Dental Loss in the Lower Socioeconomic Stratum of a Sample of the Chilean Population Born in the 19TH and 20TH Centuries

SUMMARY: Partial or total dental loss (edentulism) is associated with decreased quality of life. Chile has large socioeconomic gaps, which are also recognized in oral health, but it is not known how Edentulism has evolved throughout the country. The aim of this study was to determine the edentulism in people born during the 19th and 20th centuries in Chile, who died in the 20th century, and to compare it with current data from the Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) to observe its evolution in the country. For this purpose, 60 3D models of skulls from the Subactual Osteological Collection of Santiago were analyzed (30 individuals per sex), in which the presence and absence of teeth in antemortem in the maxilla were analyzed. A high percentage of tooth loss was observed, with 65 % partial edentulism, a 30 % total edentulism, and only 5 % had complete dentition in this osteological collection. In addition, a significant decrease over time was found; in 2017, the percentage of complete dentition at the national level was 32.8 %. A higher frequency of edentulism was also found in females from the osteological collection, with a significant probability of twice as much edentulism as in males. However, this sex difference was smaller than those found in the current study. Our study is the first to compare edentulism in Chile in two different time periods, since, in addition to studying it in the 19th and 20th century, it is carried out with data from the present day and in line with previous research, reveals the importance of socioeconomic and sex variables for dental loss.

La pérdida parcial o total de dientes (edentulismo) se asocia a una disminución de la calidad de vida. Chile tiene grandes brechas socioeconómicas, que también se reconocen en la salud oral, pero se desconoce cómo ha evolucionado el edentulismo en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el edentulismo en personas nacidas durante los siglos XIX y XX en Chile y fallecidas en el siglo XX, y compararlo con datos actuales del Ministerio de Salud de Chile (MINSAL) para observar su evolución en el país. Para ello, se analizaron 60 modelos 3D de cráneos de la Colección Osteológica Subactual de Santiago (30 individuos por sexo), en los que se analizó la presencia y ausencia de dientes en dentición antemortem en el maxilar. Se observó un alto porcentaje de pérdida dentaria, con un 65 % de edentulismo parcial y un 30 % de edentulismo total, y sólo un 5 % presentaba dentición completa en esta colección osteológica. Además, se encontró una disminución significativa a lo largo del tiempo; en 2017, la dentición completa a nivel país fue del 32,8 %. También se encontró una mayor frecuencia de edentulismo en las mujeres de la colección osteológica, con una probabilidad significativa del doble de edentulismo que en los hombres. Sin embargo, esta diferencia de sexo fue menor que la hallada en datos actuales. Este estudio es el primero que compara el edentulismo en Chile en dos épocas diferentes, ya que además de estudiarlo en los siglos XIX y XX, se realizó con datos de la actualidad y, en línea con investigaciones previas, revela la importancia de las variables socioeconómicas y de sexo en la pérdida dental.

Mortalidad infantil y condiciones de vida socioeconómicamente adversas: el caso de dos distritos poblacionales en Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La mortalidad infantil es un fenómeno sanitario relacionado directamente con las condiciones de vida deletéreas, tanto del hogar del infante como de factores socioeconómicos e higiénico-sanitarios adversos. Objetivo: Caracterizar las desigualdades de la mortalidad infantil, según condiciones diferenciales de vida en dos distritos poblacionales de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, de tipo ecológico exploratorio, en el municipio Santiago de Cuba, en el trienio 1995-1997. Las unidades de análisis estuvieron constituidas por las áreas de salud enmarcadas en dos distritos poblacionales de la ciudad. Resultados: Se estratificaron ambos distritos poblacionales, según sus condiciones de vida, en asentamientos con condiciones de vida menos desfavorables y más desfavorables. Se estimó mayor mortalidad infantil en el asentamiento con condiciones de vida más desfavorables (8,7 fallecidos por 1000 nacidos vivos), donde predominaron como causas clínicas de muerte las asfixias, la anoxia e hipoxias y causas clínicas reducibles por buena atención en el parto. Conclusiones: Se identificó un perfil diferencial de mortalidad infantil, según las condiciones de vida, al interior de los asentamientos poblacionales de los distritos urbanos de Santiago de Cuba. Los riesgos distintivos de muerte infantil fueron a expensas del componente neonatal, en lo fundamental por causas clínicas reducibles por buena atención en el parto.

Introduction: Infant mortality is a health phenomenon directly related to the deleterious living conditions of both the infant's home and adverse socioeconomic and sanitary factors. Objective: To characterize inequalities in infant mortality according to differential living conditions in two populations districts of Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive, exploratory ecological study was carried out in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba in 1995-1997. The units of analysis were constituted by the areas framed in two populations districts of the city. Results: Bothe population districts were stratified, according to their living conditions, in settlements with less unfavorable and more unfavorable living conditions. Higher infant mortality was estimated in the settlement with more unfavorable living conditions (8.7 deaths per 1000 live births), where asphyxia, anoxia and hypoxia predominated as clinical causes of death and clinical causes reducible for good care at birth. Conclusions: A differential profile of infant mortality, according to living conditions, was identified within the population settlements of the urban districts of Santiago de Cuba. The distinctive risks of infant death were at the expense of the neonatal component, mainly for clinical causes reducible by good care at birth.

