, muestran valores de energía de interacción (42,77 kcal/mol y 46,20 kcal/mol) muy similares a los obtenidos entre crizotinib y ALK (42,37 kcal/mol). A su vez, alectinib se acopló en el mismo sitio que los fármacos específicos de KRAS y KRASG12C, y presentaron valores de energía de interacción (51,74 kcal/mol y 54,69 kcal/mol, respectivamente) superiores a los obtenidos con ALK (44,94 kcal/mol). Finalmente, la expresión de la vía RAS/MEK nos mostró una disminución significativa de la expresión de RAS en líneas celulares de cáncer de pulmón ALK+ y ALKL1196M tratadas con crizotinib y alectinib. Conclusiones: Las técnicas in silico de este estudio muestran la posibilidad de acoplamiento entre los inhibidores de ALK (crizotinib y alectinib) con la estructura de KRAS. Esto permite sugerir una posible terapia combinada entre inhibidores de KRAS y ALK para los casos de coexistencia de ambas mutaciones, que puede evaluarse en posteriores ensayos con líneas celulares.

ABSTRACT Objective: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer positive for the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK+) gene mutation who also have mutations in the Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene, such as KRAS G12C, are showing resistance to both anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene and KRAS inhibitors. Therefore, the interaction between ALK inhibitors and KRAS was analyzed to suggest a synergy between them. Materials and methods: The study performed homology modeling of the KRASwt, KRAS G12C and ALKwt structures. Subsequently, molecular dockings were carried out to determine the binding energy of ALK and KRAS inhibitors and to evaluate the possible interaction of ALK inhibitors with KRAS and the KRAS G12C structure. Finally, the expression in the RAS/MEK pathway was analyzed using the Western Blot technique. Results: The binding energy values show the potential interaction of ALKwt inhibitors, such as crizotinib and alectinib, with the KRASwt and KRAS G12C structures. The binding of crizotinib to KRASwt and KRAS G12C, respectively, indicates interaction energy values (42.77 kcal/mol and 46.20 kcal/mol) which are very similar to those obtained between crizotinib and ALK (42.37 kcal/mol). In turn, alectinib bound to the same site as drugs targeting KRAS and KRAS G12C, and showed interaction energy values (51.74 kcal/mol and 54.69 kcal/mol, respectively) higher than those obtained with ALK (44.94 kcal/mol). Finally, a significant decrease in RAS expression within the RAS/MEK pathway was observed in ALK+ and ALK 1196M lung cancer cell lines treated with crizotinib and alectinib. Conclusions: In silico techniques of this study demonstrate the potential binding of ALK inhibitors (crizotinib and alectinib) to the KRAS structure. In addition, this allows suggesting a possible combined therapy between KRAS and ALK inhibitors for cases of coexistence of both mutations that can be assessed in subsequent trials with cell lines.

Evaluación antropométrica biomédica y diseño mecánico conceptual de un sistema robótico para la rehabilitación pasiva de miembros inferiores en pacientes post-accidente cerebrovascular / Biomedical anthropometric evaluation and conceptual mechanical design of robotic system for lower limbs passive-rehabilitation on post-stroke patients

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es una de las principales causas de discapacidad permanente, ya que puede provocar lesiones cerebrales graves con secuelas físicas significativas, limitando la capacidad de realizar actividades diarias. Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo diseñar un sistema robótico de movimiento pasivo-continuo para la rehabilitación de miembros inferiores en pacientes adultos con ACV, mejorando así las probabilidades de recuperación de su movilidad de marcha. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo el modelado y simulación del sistema robótico mediante Diseño Asistido por Computadora (CAD), utilizando el software de ingeniería Autodesk Inventor Professional 2023. Resultados: Se obtuvieron las posiciones iniciales y finales del sistema robótico, así como la simulación de movimiento pasivo-continuo. Conclusiones: La toma de medidas precisas de un paciente maximiza la posibilidad de implementar un prototipo funcional que contribuya en el proceso de rehabilitación.

