Societal Determinants of Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age and Role of Community Pharmacist for Its Management

Aims:To studysocietal determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) and elaborate the role of community pharmacist for its management. Study Design:To investigatethe societal determinants of anemia, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Muzaffarabad district of AJK, Pakistan.Methodology:We collected the data from 384 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) having at least one child using a self-constructed interview schedule.The population sample size was calculated using Krejcie formula and purposive sampling was used for data collection. Two hospitals, Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences and combined military hospital Muzaffarabad were selected for blood samples to screen the hemoglobin (Hb) level of the respondents and data collection. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the frequency distributions and percentages of cases depending on a single variable at a time. The bivariate analysis was performed usingchi-square test to determine empirical relationship between the anemia severity and socio-cultural risk factors of this ailment. The odd ratios were computed to investigate the odds of occurrence of anemia among respondents. The results were considered statistically significant at significance level ≤ 0.05. Results:The findings revealed that prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anemia are 26.3%, 40.9% and 14.3% respectively among WRA, which showsthat anemia is a significant health problem from public health perspective in the region. Major contributing factors are respondent’s and her husband’s education, age at marriage, number of pregnancies, knowledge about balanced diet and anemia, male preference in food intake and violence.Conclusion:Anemia is a multifactorial problem among WRA in the study population, which can be dealt with using an integrated approach by combating malnutrition, provision of adequate healthcare, quality education and devising strategies for avoiding domestic violence. The community pharmacists can play an effective role to educate people about the selection of iron supplementation for adequate management of anemia among WRA

Socio-cultural Factors Affecting the Health of Pregnant and Puerperal Brazilian Women in Japan / 国際保健医療

<p>  In this study, we aimed to clarify the socio-cultural factors affecting the mental and physical health of pregnant and puerperal Brazilian women living in Japan. The study participants were 18 pregnant and puerperal Brazilian women living in two prefectures with large Brazilian populations. A Japanese investigator and a Portuguese interpreter comprised the team, and conducted semi-structured interviews at the participants’ homes. The study period was between 2013 and 2014. The interviews were carried out using the Cultural Determinants of Help Seeking theory. Analytical ethnography was used for data coding and theme extraction.</p><p>  The results revealed that “worry” and “shoulder and back pain” were the most common mental and physical symptoms, followed by “headache,” “irritability and anger,” “insomnia and sleeplessness,” and “anxiety.” The reasons given for these included: “pregnancy and child rearing;” “anxiety about work and income;” “complications of being a foreigner;” and “the absence of someone to depend upon.” Moreover, the following five core categories of socio-cultural factors influencing these causes were extracted: “equal and deeply connected family;” “strength to continue working;” “choosing the right conditions to settle down in;” “low satisfaction with the healthcare system;” and “the blessings of God.” </p><p>  Pregnant and puerperal Brazilian women living in Japan have various mental and physical distress symptoms, and our findings revealed that differences between Brazilian and Japanese patterns of family life and religion were the major influencers on these. These findings must be understood to provide intervention in order to lead pregnant and puerperal Brazilian women to appropriate health behaviors.</p>

Predictores de la satisfacción laboral en la industria automotriz de Ciudad Juárez, México

Introducción. En la literatura el estudio de la satisfacción laboral (SL) ha sido abordado desde múltiples enfoques por lo que se le vincula con variables psicológicas, organizacionales y económicas, entre otras, pero su relación con aspectos ergonómicos no ha sido suficientemente probada, principalmente en el contexto de la industria manufacturera. Objetivo. En este estudio se presenta un modelo predictor de la SL teniendo como variable independiente los factores ergoambientales (FEA), y como variable mediadora, los factores socioculturales (FSC), puesto que estos últimos han estado vinculados a la SL, aunque con distintos grados de intensidad. Materiales y métodos. Un instrumento de medición basado en la teoría es aplicado al personal operativo de ocho empresas maquiladoras del sector automotriz en Ciudad Juárez, México. Se obtiene una muestra de 301 casos y los datos se modelan con ecuaciones estructurales para probar las hipótesis de investigación. Resultados. Los resultados sugieren que los FEA se relacionan de manera positiva y significativa en la SL de los sujetos investigados (coeficiente estandarizado= 0.349, p<.01) y con una mediación parcial de los factores socioculturales (VAF=35.7 %). Conclusiones. El modelo predice razonablemente la SL con un efecto directo de los FEA, e indirecto a través de los FSC (R² = 40 %).