Deficiencia de ferritina en gestantes colombianas y factores sociodemográficos asociados / Ferritin deficiency in colombian pregnant women and associated sociodemographic factors / Deficiencia de ferritina en gestantes colombianas y factores sociodemográficos asociados

Objetivo: la ferritina es importante en el almacenamiento de hierro intracelular, en una forma soluble no tóxica. Sus niveles en la gestación se la relacionan con la salud de la madre y con su descendencia. El objetivo es escribir los niveles séricos de ferritina y prevalencia de déficit de ferritina, así como los factores sociodemográficos asociados en gestantes de Colombia. Metodología: estudio transversal; análisis secundario de la Encuesta de Situación Nutricional de Colombia, 2015. Se evaluaron en 1.234 embarazadas con edades entre 12 y 48 años: sus características sociodemográficas y antropométricas, la distribución de los niveles séricos y la prevalencia de déficit de ferritina. Para estimar la asociación entre las diferentes variables sociodemográficas y los niveles séricos, o la prevalencia de déficit de ferritina, se utilizaron modelos de regresión multivariables. Resultados: la prevalencia de deficiencia de ferritina fue de 44.5 % (IC 95 % 40.1 % a 49.0 %), los niveles séricos de ferritina oscilaron entre 4 µg/L y 295,7 µg/L, con un promedio de 29.3 µg/L (IC 95 % 26,5 µg/L-32.2 µg/L). Las gestantes del segundo (OR (OR 2.19 IC 95 % 1.50 a 3.19) y tercer trimestre (OR 3.84 IC 95 % 2.68 a 5.50), aquellas que residen en la región Atlántica (OR 2.18 IC 95 % 1.25 a 3.82) y en la región Orinoquia (OR 2.41 IC 95 %1.19 a 4.88), mostraron asociación con el déficit de ferritina. Conclusión: se halló alta prevalencia en el déficit de ferritina en gestantes colombianas.

Introduction: Ferritin is important in the storage of intracellular iron, in a non-toxic soluble form. Its levels during pregnancy are related to the health of the mother and her offspring. Objective: To describe the serum ferritin levels and the prevalence of ferritin deficiency, and the associated sociodemographic factors in pregnant women in Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study; secondary analysis of the Nutritional Situation Survey of Colombia, 2015. The following were evaluated in 1,234 pregnant women aged between 12 and 48 years: their sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, the distribution of serum levels, and the prevalence of ferritin deficiency. To estimate the association between the different sociodemographic variables and serum levels, or the prevalence of ferritin deficiency, multivariate regression models were used. Results: The prevalence of ferritin deficiency was 44.5% (95% CI 40.1% to 49.0%), serum ferritin levels ranged from 4 µg/L to 295.7 µg/L, with a average of 29.3 µg/L (95% CI 26.5 µg/L - 32.2 µg/L). Pregnant women in the second (OR (OR 2.19 95% CI 1.50 to 3.19) and third trimester (OR 3.84 95% CI 2.68 to 5.50), those residing in the Atlantic region ( OR 2.18 95% CI 1.25 to 3.82) and in the Orinoquia region (OR 2.41 95% CI 1.19 to 4.88), showed an association with ferritin deficiency. Conclusion: A high prevalence of ferritin deficiency was found in Colombian pregnant women.

The Role of Mothers' Socioeconomic Class on their Children's Dental Health

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between the mother's educational level and family income on the dental caries experience of their children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Babylon, Iraq. The sample comprised 100 children aged 5-15 years. Data was collected in two parts: first, a self-administered questionnaire was obtained from mothers: Mother's age, level of education, family income, child age, and gender. Another part included the clinical examination of dental caries that was measured for mothers and their children using the DMFT/dmft index for permanent and primary dentition sequentially. The collected data were statistically analyzed using mean ± standard deviation (SD mean and standard deviation, t-test, and F-test. Results: The sample showed 60% were boys and 40% were girls, 86% with dental caries. Mothers with a high level of education and high monthly income have significantly lower dental caries experiences than their children (p<0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference between the two age groups (p=0.000), a considerable difference between the level of family monthly income and dmft (p=0.01), and there was a correlation value between the caries index DMFT value of the children and their mother with mother's education level. Conclusion: Many dental caries were reported among Babylon City/Iraq children. Mothers with high educational levels and family monthly income were correlated to lower dental care for their children than those with low educational levels and economic status, so they need to focus on oral health knowledge and encourage prophylactic intervention and preventive measures for the population.

Jogo de fronteiras: sobre a produção (bio)tecnológica de corporalidades femininas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Border game: on the (bio)technological production of female corporalities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo O artigo trata da interface entre gênero, classes sociais e (bio)tecnologias destinadas ao aprimoramento da estética corporal. Dialogando com os estudos de gênero, investiga como essas (bio)tecnologias atuam na produção de corpos e feminilidades contemporâneos em diferentes grupos sociais, baseando-se em pesquisas etnográficas realizadas em circuitos onde essas intervenções são realizadas. Analisa-se os usos, sentidos e moralidades atribuídos a elas, mostrando como fabricam convenções ao mesmo tempo estéticas, morais e corporais de feminilidade, num processo também atravessado por distinções e pertencimentos de classe.