ABSTRACT Background: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is one of the main causes of permanent disability, as it can cause serious brain injuries with significant physical consequences, limiting the ability to perform daily activities. Objective: This research aimed to design a robotic system of passive-continuous movement for the rehabilitation of lower limbs in adult patients with stroke, thus improving the chances of recovery of their walking mobility. Methodology: Modeling and simulation of the robotic system using Computer Aided Design (CAD), using the engineering software Autodesk Inventor Professional 2023. Results: The initial and final positions of the robotic system were obtained, as well as the simulation of passive-continuous movement. Conclusions: Taking precise measurements of a patient maximizes the possibility of implementing a functional prototype that contributes to the rehabilitation process.

Impact of timely obstetric simulation on vaginal breech delivery management

Background: The management of breech presentations represents a significant challenge in obstetrics, necessitating advanced skills for optimal clinical outcomes. Simulation-based training has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the proficiency of healthcare professionals in assisted vaginal breech deliveries, potentially improving neonatal outcomes.Methods: This research study was conducted at Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, to evaluate the impact of simulation-based training on the management of breech presentations. Using Robson’s classification, a comparative analysis was performed on the outcomes of breech deliveries before and after the implementation of this training. The focus was primarily on assisted vaginal deliveries within the R6 (all nulliparous women with a single breech baby, cesarean section) and R7 (all multiparous women with a single breech baby, cesarean section) groups.Results: Post-training, there was a notable increase in the rate of assisted vaginal deliveries in the R6 category, indicating the effectiveness of the simulation-based training. However, the rate of assisted vaginal deliveries within the R7 group showed no significant change. Additionally, the positive impact of the training demonstrated a time-sensitive decline, underscoring the necessity for ongoing practice and reinforcement of skills.Conclusions: Simulation-based training offers substantial benefits in managing breech presentations, particularly evident in the increased rate of assisted vaginal deliveries among nulliparous women (R6). However, the absence of change in the multiparous women (R7) group and the time-sensitive reduction in training effectiveness highlight the critical need for continuous skill development and reinforcement.

Artificial intelligence, applications and challenges in simulation-based education

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has taken the world by "surprise" due to the lack of regulation over this technological innovation which, while promising application opportunities in different fields of knowledge, including education, simultaneously generates concern, rejection and even fear. In the field of Health Sciences Education, clinical simulation has transformed educational practice; however, its formal insertion is still heterogeneous, and we are now facing a new technological revolution where AI has the potential to transform the way we conceive its application.

El rápido avance de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha tomado al mundo por "sorpresa" debido a la falta de regulación sobre esta innovación tecnológica, que si bien promete oportunidades de aplicación en diferentes campos del conocimiento, incluido el educativo, también genera preocupación e incluso miedo y rechazo. En el campo de la Educación en Ciencias de la Salud la Simulación Clínica ha transformado la práctica educativa; sin embargo, aún es heterogénea su inserción formal, y ahora nos enfrentamos a una nueva revolución tecnológica, en la que las IA tienen el potencial de transformar la manera en que concebimos su aplicación.

Modelo para la gestión de flujos de pacientes, validado en un servicio de cirugía general

Introducción: La modelación de los flujos de pacientes se considera una herramienta clave para el análisis y mejora de las trayectorias intrahospitalarias. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar, en un servicio de cirugía general, un modelo matemático para la gestión de flujos de pacientes en servicios hospitalarios. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación de tipo cuantitativa descriptiva. Se analizaron diferentes modelos de gestión y se identificaron brechas a solventar. Para su concepción se diseñó un procedimiento metodológico que tiene en cuenta la agrupación de pacientes en categorías diagnósticas mayores, en función de características clínicas homogéneas y similar consumo de recursos. Resultados: Se identificó como problema principal la insuficiente gestión de los flujos de pacientes. Se construyó un modelo matemático de simulación discreta que se validó mediante la comparación de datos reales del servicio y las opiniones subjetivas de especialistas. Se identificó que los recursos limitantes del sistema son las enfermeras y las camas con porcentajes de utilización de 93,377 % y 89,265 % respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se desarrolla un modelo para la gestión de los flujos de pacientes en el servicio de cirugía general y se demuestra su influencia en el análisis, el proceso de toma de decisiones y la mejora de la gestión.