Introduction. In the literature, the study about labor satisfaction (LS) has been approached from several focuses and it has been related to psychological, organizational and economic variables, among others, but its relation to ergonomical aspects has not yet been proved enough, especially in the manufacturing industries. Objective. This paper introduces a predictive LS model having as independent variable the ergo environmental factors (EEF) and, as mediating variable, the socio cultural factors (SCF), as the latter have been related to the LS in different intensity degrees. Materials and methods. A measuring instrument based on the theory is applied to the operational staff in eight maquiladora companies in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. A sample of 301 cases is obtained and the data are modeled with structural equations in order to demonstrate the research hypotheses. Results. The results obtained suggest that the EEF are positively and significantly related in the LS of the subjects studied (standardized coefficient = 0.349, p<.01) and with a partial mediation of the socio cultural factors (VAF=35.7 %). Conclusions. The model reasonably predicts the LS with a direct effect of the EEG, and with an indirect one of the SCF (R² = 40 %).

Introdução. Na literatura o estudo da satisfação laboral (SL) há sido abordado desde múltiplos enfoques pelo que se lhe vincula com variáveis psicológicas, organizacionais e econômicas, entre outras, mas sua relação com aspectos ergonômicos não há sido suficientemente provada, principalmente no contexto da indústria manufatureira. Objetivo. Neste estudo se apresenta um modelo preditor da SL tendo como variável independente os fatores ergoambientais (FEA), e como variável mediadora, os fatores socioculturais (FSC), posto que estes últimos há estado vinculados à SL, embora com diferentes graus de intensidade. Materiais e métodos. Um instrumento de medição baseado na teoria é aplicado ao pessoal operativo de oito empresas maquiladoras do setor automotriz na Ciudad Juárez, México. Se obtém uma amostra de 301 casos e os dados se modelam com equações estruturais para provar as hipóteses de investigação. Resultados. Os resultados sugerem que os FEA se relacionam de maneira positiva e significativa na SL dos sujeitos investigados (coeficiente padronizado= 0.349, p<.01) e com uma mediação parcial dos fatores socioculturais (VAF=35.7 %). Conclusões. O modelo prediz razoavelmente a SL com um efeito direto dos FEA, e indireto através dos FSC (R² = 40 %).

Factores socioculturales determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios de niños de una escuela- jardín en Perú: / Sociocultural factors determinants of eating habits of kindergarten schoolchildren in Peru:

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de explorar los factores socioculturales que determinan los hábitos alimentarios de niños menores de cinco años de una escuela inicial de Chachapoyas en Perú, realizamos un estudio cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 18 padres y madres. Los factores determinantes de los hábitos alimenticios fueron: la disponibilidad y facilidad de preparación de los alimentos; horario y trabajo desempeñado por los padres; ingesta de café en niños como práctica común; falta de recursos e incertidumbre económica para la planificación alimenticia, y la falta de conocimientos nutricionales. Asimismo, se identificaron creencias que pueden explicar algunos hábitos alimenticios, como los efectos beneficiosos de la comida en familia, la lactancia materna y otros alimentos, o el papel de la alimentación para el buen desarrollo intelectual y físico de los niños. Los resultados aportan evidencia sobre el modo en que los padres afrontan y entienden la alimentación de sus hijos, determinando, a su vez, la calidad de la misma.

ABSTRACT To examine the sociocultural factors that determine the eating habits of children aged less than 5 years who attend kindergarten school in Chachapoyas in Peru, we carried out a qualitative study by means of semi-structured interviews of 18 fathers and mothers. The key factors related to eating habits were as follows: availability and easiness to prepare foods, schedule and work done by parents, intake of coffee in children as a common practice, lack of resources and economic uncertainty for food planning, and the lack of nutritional knowledge. Similarly, beliefs that might explain some eating habits, such as the beneficial effects of eating food as a family, maternal breastfeeding, and others, or the role of nutrition for the appropriate intellectual and physical development of children were identified. Our results provide evidence about the ways parents tackle and understand their children's nutrition while, in turn, determining its quality.