Abstract The article discusses the interface between gender, social classes, and (bio)technologies to improve body aesthetics. Dialoguing with gender studies, it investigates how these (bio)technologies act in the production of contemporary bodies and femininities in different social groups based on ethnographic research performed in circuits where these interventions occur. We analyze the uses, meanings, and moralities attributed to them, showing how they fabricate conventions simultaneously aesthetic, moral, and bodily of femininity in a process also traversed by distinctions and class belonging.

Actitudes desde la clase social baja hacia la clase social alta: el papel del contacto y la ansiedad intergrupal

Introducción: el contacto intergrupal es un buen predictor de las actitudes positivas hacia otros grupos, relación que podría ser explicada por una menor ansiedad intergrupal. Estas asociaciones han sido analizadas entre distintos grupos, como la nacionalidad o la religión. Sin embargo, el contacto y las actitudes entre clases sociales han sido escasamente explorados. Por este motivo, analizamos el efecto mediador de la ansiedad intergrupal sobre la relación entre el contacto intergrupal y las actitudes positivas desde las personas de la clase social subjetiva baja hacia las de clase social subjetiva alta. Esperamos una relación positiva entre contacto (cantidad y calidad) y actitudes positivas, con la mediación de una menor ansiedad intergrupal. Método: en una muestra chilena no representativa (N = 118), realizamos análisis de regresiones para evaluar nuestra hipótesis. Resultados: los resultados respaldaron nuestra principal hipótesis, la cantidad y calidad del contacto fueron asociados a actitudes más positivas hacia la clase social subjetiva alta, mediada por una menor ansiedad intergrupal. Conclusiones: discutimos las implicancias para las relaciones entre clases sociales y las limitaciones asociadas a la muestra y la evaluación de la clase social.

Introduction: Intergroup contact is a good predictor of positive attitudes towards other groups, relationships that could be mediated by lower intergroup anxiety. These associations have been analyzed among different groups, such as nationality or religion. However, contact and attitudes among social classes have been scarcely explored. For this reason, we analyzed the mediator effect of intergroup anxiety on the relationship between intergroup contact and positive attitudes from people of lower subjective social class to those of higher subjective social class. We expected a positive relationship between contact (quantity and quality) and positive attitudes, with the mediation of lower intergroup anxiety. Method: In a non-representative Chilean sample (N = 118), we conducted regressions analyses to evaluate our hypothesis. Results: the results supported our main hypothesis, contact quantity and quality were associated with more positive attitudes toward individuals of higher subjective social class, mediated by lower intergroup anxiety. Conclusions: we discussed the implications for relationships among social classes and the limitations associated with the sample and assessment of the social class.

Relación del nivel socioeconómico con el rendimiento académico de estudiantes durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Relationship of socioeconomic level with the academic performance of students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) de las familias tiene un papel fundamentan en el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Durante la pandemia, las familias con NSE bajo tuvieron menores oportunidades y se acrecentaron las desigualdades por limitaciones económicas y técnicas, lo cual pudo haber influido en las calificaciones y rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Objetivo: identificar la relación entre el NSE y el rendimiento académico de un grupo de estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería durante la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: estudio transversal, cuantitativo, analítico, con alumnos que tuvieron educación a distancia, se utilizó el instrumento denominado Nivel Socioeconómico (NSE) de la Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencia de Mercado y Opinión Pública (AMAI), así como los promedios del semestre cursado en línea Resultados: participaron 167 alumnos, entre las variables de rendimiento académico y nivel socioeconómico se obtuvo un valor de p = 0.961, para las variables de sexo y estado civil se encontró asociación con un valor de p < 0.05. Conclusiones: no se identificó ninguna relación entre las variables del rendimiento académico y el nivel socioeconómico; sin embargo, otras variables como estado civil y sexo dieron significancia estadística, por lo que se sugiere ahondar en estas variables, así como su relación con el rendimiento académico.

Introduction: The socioeconomic level (SES) of families has a fundamental role in the academic performance of students, during the pandemic families with a low SES had fewer opportunities and increased inequalities due to economic and technical limitations, which could influence grades and academic performance. of the students Objective: To identify th e relationship between the SES and aca demic performance of nursing undergraduate students during COVID-19. Methodology: Cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study with students who had distance education, the instrument called Socioeconomic Level (NSE) of the Mexican Association of Market Intelligence Agencies and Public Opinion (AMAI) was used. and the averages of the semester completed online. Results: 167 students participated, between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level a value of p = 0.961 was obtained, for the variables of sex, marital status an association was found with a p value less than 0.05. Conclusions: No relationship was identified between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level, however, other variables such as marital status and sex gave statistical significance, so it is suggested to delve into these variables as well as their relationship with academic performance.