Introduction: Patient flow modeling is considered a key tool for the analysis and improvement of in-hospital trajectories. Objective: To develop and validate a mathematical model for the patient flows management in hospital in a General Surgery service. Methods: A descriptive quantitative research was developed. Different management models were analyzed and gaps to be solved were identified. For its conception, a methodological procedure was designed that takes into account the grouping of patients in Major Diagnostic Categories according to homogeneous clinical characteristics and similar resource consumption. Results: Insufficient patient flow management was identified as the main problem. A mathematical model of discrete simulation was built and validated by comparing real data from the service and the subjective opinions of specialists. It was identified that the limiting resources of the system are nurses and beds with utilization percentages of 93.377% and 89.265% respectively. Conclusions: A model for the patient flows management in the General Surgery service is developed and its influence on the analysis, decision-making process and management improvement is demonstrated.

Percepción e impacto en la confianza de los residentes de cirugía general de un curso de anastomosis intestinal abierta en un ambiente simulado

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un curso de anastomosis intestinal abierta simulada en residentes de cirugía general. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo no aleatorizado. Se aplicó un curso para residentes del programa de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile en 2021 en su primera versión y una segunda vez en 2022. Se evaluó la percepción y confianza con encuestas pre y post curso. Resultados: Participaron diecisiete residentes. De ellos, 16 residentes habían asistido previamente en la técnica básica, 10 nunca habían realizado una anastomosis intestinal a un paciente real como primer cirujano, en su mayoría residentes de segundo y tercer año. El nivel de confianza promedio para realizar una anastomosis intestinal en pacientes previo al curso fue de 1,86/7, 3/7 y 5,38/7 para el primer, segundo y tercer año, respectivamente. De manera global, previo al curso, los residentes promediaron una confianza de 3,09/7. Después del curso, 15/16 residentes estuvieron de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo en que mejoró la confianza en la técnica; que el modelo representa correctamente la situación real, y que los modelos simulados son más efectivos para el aprendizaje que la experiencia clínica por sí sola. Los residentes aumentaron su confianza en 2,47 puntos, alcanzando un promedio de 5,56/7 para la técnica (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: El curso de anastomosis intestinal abierta es percibido por los residentes como efectivo, realista y aumenta, significativamente, la confianza en la realización de esta técnica.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a simulated open intestinal anastomosis course on general surgery residents. Materials and Methods: Prospective non-randomized study. A course was applied to residents in the general surgery program at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile in 2021 for its first version and a second time in 2022. Perception and confidence were evaluated with pre-and post-course surveys. Results: Seventeen residents participated. Of these, 16 residents had previously attended the basic technique, 10 had never performed an intestinal anastomosis as a first surgeon on a real patient, mostly second and third-year residents. The average confidence level for performing an intestinal anastomosis on patients prior to the course was 1.86/7, 3/7, and 5.38/7 for the first, second, and third year, respectively. Overall, prior to the course, residents averaged a confidence of 3.09/7. After the course, 15/16 residents agreed or strongly agreed that it improved their confidence in the technique; that the model accurately represents the real situation, and that simulated models are more effective for learning than clinical experience alone. Residents increased their confidence by 2.47 points, reaching an average of 5.56/7 for the technique (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The open intestinal anastomosis course is perceived by residents as effective, realistic, and significantly increases confidence in performing this technique.

Self-confidence and satisfaction of nursing students in preoperative telesimulation: cross-sectional study / Autoconfianza y satisfacción de estudiantes de enfermería en la telesimulación preoperatoria: estudio transversal / Autoconfiança e satisfação de estudantes de Enfermagem na telessimulação pré-operatória: estudo transversal