Harm to others from alcohol: the role of socio-cultural variables / Daño a otros por causa del alcohol: la contribución de las variables socioculturales / Dano a outros causado pelo álcool: o papel das variáveis socioculturais

This paper describes the changes in alcohol research, from a traditional individual focus on individual bodily and mental effects, to a broader focus on harm to others. This shift has coincided with broader sequential definitions of the progression from normal through harmful alcohol dependence, both in the specialized epidemiological and also in the newer classificatory systems (DSM 5 and CIE 11 draft). After presenting updated global, regional and chilean data, an international collaborative Project (Alcohol Harm to Others, ATOH) is described, with the participating institutions: the local study and the chilean components of the research team, the conceptual framework of harm to others (families, children, women; neighbors, friends, co-workers; society at large). Ethical aspects and institutional approval are presented and the principal results outlined: socio-demographic data (with special focus on the role of gender, socio-economic level and religiosity/spirituality). The data is presented for the chilean sample, with examples from other participating countries. The complexity of the link between alcohol harm to others and religious and spiritual factors is studied comparing data from several of the participating countries, and the impact upon vulnerable populations, especially women and children. The discussion reviews some of the confounding and intervening factors that could influence the results. The conclusion about prevention and policy development closes the paper.

Este artículo describe los cambios en investigación sobre el abuso de alcohol, desde un enfoque tradicional sobre los efectos corporales y mentales en el individuo, a un enfoque amplio sobre el daño a otros. Este cambio ha coincidido con definiciones secuenciales más amplias de la progresión desde el estado normal a la dependencia dañina al alcohol, ambas en la especialidad de la epidemiología y también en los nuevos sistemas de clasificación (DSM 5 y propuesta de CIE 11). Después de presentar datos actualizados globales, regionales y chilenos, se describe un proyecto internacional colaborativo (Daño a Otros por Causa del Alcohol, ATOH) con las instituciones participantes: el estudio local y los componentes chilenos del equipo de investigación, la estructura conceptual de daño a otros (familias, niños, mujeres; vecinos, amigos, compañeros de trabajo; la sociedad en general). Se presenta la aprobación institucional y aspectos éticos, así como se delinean los principales resultados: datos sociodemográficos (con enfoque especial en el rol de género, nivel socioeconómico y espiritualidad/religiosidad). Se presentan los datos de la muestra chilena, con ejemplos de otros países participantes. Se estudia la complejidad del vínculo entre el daño por alcohol a otros y factores religiosos y espirituales, comparando datos de varios de los países participantes, y el impacto sobre poblaciones vulnerables, especialmente mujeres y niños. La discusión revisa algunos de los factores de confusión y de intervención que podrían influenciar los resultados. Se cierra el artículo con conclusiones sobre prevención y desarrollo de normativas.

Este artigo descreve as alterações na pesquisa do álcool, a partir de um foco individual tradicional sobre os efeitos orgânicos e mentais individuais, para um foco mais amplo sobre danos a outros. Essa mudança coincidiu com mais amplas definições sequenciais da progressão do normal através de dependência de álcool prejudiciais, tanto na epidemiologia especializada como nos sistemas classificatórios mais recentes (DSM 5 e CIE 11 minuta). Depois de apresentar dados atualizados globais, regionais e chileno, um projeto internacional colaborativo (Alcohol Harm to Others, ATOH) é descrito, com as instituições participantes: o estudo local e os componentes chilenos da equipe de pesquisa, o quadro conceitual do dano a outrem ( famílias, crianças, mulheres, vizinhos, amigos, colegas de trabalho, e sociedade em geral). Aspectos éticos e aprovação institucional são apresentados e os principais resultados delineados: dados sócio-demográficos (com especial destaque para o papel do sexo, nível socioeconômico e espiritualidade / religiosidade). Os dados são apresentados para a amostra chilena, com exemplos de outros países participantes. A complexidade da relação entre efeitos nocivos do álcool para os outros e fatores religiosos e espirituais é estudada comparando os dados de vários dos países participantes, bem como o impacto sobre populações vulneráveis, especialmente mulheres e crianças. A discussão revê alguns dos fatores de confusão e intervenientes que poderiam influenciar os resultados. A conclusão sobre a prevenção e desenvolvimento de políticas define o papel.

Analysis Testing of Sociocultural Factors Influence on Human Reliability within Sociotechnical Systems: The Algerian Oil Companies

BACKGROUND: The influence of sociocultural factors on human reliability within an open sociotechnical systems is highlighted. The design of such systems is enhanced by experience feedback. METHODS: The study was focused on a survey related to the observation of working cases, and by processing of incident/accident statistics and semistructured interviews in the qualitative part. In order to consolidate the study approach, we considered a schedule for the purpose of standard statistical measurements. We tried to be unbiased by supporting an exhaustive list of all worker categories including age, sex, educational level, prescribed task, accountability level, etc. The survey was reinforced by a schedule distributed to 300 workers belonging to two oil companies. This schedule comprises 30 items related to six main factors that influence human reliability. RESULTS: Qualitative observations and schedule data processing had shown that the sociocultural factors can negatively and positively influence operator behaviors. CONCLUSION: The explored sociocultural factors influence the human reliability both in qualitative and quantitative manners. The proposed model shows how reliability can be enhanced by some measures such as experience feedback based on, for example, safety improvements, training, and information. With that is added the continuous systems improvements to improve sociocultural reality and to reduce negative behaviors.