The Burden and Risk Factors of Reproductive Tract Infections among Married Women Aged 15-49 Years in Urban Slum of Agra Uttar Pradesh

Introduction: In developing countries, reproductive tract infection among women commonly goes undiagnosed and their sequel causes various complications. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of RTI/STI through a syndromic case approach and its correlates among women of reproductive age group. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 eligible married women residing in urban slums of Agra by using WHO Syndromic case approch for diagnosis of RTIs/STIs. Results: The overall prevalence of RTI/STD was found to be 32.80% where vaginal discharge (22.60%) and lower abdominal pain (8.20%) were the most common syndromes. On multivariate analysis, religion, caste, type of absorbent used during menses, and history of IUD use were found to be significantly significant. Conclusion: The result of this study highlights the high prevalence and potential risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of RTI. It also emphasizes the need of training and education session of the participants to identify the early symptoms of RTI.

The impact of child poverty on brain development: does money matter? / O impacto da pobreza infantil no desenvolvimento do cérebro: o dinheiro importa?

ABSTRACT The development of the human nervous system makes up a series of fundamental and interdependent events involving birth, growth, and neuronal maturation, in addition to the positive or negative selection of synapses of these neurons that will participate in the composition of neural circuits essential to the activity of the nervous system. In this context, where environment and social relationships seem to be relevant markers for neurodevelopment, advanced neuroimaging techniques and behavioral assessment tools have demonstrated alterations in brain regions and cognitive functions among children developing in low or high socioeconomic status environments. Considering the aspects mentioned, this review aimed to identify the importance of socioeconomic status in children's brain development, seeking to identify what are the impacts of these factors on the morphological and physiological formation of the nervous system, allowing a greater understanding of the importance of environmental factors in neurodevelopmental processes.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso humano compõe uma série de eventos fundamentais e interdependentes envolvendo o nascimento, crescimento e maturação neuronal, além da seleção positiva ou negativa de sinapses desses neurônios que participarão da composição de circuitos neurais essenciais à atividade do sistema nervoso. Nesse contexto, em que o ambiente e as relações sociais parecem ser marcadores relevantes para o neurodesenvolvimento, técnicas avançadas de neuroimagem e ferramentas de avaliação comportamental têm demonstrado alterações em regiões cerebrais e funções cognitivas em crianças que se desenvolvem em ambientes de baixo ou alto nível socioeconômico. Considerando os aspectos mencionados, esta revisão teve como objetivo identificar a importância do status socioeconômico no desenvolvimento cerebral infantil, buscando identificar quais são os impactos desses fatores na formação morfológica e fisiológica do sistema nervoso, permitindo maior compreensão da importância dos fatores ambientais nos processos de neurodesenvolvimento.

Determinación social de las maloclusiones dentales: revisión de la literatura / Social determinants of dental malocclusions: a review of the literature

Objetivo: Analizar la literatura actual referente a los procesos de la determinación social y la presencia de maloclusiones dentales. Materiales y métodos: Revisión narrativa, que utilizó bases científicas como PubMed, Google Académico, ResearchGate, Scielo, Elsevier, LILACS y Semantic Scholar, usando pala-bras clave "Maloclusiones", "Determinación social de la salud", "Clase social", "Epidemiología crítica", "Salud Oral". Se incluyeron artículos actuales (últi-mos 5 años) y clásicos relevantes, libros y encues-tas nacionales de salud. Resultados: Se encontró literatura que no toma propiamente el concepto de determinación social, pero si responde a las varia-bles, clase social, género y etnia. Adicionalmente, no se encontró una tendencia clara de la prevalencia de maloclusiones y los procesos críticos de la deter-minación social. Conclusiones: La historicidad de la reproducción social podría influir en la presencia de maloclusiones dentales, sin embargo, no existen es-tudios sobre ello, por lo que, surge la necesidad de investigaciones que utilicen la metodología de la epi-demiología crítica asociada a las maloclusiones (AU)

Aim: To analyze the current literature on the processes of social determination and the presence of dental malocclusions. Materials and methods: Narrative review, using scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scielo, Elsevier, LILACS and Semantic Scholar, using keywords "Malocclusions", "Social determination of health", "Social class", "Critical epidemiology", "Oral health". Current articles (last 5 years) and relevant classics, books and national health surveys were included. Results: Literature was found that does not properly take the concept of social determination, but it does respond to the variables social class, gender and ethnicity. In addition, no clear trend was found on the prevalence of malocclusion and the critical processes of social determinants. Conclusions: The historicity of social reproduction could influence the presence of dental malocclusions, however, there are no studies on this regard, so there is a need for research using the methodology of critical epidemiology associated with malocclusions (AU)

Caries Dental y Estado Nutricional en Chilenos con Dentición Mixta de entre 5 a 12 Años. Estudio Observacional