Objective: To assess the self-confidence and satisfaction of Nursing students based on a preoperative telesimulation scenario. Method: Exploratory-descriptive quantitative study conducted from June 2021 to June 2022 at a public university in southern Brazil. The study included 28 undergraduate Nursing students who participated in a telesimulation on preoperative nursing. After the telesimulation, the Student Satisfaction and Self-confidence in Learning Scale and the Scale of Satisfaction with Simulated Clinical Experiences were applied through an electronic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Participants reported higher satisfaction (mean 4.36) than self-confidence (mean 3.83). Satisfaction with simulated clinical experiences showed that the cognitive dimension had the highest mean (9.25), followed by the realism dimension (8.83) and practical activity (8.64). Conclusion: Preoperative telesimulation is capable of promoting satisfaction and self-confidence in the Nursing students' learning. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la autoconfianza y satisfacción de los estudiantes de Enfermería basándose en un escenario de telesimulación preoperatoria. Método: Estudio cuantitativo exploratorio-descriptivo realizado de junio de 2021 a junio de 2022 en una universidad pública del sur de Brasil. El estudio incluyó a 28 estudiantes de pregrado en Enfermería que participaron en una telesimulación sobre enfermería preoperatoria. Después de la telesimulación, se aplicaron la Escala de Satisfacción y Autoconfianza del Estudiante en el Aprendizaje y la Escala de Satisfacción con Experiencias Clínicas Simuladas a través de un cuestionario electrónico. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Los participantes reportaron una mayor satis-facción (media de 4,36) que autoconfianza (media de 3,83). La satisfacción con las experiencias clínicas simuladas mostró que la dimensión cognitiva tuvo la media más alta (9,25), seguida de la dimensión de realismo (8,83) y actividad práctica (8,64). Conclusión: La telesimulación preoperatoria es capaz de promover la satisfacción y autoconfianza en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de Enfermería. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar a autoconfiança e a satisfação dos estudantes de Enfermagem a partir de um cenário de telessimulação pré-operató-ria. Método: Estudo quantitativo exploratório-descritivo realizado de junho de 2021 a junho de 2022 em uma universidade pública do Sul do Brasil. Participaram do estudo 28 estudantes do curso de graduação em Enfermagem, por meio de telessimulação sobre enfermagem pré-operatória. Após a telessimulação, aplicou-se a Escala de Satisfação dos Estudantes e Autoconfiança na Aprendizagem e Escala de Satisfação com as Experiências Clínicas Simuladas, por meio de questionário eletrônico. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para análise de dados. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram-se mais satisfeitos (média 4,36) do que autoconfiantes (média 3,83). A satisfação com as experiências clínicas simuladas demonstra que a dimensão cognitiva apresentou maior média (9,25), seguida da dimensão realismo (8,83) e atividade prática (8,64). Conclusão: A telessimulação em cenário pré-operatório é capaz de promover satisfação e autoconfiança na aprendizagem dos estudantes de Enfermagem. (AU)

A simulação realística como ferramenta de avaliação de re- sidentes de enfermagem: um relato de experiência / Realistic simulation as a tool for evaluating nursing residents: an experience report

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) é um modelo de avaliação com uma série de estações, nas quais o aluno deverá executar ações específicas que englobam competências. São avaliados comportamento, domínio e habilidades. Objetivo: relatar a utilização da simulação realística como ferramenta de avaliação de residentes de enfer- magem. Método: Estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência, sobre o uso de um método de avaliação formativa utilizando a simulação realística em julho de 2023. Resultados: Foi realizada a observação direta das atividades desenvolvidas pelos residentes e preenchido o check list individual de cada cenário. Debriefing contribuiu com a discussão reflexiva em grupo. Conclusão: Ao acompanhar o desenvolvimento enquanto ele ocorre, a avaliação formativa com uso do método OSCE, possibilita perceber como o residente tem absorvido o saber, quais possíveis pontos de melhoria e se os objetivos estão sendo alcançados. A simulação utilizada como ferramenta pode complementar o treinamento prático em situa- ções clínicas reais.(AU)

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is an assessment model with a series of stations in which the student must perform specific actions that encompass competencies. Behavior, mastery and skills are assessed. Objective: To report on the use of realistic simulation as an assessment tool for nursing residents. Method: This is a descriptive experience report on the use of a formative assessment method using realistic simulation in July 2023. Results: The activities carried out by the residents were directly observed and an individual checklist was completed for each scenario. Debriefing contributed to reflective group discussion. Conclusion: By monitoring development as it happens, formative assessment using the OSCE method makes it possible to see how the resident has absorbed the knowledge, what possible points for improvement and whether the objectives are being achieved. Simulation used as a tool can complement practical training in real clinical situations.(AU)

El Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (ECOE) es un modelo de evaluación con una serie de estaciones en las que el estudiante debe realizar acciones específicas que engloban competencias. Se evalúan el comportamiento, el dominio y las habilidades. Objetivo: Informar sobre el uso de la simulación realista como herramienta de evaluación para residentes de enfermería. Método: Estudio descriptivo del uso de un método de evaluación formativa mediante simulación realista en julio de 2023. Resultados: Se observaron directamente las actividades realizadas por los residentes y se cumplimentó una lista de comprobación individual para cada escenario. El debriefing contribuyó a la discusión reflexiva en grupo. Conclusión: La evaluación formativa mediante el método OSCE permite, a través del seguimiento de la evolución a medida que ésta se produce, ver cómo el residente ha asimilado los conocimientos, cuáles son los posibles puntos de mejora y si se están alcanzando los objetivos. La simulación utilizada como herramienta puede complementar la formación práctica en situaciones clínicas reales.(AU)

Application of multidisciplinary in situ simulation training in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a quality improvement project / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke refers to a disorder in the blood supply to a local area of brain tissue for various reasons and is characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and disability. Early reperfusion of brain tissue at risk of injury is crucial for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate comfort levels in managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia who required endotracheal intubation after multidisciplinary in situ simulation training and to shorten the door-to-image time. METHODS: This quality improvement project utilized a comprehensive multidisciplinary in situ simulation exercise. A total of 53 participants completed the two-day in situ simulation training. The main outcome was the self-reported comfort levels of participants in managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia requiring endotracheal intubation before and after simulation training. A 5-point Likert scale was used to measure participant comfort. A paired-sample t-test was used to compare the mean self-reported comfort scores of participants, as well as the endotracheal intubation time and door-to-image time on the first and second days of in situ simulation training. The door-to-image time before and after the training was also recorded. RESULTS: The findings indicated that in situ simulation training could enhance participant comfort when managing acute stroke patients with hypoxemia who required endotracheal intubation and shorten door-to-image time. For the emergency management of hypoxemia or tracheal intubation, the mean post-training self-reported comfort score was significantly higher than the mean pre-training comfort score (hypoxemia: 4.53±0.64 vs. 3.62±0.69, t= -11.046, P<0.001; tracheal intubation: 3.98±0.72 vs. 3.43±0.72, t= -6.940, P<0.001). We also observed a decrease in the tracheal intubation and door-to-image time and a decreasing trend in the door-to-image time, which continued after the training. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the implementation of in situ simulation training in a clinical environment with a multidisciplinary approach may improve the ability and confidence of stroke team members, optimize the first-aid process, and effectively shorten the door-to-image time of stroke patients with emergency complications.

Reconstruction and analysis of K-Clip surgery process based on finite element method / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To investigate the effects of different types of tricuspid regurgitation, implantation positions, and device models on the treatment outcomes of K-Clip for tricuspid regurgitation using numerical simulations. Methods     Three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart model was performed based on CT images. Two different regurgitation orifices were obtained by modifying the standard parameterized tricuspid valve leaflets and chordae tendineae. The effects of different K-Clip models at different implantation positions (posterior leaflet midpoint, anterior-posterior commissure, anterior leaflet midpoint, posterior septal commissure) were simulated using commercial explicit dynamics software Ls-Dyna. Conclusion     For the two types of regurgitation in this study, clipping at the posterior leaflet midpoint resulted in a better reduction of the regurgitation orifice (up to 75% reduction in area). Higher clamping forces were required for implantation at the anterior leaflet midpoint and posterior septal commissure, which was unfavorable for the smooth closure of the clipping components. There was no statistical difference in the treatment outcomes between the 18T and 16T K-Clip components, and the 16T component required less clamping force. Therefore, the use of the 16T K-Clip component is recommended.