Comportamientos y Hábitos de Consumo de Alcohol en Púberes Escolarizados de la Provincia De Buenos Aires

El propósito de este estudio fue explorar y describir los factores y procesos psicosocioculturales y afectivo-emocionales en púberes de escuelas públicas, que pueden incidir en el desarrollo de comportamientos y hábitos de consumo de alcohol. Se exploró y describió el modo en que estos factores inciden en el inicio del consumo y las modalidades de su ingesta. La investigación constó de dos fases. En la primera se administraron, el Test de Autoestima de Grajales y Valderrama (2000), y un cuestionario que evalúa el comportamiento con respecto al alcohol. En la segunda se llevaron a cabo grupos focales. Los resultados muestran una significativa correlación entre el consumo del adolescente y el de su familia y pares.

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the factors and affective-emotional psycho-socio-cultural and pubertal processes in public schools, which may influence the development of behavior and alcohol consumption habits. It has been explored and described the way in which these factors have an impact in the consumption of alcohol. The research consisted of two phases. In the first two questionnaires were administered: the Test of self-esteem Grajales and Valderrama, and a questionnaire that evaluated the behaviour with regard to alcohol. In the second stage focus groups were formed. The results show a significant correlation between family history of alcohol consumption and the consumption of the adolescents, as well as of the pairs and the consumption of students.

Influencia de los factores que definen el modelo estético corporal en el bienestar de las mujeres jóvenes afectadas o no afectadas por anorexia y bulimia / The influence of factors that define the body image model on the well-being of young women who suffer from anorexia and bulimia and healthy people

OBJETIVO DEL ESTUDIO: El modelo estético corporal actual viene determinado por diferentes factores personales y socioculturales, siendo necesario profundizar su influencia e identificar las dimensiones en que se agrupan. METODOLOGÍA: Para eso, se evaluó la actitud de una muestra de 95 mujeres (saludables y enfermas de anorexia y bulimia) frente a la repercusión de su bienestar en determinados factores relacionados con el modelo estético corporal. En segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial de Componentes Principales para determinar las dimensiones en que se agrupan. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Concluímos, que son tres las dimensiones de influencia extraídas: primera: "la dimensión social y de autoestima", segunda: "la dimensión sociocultural relacionada con los medios de comunicación" y tercera: "la dimensión de influencia del compañero y la aceptación". A pesar de ser mayor la influencia de los factores personales, familia, amigos y compañero, la "dimensión sociocultural mediática" es la que determina una diferencia mayor entre ambos grupos.

Determinants of Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology—A Prospective Multivariate Study among Hong Kong Chinese Women / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:Postpartum depression is a common psychiatric disorder that causes pervasive harm to the mother,newborn,and other members of the family.Researches on the etiologies of postpartum depression have mostly been based on western subjects.There is also a lack of empirical research on the socio-cultural causations of postpartum depression.The objective of the present study was to identify demographic,psychosocial,and ethnocultural factors that determine postpartum depressive symptomatology in Chinese women.Methods:A total of 959 consecutive pregnant Chinese women who attended the antepartum booking clinic of a university-affiliated general hospital were assessed at their first antepartum visit(baseline),in the third trimester,immediately post-delivery,and 3-month postpartum.Six domains of risk factors-demographics and socio-economic background, medical and psychiatric history,antepartum depressive mood,perinatal stressor,interpersonal relationship,and ethnocultural milieu-were examined using hierarchical regression.The dependent variable was the depression score at 3 months postpartum.Results:Postpartum depressive symptomatology was determined by concurrent life events, lack of social support,marital dissatisfaction,past deliberate self-harm,and antepartum depressed mood.Poor mother-in-law relationship and absence of peiyue(a traditional postpartum custom of mandated family support)was also associated with higher depression scores in the postpartum period.Conclusions:Risk factors of postpartum depression established in western studies are generally applicable to Chinese women.Socio-cultural aspects of the immediate puerperium also determine postpartum maternal emotional well being.