La caries dental es una de las enfermedades más prevalentes en la odontología pediátrica. Determinar la prevalencia de caries dental según estado nutricional, estrato social y sexo de niños de entre 5 a 12 años con dentición mixta. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo de cohorte retrospectivo, cuya muestra considero 161 niños atendidos durante el año 2021 en la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Andrés Bello. La clasificación del estado nutricional se realizó a través del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y su score Z (IMCz-score), mientras que el estrato social se determinó por el método de estratificación social Graffar-Méndez Castellano, siendo estas variables relacionadas con la prevalencia de caries dental obtenida a partir de examen radiográfico. No existen diferencias significativas entre grupos para la prevalencia de caries según estado nutricional, (p = 0,143), estrato social (p = 0,344) y sexo (p =0,360). Se requieren de futuras investigaciones que consideren un mejor estudio de las causas detonadoras de caries dentales, puesto que estas son factores difícilmente modificables.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases in pediatric dentistry. determine the prevalence of dental caries according to nutritional status, social stratum and sex of children between 5 and 12 years of age with mixed dentition. A descriptive retrospective cohort study was carried out, whose sample considered 161 children treated during the year 2021 at the Dental Clinic of the Andrés Bello University. The classification of nutritional status was carried out through the Body Mass Index (BMI) and its Z score (BMIz-score), while the social stratum was extended by the Graffar-Méndez Castellano social stratification method, these variables being related to the prevalence of dental caries obtained from radiographic examination. There are no significant differences between groups for the prevalence of caries according to nutritional status (p = 0.143), social class (p = 0.344) and sex (p = 0.360). Future research is required to consider a better study of the triggering causes of dental caries, since these are factors that are difficult to modify.

Factores clínicos y socioeconómicos asociados a bronquiolitis severa en lactantes menores de 24 meses. Estudio de caso control

Introducción: En países en desarrollo, además de las comorbilidades, otros factores podrían aumentar el riesgo de enfermedad respiratoria severa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo clínicos, sociodemográficos y ambientales asociados al ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) de lactantes menores de 24 meses con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis. Materiales y métodos Diseño: caso- control. Se incluyó a lactantes de 0 a 24 meses de edad con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis severa que ingresaron a la UCIP y los controles fueron lactantes bronquiolitis leve a moderada, sin requerimiento de UCIP. Se excluyeron las historias clínicas incompletas e imposibilidad de comunicación con los padres. Variables: bajo peso de nacimiento, parto pretérmino y presencia de enfermedades de base (EB), nivel socioeconómico, lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad, exposición al humo ambiental y al tabaco. Los datos fueron analizados en SPSS V21. El comité de ética aprobó el estudio con consentimiento informado de los padres. Resultados : Fueron incluidos 220 pacientes. Caso control 1:1. En el análisis bivariado los casos se asoció la presencia de EB, bajo peso de nacimiento, prematuridad, bajo estrato socioeconómico y ausencia de LME hasta 6 meses En el análisis ajustado la bronquiolitis severa se asoció a presencia de EB, bajo estrato socioeconómico y ausencia de LME hasta los 6 meses. Conclusiones La bronquiolitis severa en lactantes menores de 24 meses, se asoció a la presencia de comorbilidades, falta de lactancia materna exclusiva y a la pertenencia a estratos socioeconómicos bajo.

Introduction: In developing countries, in addition to comorbidities, other factors could increase the risk of severe respiratory disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental risk factors associated with admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of infants younger than 24 months with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Materials and methods: the study design was case-control. Infants from 0 to 24 months of age with a diagnosis of severe bronchiolitis who were admitted to the PICU were included, and the controls were infants with mild to moderate bronchiolitis, without PICU requirement. Cases with incomplete medical records and the inability to communicate with parents were excluded. Variables: low birth weight, preterm delivery and presence of underlying diseases (UD), socioeconomic level, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) up to 6 months of age, exposure to environmental smoke and tobacco. Data were analyzed in SPSS V21. The hospital ethics committee approved the study and parental informed consent was obtained. Results: 220 patients were included. Control case 1:1. In the bivariate analysis, the cases were associated with the presence of UD, low birth weight, prematurity, low socioeconomic status, and absence of EBF for up to 6 months. In the adjusted analysis, severe bronchiolitis was associated with the presence of UD, low socioeconomic status, and absence of EBF up to 6 months. Conclusions: Severe bronchiolitis in infants under 24 months of age was associated with the presence of comorbidities, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, and belonging to low socioeconomic strata.

Determinants of Reproductive Tract Infection among married women in rural and peri-urban areas of Aligarh: A cross sectional Study

Background: Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) have a direct impact on reproductive and child health through infertility, cancers, and pregnancy complications, and they have an indirect impact through their role in facilitating the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. Objectives: To find the prevalence and determinants of RTI/STI among married women of reproductive age group in rural and peri-urban areas of Aligarh. Methods: The data were collected by using a pretested, semi-structured with both open and closed-ended questionnaire from 500 married women of reproductive age group. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.0 Proportion, frequencies, ?2, and logistic regression were used to interpret the data. Results: Prevalence of RTI/STI symptoms was found to (42.8%) in rural areas and 37.6 % in periurban areas. Strong association was found in study subjects having lower educational status, who were not using any contraceptive method, not following good menstrual hygiene, early marriage age had husband history of RTI/STI, had a history of abortion, had a history of violence, and increased parity. Conclusions: Prevalence of symptoms found to be associated with these females having low educational status, early age of marriage, high parity, partner history of reproductive Tract Infections, history of violence etc. So, there should be more focus on improvement in these factors to reduce the prevalence.

