RESUMEN
ObjectiveTo explore the forest type and soil environment suitable for Panax ginseng. MethodThe yield， quality， soil chemical properties， soil enzyme activity， and soil microbial metabolism of 9-year-old P. ginseng under different forests were investigated. ResultThe quality of P. ginseng was significantly different among forest types. To be specific， P. ginseng under the Quercus mongolica forest had the highest quality， with the total saponin content of 2.27% which was 51.89% higher than that in P. ginseng under Larix gmelinii forest. The yield of P. ginseng under Q. mongolica forest and L. gmelinii forest （30 g·m-2） was the highest， 62.5% higher than that under Betula platyphylla forest. The soil content of organic matter， Cu， and Zn， and activity of sucrase and urease under Q. mongolica forest were lower than those under other forest types. The utilization rate of D-galacturonic acid by soil microorganisms under Q. mongolica forest was higher than that under other forest types， but the utilization rate of L-phenylalanine was lower than that under other forest types. The utilization rate of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid by soil microorganisms of B. platyphylla forest was significantly lower than that under other forest types. There was a negative correlation between soil Zn and ginsenoside Rb1 and Rc， and between soil K and ginsenoside Rb2 and Rb3. Mn and Cu were positively correlated with most saponins. The results of redundancy analysis showed that the soil microorganisms using carbon sources of amino acids， esters， acids， and sugars were the main factors causing the differences in P. ginseng among different forest types. ConclusionThe yield and quality of P. ginseng under Q. mongolica forest were the best， followed by the forest with different tree species， and coming in last was the B. platyphylla forest. This study is expected to provide theoretical support for the improvement of P. ginseng yield and quality and the improvement of ecological planting technology.
RESUMEN
Objective:To study the change of soil environment and yield of <italic>Angelica sinensis </italic> when cultivated on the film side and and open field sides，and to explore the influence of garlic volatiles and film-side cultivation on continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>，so as to provide some certain theoretical basis for the saying that the <italic>A. sinensis</italic> garlic intercropping mode and film-side cultivation could alleviate continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Method:In this study， the effects of garlic on soil environment and yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> cultivated on film side and crop rotation were discussed through the determination and analysis of soil microorganism quantity，soil enzyme activity and yield of Angelica sinensis in the rhizosphere of <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Result:The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>increased significantly， while the number of fungi decreased significantly. Among them， the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and garlic on the film side increased by 104% and 146.89% on average as compared with that of the control （monoculture under continuous cropping open field），and the number of fungi decreased by 39.28% on average as compared with that of control group. When the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil was significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film side，the soil urease，sucrase，alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities under the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and gralic on the rotation film side were increased by 61.60%，51.09%，203.48% and 76.19% respectively as compared with those in control group. The yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film-side，and the yield of Angelica sinensis under the rotation film-side intercropping with garlic increased by 39.37% as compared with that of control group. Conclusion:Under the mode of film-side cultivation，the interplanting of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>with garlic can change the number of soil microorganism，improve the activity of soil enzyme，improve the physical and chemical properties of soil， alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping and guarantee the healthy growth of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> more effectively.
RESUMEN
Objective:To study the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi combinations on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantity in the seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis at different inoculation periods，so as to lay a foundation for cultivating high-quality P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Method:The spore density，infection rate，nutrient and enzyme activity in the soil around the roots of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings under different AM fungi combinations and different inoculation periods were analyzed by the greenhouse pot inoculation trials and soil agrochemical analysis methods. Result:The infection rate of different AM fungi treatment groups was more than 80% in different inoculation periods，and the spore density was higher than control （CK） group in some periods. It reflected that the relationship between AM fungi and roots of Paris polyphylla seedlings was favorable. The content of nitrogen in the soil decreased，but the content of available P，available K and soil pH increased. The soil nutrients in the cultivar one-year seedlings and wild seedlings were higher. The total number of soil microorganisms showed that bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. The cultivar two-year seedlings with AM fungi combinations of S3，S5 and S8 had better soil structure and higher biomass carbon content. The growth rates of phosphatase and protease activity were higher in the soil，but catalase activity was lowest. In the treatment groups S2，S3，S4，S5 and S6，the soil enzyme activities of the wild seedlings and one-year-old seedlings were best. Conclusion:Different AM fungal treatment groups and different inoculation periods had certain effects on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantity in the seedlings of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis， which provided a technical basis for the cultivation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
RESUMEN
Study on 5 effective components and 6 soil enzyme activities of 2 different growth patterns, analyse the dates with the canonical correlation analysis, In order to reveal the relations between the effective components and soil enzyme activities. The result showed that they had a great relation between the effective components and soil enzyme activities, the activity of the same enzyme in humus soil was higher than that in farmland soil. Growth pattern of farmland soil, if the invertase and phosphatase activity were too high, which would inhibit the accumulation of total ginsenoside, water-miscible total proteins and total amino acid; Growth pattern of humus soil, if the invertase, urease and phosphatase activity were too high, which would inhibit the accumulation of total ginsenoside and the total essential oils. Integral soil enzyme activity can be used as a index of soil quality, which, together with other growth factors. The appropriate enzyme activity can accelerate the circulation and transformation of all kinds of material in the soil, improve effectively components accumulation.
RESUMEN
Aims: To study the effect of various doses of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) on the enzymatic (DHA, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) activity in sewage amended and un-amended alluvial soil. Methodology: A laboratory incubation study was conducted during 2012-2013 on an Aligarh farm alluvial soil. The enzymatic activity was studied in presence of various doses of three tetracycline antibiotics in soil; soil amended with sewage sludge; and mixture of sewage sludge and tetracyclines at different time intervals [(0 (4h), 7, 14, 21, 35, 56, 70,91d]. Results: Activity of all the studied enzymes was significantly inhibited for up to 14-21 days of incubation (14 d for DHA and acid phosphatase, 21 d for alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) and thereafter inhibition got weaker. The activity of all the studied enzymes decreased with increase in the doses of tetracyclines. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in sewage sludge amended soil than in the un-amended soil. Tetracyclines in presence of sewage sludge were found to have no appreciable effect on enzymatic activities. Conclusions: Dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase activity in tetracycline free soil was superior to soil containing antibiotics in the period of 2-3 weeks of incubation. The inhibition of soil enzyme activity was directly proportional to tetracycline concentration. In presence of sewage sludge, the studied enzymes activity initially increased up to 3 weeks and decreased thereafter. In presence of sewage sludge and antibiotics, the activity of enzymes remains almost unchanged. The activity of studied enzymes in soil was positively correlated to soil organic content.