Association of sex, sexual maturation, age group, economic class, and nutritional status with the different cutoff points of screen time in adolescents / Associação entre sexo, maturação sexual, faixa etária, classe econômica e estado nutricional com os diferentes pontos de corte do tempo de tela em adolescentes

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of adolescents' screen time in three different scenarios and possible associations with gender, sexual maturation, age group, economic class, and nutritional status. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted with a representative sample of 3,979 adolescents from Greater Curitiba. Screen time (television, computer, and video game) was self-reported and categorized as ≤2h/day, >2 to ≤4h/day, and >4h/day. Ordinal logistic regression tested the associations. Results: the sample consisted of adolescents of 14.60±1.88 years old, most girls (51.2%). The prevalence of screen time >4h/day was 89.3%. Girls (OR=0.61; CI95%=0.49-0.76) and the older age groups ("14 to 16 years" OR=0.29; CI95%=0.22-0.39, and "17 to 19 years" OR=0.11; CI95%=0.08-0.16) were less likely to be in the groups of higher screen time. Conclusions: screen time above four hours seems to be the most prevalent among adolescents. Older girls and teens are less likely to have higher screen time.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de tempo de tela de adolescentes em três diferentes cenários e possíveis associações com sexo, maturação sexual, faixa etária, classe econômica e estado nutricional. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com amostra representativa de 3.979 adolescentes da Grande Curitiba. O tempo de tela (televisão, computador e videogame) foi autorrelatado e categorizado em ≤2h/dia, >2 a ≤4h/dia e >4h/dia. A regressão logística ordinal testou as associações. Resultados: amostra com idade média de 14,60±1,88 anos, formada por 51,2% de meninas.A prevalência de tempo de tela >4h/dia foi de 89,3%. Meninas (OR=0,61; IC95%=0,49-0,76) e os grupos de idade mais velhos ("14 a 16 anos" OR=0,29; IC95%=0,22-0,39 e "17 a 19 anos" OR=0,11; IC95%=0,08-0,16) eram menos propensos a estar nos grupos de maior tempo de tela. Conclusões: o tempo de tela acima de quatro horas parece ser o mais prevalente entre os adolescentes. Meninas e adolescentes mais velhos são menos propensos ao maior tempo de tela.

Explorando la Empatía de Estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería mediante el Empathy Quotient (EQ) / Exploring the Empathy of Nursing First Semester Students Using the Empathy Quotient (EQ)

Introducción: La empatía ya sea considerada como una dimensión o una competencia, es crucial para el desarrollo de nuestra especie social, especialmente en una situación tan particular como el cuidado de otros. Objetivo: Determinar el cociente de empatía de los estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia sede Bucaramanga. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó el cociente de empatía mediante el test EQ de Baron-Cohen y Wheelwright en la totalidad de estudiantes del primer semestre (N: 100). Se determinó la relación con las variables sexo, edad, estrato social y procedencia, mediante pruebas de t y de F, así como ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los cocientes de empatía de los sexos, edad, estrato social o procedencia, pero sí variaciones en la distribución de los datos. Se determinó una relación negativa entre la edad y el estrato social con los cocientes de empatía. Conclución: La media del cociente de empatía de la población de estudiantes de enfermería de primer semestre fue de 40,3 ubicándola en una posición media, el grupo de estudio fue bastante heterogéneo, con un desarrollo de empatía bajo a medio. Se hace necesario generar estrategias a lo largo de la carrera profesional para el desarrollo de la empatía en esta población de estudiantes, ya que la gran mayoría obtendrá su título profesional antes de alcanzar la madurez cerebral.

Introduction:Empathy either considered as a dimension or a competence is crucial for the development of our social species, particularly in a situation as special as the care of others. Objective: To determine the quotient of empathy of the first semester students of nursing at the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia hosts Bucaramanga and its relations with the variables sex, age, social condition and city of origin. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the quotient of empathy using the EQ test Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright in all students in the first semester (N: 100). The relationship with the variables sex, age, social stratum and origin were determined by t test and F test, as well as ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results:No statistical differences were found between the quotients of empathy of the sexes, age, social condition or city of origin, but variations in the distribution of the data were observed. Was determined a negative relationship between age and social condition with the quotients of empathy. Conclusions: The mean of the quotient of empathy of the population of nursing students from first semester was of 40,3 locating it in a middle position, the study group was quite heterogeneous, with a development low to medium of empathy. Strategies are necessary throughout his professional career for the development of empathy in this population of students since the vast majority will get your professional degree before reaching the brain maturity.

Introdução: A empatia, seja considerada uma dimensão ou uma competência, é crucial para o desenvolvimento da nossa espécie social, especialmente numa situação tão particular como a de cuidar. Objetivo: Determinar o quociente de empatia dos alunos do primeiro semestre de enfermagem da Universidade Cooperativa da Colômbia, campus de Bucaramanga, e suas relações com as variáveis sexo, idade, condição social e procedência. Materiais e Métodos: O quociente de empatia foi analisado pelo teste Baron-Cohen e Wheelwright EQ em todos os alunos do primeiro semestre (N: 100). A relação com as variáveis sexo, idade, estrato social e procedência foi determinada pelos testes t e F, além de ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis, além da Análise Canônica (AC). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os quocientes de empatia dos sexos, idade, estrato social ou origem, mas houve variações na distribuição dos dados. Uma relação negativa entre idade e estrato social foi determinada com os quocientes de empatia. Conclusões: O quociente médio de empatia da população de estudantes de enfermagem do primeiro semestre foi de 40,3 colocando-o em uma posição média, que torna o grupo bastante heterogêneo, com baixo desenvolvimento de empatia para médio. Estratégias são necessárias ao longo da carreira profissional para o desenvolvimento da empatia nessa população de alunos, uma vez que a grande maioria obterá o título profissional antes de atingir a maturidade cerebral.

Sobrepeso y obesidad: factores familiares, dietéticos y de actividad física en escolares de una institución educativa de estrato medio-alto en Cali, Colombia / Overweight and obesity: Family factors, diet, and physical activity in school children from middle to high socioeconomic level in Cali, Colombia

Introducción. Colombia es un país con problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad que, en muchas ocasiones, se deben a malos hábitos alimenticios. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como los factores familiares, dietéticos y de actividad física en un grupo de escolares entre los 6 y los 9 años de edad pertenecientes al estrato socioeconómico 4 en Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 150 niños de una institución educativa. Los datos sociodemográficos se recolectaron con un instrumento validado previamente. Para el diagnóstico del estado nutricional, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se analizaron con el programa Anthro Plus de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se detectaron 62 niños con sobrepeso u obesidad. Resultados. En cuanto al diagnóstico nutricional, 42 (28 %) niños tenían sobrepeso y 20 (13 %), obesidad. El 78 % pertenecía a los estratos socioeconómicos 4 y 5. En cuanto a las características familiares, el 47 % tenía un solo hermano y el 25 % correspondía a hijos únicos; el 76 % de las madres y el 70 % de los padres eran profesionales; el 95 % de los niños no hacía actividad física importante. Conclusiones. En el análisis de la asociación entre algunas variables, se evidenció la relación entre el estado nutricional y el número de hermanos; los escolares con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad, con mayor frecuencia eran hijos únicos o tenían solo un hermano. Se estableció asociación con la edad de las madres, especialmente entre los 41 y los 50 años, la escolaridad de los padres, el hecho de tener una ocupación o trabajo fuera del hogar, y la pertenencia a los estratos socioeconómicos 4 y 5.

Introduction: Colombia is a country with overweight and obesity problems, which, in many cases, are due to bad eating habits. Objective: To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as family, dietary, and physical activity factors in a group of schoolchildren between 6 and 9 years old from socioeconomic level 4 in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 150 children from an educational institution in Cali. To collect the sociodemographic data we used a previously validated instrument; the anthropometric measurements were analyzed to diagnose the nutritional status in the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro Plus program program. A total of 62 children were identified as overweight and obese. Results: Regarding the nutritional diagnosis, 42 (28%) children were overweight and 20 (13%) were obese; 78% belonged to socioeconomic levels 4 and 5. As for the family characteristics, 47% had only one sibling and 25% were only children; 76% of the mothers and 70% of the fathers were professionals; 95% of the children did not do significant physical activity. Conclusions: Our analysis showed an association between the nutritional status and the number of siblings; schoolchildren with a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity tended to be only children or have just one sibling. We also found associations between mothers' age, especially at ages 41-50 years, parents' schooling and whether they had an occupation or job outside the home, as well as belonging to socioeconomic levels 4 and 5.

Assessment of the contextual effects on the prevalence of periodontitis: a systematic review

Abstract This study reviews the influence of contextual factors on periodontitis based on a systematic search of studies recorded in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. Periodontitis was assessed by clinical attachment loss and probing depth for studies with data on the socioeconomic status (SES) of a specific area (area-level SES) or dental care service (service-level) in a catchment area among individuals aged 18 and over. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality. Of the 646 articles identified, 13 were included in the systematic review, representing 101,362 individuals from five countries (USA, UK, Brazil, China, and Uruguay). A higher prevalence of periodontitis was described in lower SES neighborhoods, more deprived postcodes, and poorer provinces. Gini Index results were mixed and inconclusive. Three studies showed that higher coverage of primary dental care at the municipal level was associated with a lower prevalence of periodontitis. Contextual factors at the area-level SES and dental care service might influence periodontitis, but the existing evidence is unclear. The contextual effect is important for periodontal health and may contribute to the prevalence of periodontitis, independent of well-known risk factors and individual levels.

Relação do senso de coerência materno com a condição socioeconômica e a cárie dentária em crianças pré-escolares no município de Manaus, Amazonas / Relationship between the maternal sense of coherence with socioeconomic status and dental caries in preschool children in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Objetivo:Avaliar a relação do SOC com índice Ceo-d e o SOC com as condições socioeconômicas familiares com a cárie dentária em pré-escolares (3-5 anos) do município de Manaus, capital do Estado do Amazonas. Métodos: O estudo contou com uma amostra de 89 pais e 89 crianças. Para avaliação da cárie dentária foi utilizado o índice ceo-d; o índice significativo de cárie (SiC Index) foi utilizado para avaliar a desigualdade de cárie na amostra do estudo; para avaliar o SOC materno foi utilizado o questionário (versão curta); e para avaliar as condições socioeconômicas foram utilizadas as questões do Levantamento Nacional SB Brasil 2010. Resultados: Houve uma média do ceo-d de 1,50 com maior ocorrência de cárie dentária nos participantes do gênero masculino, assim como índice SiC que se apresentou maior no gênero masculino em média 4,38. A média do senso de coerência materno foi maior entre as crianças de 5 anos de idade com um valor de 39,33 em média e no que tange às condições socioeconômicas, observaram-se que a maior parte dos participantes, 42,33 em média vive com uma renda familiar de R$1.501 a R$2.500 reais, e uma amostra considerável de 35,40 em média sobrevive com uma renda familiar de R$ 250 reais. Conclusão: Não houve uma correlação significativa entre as condições socioeconômicas e o SOC materno com o índice ceo-d.

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between SOC with the Ceo-d index and SOC with family socioeconomic conditions with dental caries in preschoolers (3-5 years) in the municipality of Manaus, capital of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: This study included a sample of 89 parents and 89 children. To evaluate dental caries, the ceo-d index was used; the significant caries index (SiC Index) was used to evaluate the inequality of caries in the study sample; to evaluate the maternal SOC, the questionnaire (short version) was applied; and to evaluate the socioeconomic conditions, the SB Brazil 2010: National Research on Oral Health was used. Results: An average ceo-d of 1.50 was found, with a higher occurrence of dental caries in male participants, as well as an SiC index that proved to be higher in males, on average by 4.38 fold. The average sense of maternal coherence was higher among 5-year-old children, with a value of 39.33 on average. As regards socioeconomic conditions, it was observed that most participants, 42.33 on average, live with a monthly family income of R$1,501 to R$2,500 reais, and a considerable sample of 35.40 on average survives on a monthly family income of R$250 reais. Conclusion: No significant correlation was found between socioeconomic conditions and maternal SOC with the ceo-d index.

Recursos do ambiente familiar e desempenho escolar: análise de fatores associados em adolescentes do ensino fundamental / Family resources and school performance: an analysis of associated factors in middle school adolescents

Resumo Objetivo Verificar a associação entre recursos do ambiente familiar, aspectos sociodemográficos e desempenho escolar de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Método Estudo observacional analítico transversal, com amostra probabilística estratificada por sexo, idade e ano escolar. Participaram 124 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, entre 11 e 14 anos, matriculados no Ensino Fundamental II de uma instituição particular. Os responsáveis receberam um formulário online contendo: Inventário dos Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF), Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil (CCEB) e questões sociodemográficas. O desempenho escolar foi fornecido pela instituição. Realizou-se distribuição de frequência das variáveis categóricas e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão para as contínuas. Utilizou-se os testes Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, sendo considerados significantes os que apresentaram valor de p≤0,05. Resultados A maioria da amostra possuía 11 anos, do sexo feminino, cursava o 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, obteve desempenho escolar muito bom, apresentava classificação A e declarou que a/o chefe de família possuía Ensino Superior completo. Houve associação entre idade e ano escolar com a interação com os pais, ligação família-escola e RAF total. Os processos proximais demonstraram correlação positiva de magnitude moderada com passeios e brinquedos. Houve correlação positiva moderada entre total do RAF e atividades previsíveis que sinalizam estabilidade. Os processos proximais se correlacionaram de maneira positiva forte com a ligação família-escola. Ter livros em casa revelou correlação positiva fraca com o desempenho escolar. Conclusão Os recursos do ambiente familiar apresentaram relação com o desempenho escolar dos adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the association between family resources, sociodemographic aspects, and school performance in middle school students. Methods Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample stratified by sex, age, and grade in school. A total of 124 adolescents of both sexes, aged 11 to 14 years, enrolled in a private middle school participated in the study. We sent to their parents/guardians an online form with the Home Environment Resources Scale (HER), Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB), and sociodemographic questions. The school performance was furnished by the institution. We used frequency distribution analysis of categorical variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion of the continuous ones. We used the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests and set the significance level at p ≤ 0.05. Results Most of the sample was 11 years old, females, sixth graders, with very good school performance, belonging to social class A, and whose householder had a bachelor's degree. Age and grade in school were associated with interaction with the parents, "family-school connection", and total HER score. The "proximal processes" had a moderate positive correlation with outings and toys. There was a moderate positive correlation between total HER score and "predictable activities that indicate stability". The "proximal processes" had a strong positive correlation with "family-school connection". There was a weak positive correlation between books available at home and school performance. Conclusion The family resources were related to the adolescents' school performance.