Analysis on the application of medical force in Shenzhou manned spaceflight missions and enlightenment for medical service support with new regions and new types / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To summarize the practice and experience of medical service support for Shenzhou manned spaceflight mission, and to explore the accurate medical service support strategy with new regions and new types.Methods:A systematic summary was made from the force command, action framework, technical support, and the practice and experience in the application of medical support force for Shenzhou manned flight mission were sorted out.. Furthermore, the key and difficult problems of the new domains with new types of military medical service support were analyzed, and the scheme and significance of establishing the accurate support mode of the new medical service support force were proposed.Results:The Shenzhou emergency rescue mission was an elite combat supported by a large platform. It was an important basis to realize accurate medical service support by the experience of utilizing the medical force of Shenzhou emergency rescue and the strengthening of war-building mode optimization.Conclusions:This paper systematically summarizes the experience and characteristics of medical force application in Shenzhou manned spaceflight missions, and provides new ideas and methods for future diversified and accurate s medical service support with new regions and new types.

Construction and application of the module of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation after the manned spaceflight lands / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To explore the module of the construction and application of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation.Methods:According to the purpose, principle, and method set by the module, it was divided into two sub-modules: medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation. During the comprehensive first-aid training, independent training and combined training were carried out respectively according to different mission stages of launch and recovery and different recovery terrain. Meanwhile, research was performed to ensure that medical carrying equipment was lightweight, modular, and portable, and the efficiency of modularization construction was tested in the comprehensive training.Results:The module of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation obviously shortened the rescuing time during the comprehensive training, the saving effect was remarkable, and the overall saving efficiency was significantly improved.Conclusions:The module of medical first-aid at the door of the space capsule and the air evacuation meet the requirements that the emergency support system of aerospace medicine should function on an immediate basis, ensuring accurate treatment and air evacuation without any delay, so that to achieve the aim of aerospace medicare.

Experience in the handover of manned space medical rescue support / 中华急诊医学杂志

To analyze how the handover were effected by the conditions of manned spaceflight medical support mission through the practice of medical equipment and drugs in Shenzhou-12 and Shenzhou-13 manned spaceflight medical rescue support missions, this article discussed the preparation, organization and implementation in the handover of medical equipment and drugs in the changing of medical rescue teams, summarized the notices in the work of handover, and provided experience for the smooth handover of different manned spaceflight medical rescue teams in the future.

Variation of photosynthesis, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in third generation of spaceflight-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Spaceflight has long been perceived as an effective way to improve the quantity and quality of plants with wide applications. In order to obtain stable and inheritable descendants of spaceflight-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza lines, we investigated and analyzed four lines m16, m50, m51, m57 (three individuals of each line) and the ground control (three individuals) of the third generation of spaceflight-induced S. miltiorrhiza from primary/secondary metabolism and antioxidative abilities. Methods: A portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400) with red/blue LED light source was used to perform the photosynthetic characteristics to evaluate their primary productivity. The secondary metabolites (phenolic acids, tanshinones, total phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of roots were analyzed to assess their quality. Results: Compared with control, line m16 presented weak photosynthetic ability, but high apparent quantum yield (AQY), higher contents of secondary metabolites, and stronger antioxidative abilities. Line m57 had a strong gas exchange ability, relatively higher secondary metabolites contents, and ascending antioxidative abilities. Lines m50 and m51 were in the middle level of lines m16 and m57. The principal component analysis for all the original data revealed three components including a root-related index, a leaf-related index, and a CO

Exploration of standardized neurocognitive test battery for personnel in military isolated and confined environments / 第二军医大学学报

A standardized neurocognitive test battery is needed to study the effects of military isolated and confined environments on the cognitive functions of personnel. The cognitive tests currently in use have the following problems: inconsistency among different studies, no clear psychological processes, the presence of practice effect, absence of related normative data, and insufficiency in sensitivity, difficulty, and comprehensiveness. Therefore it is proposed that the neurocognitive tests for military isolated and confined environments should meet the following requirements: (1) easy to carry and easy to carry out the test; (2) the test time should be as short as possible (≤30 min); (3) suitable for repeated measuring, and the subjects can reach a stable level quickly; (4) preferably a complete set of test, the cognitive function should be comprehensively and should be closely related to specific tasks; (5) the test should be based on the norm of military isolated and confined environments and the changing curve with time, which can be used as controls; (6) the reliability and validity of the cognitive test should have been tested; (7) with high sensitivity and appropriate test difficulty; (8) the psychological process involved in the cognitive test is clear and simple, making it easy for result interpretation; and (9) the brain areas activated by cognitive test should be clear, which is convenient for further neuropsychological research. Cognition, American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) neurocognitive test battery for spaceflight, almost perfectly fits the above nine requirements. In the future when our army develops the neurocognitive test tools based on NASA Cognition, we should emphasize the following four focuses: improving the portability of the cognitive test device, developing computerized adaptive cognitive tests, clarifying the inclusion criteria of cognitive tests, and developing parallel tests with consistent psychometrics characteristics.

Vascular Adaptations to Spaceflight: Results from the Vascular Series Experiments

Long-duration spaceflight on the International Space Station (ISS) could be detrimental to astronaut health because of the prolonged period of physical unloading and other stressful factors including isolation and radiation in the microgravity environment. The Vascular Series of experiments was designed to investigate the effects of spaceflight on the arteries. We tested the hypothesis that removal of the normal head-to-foot gravitational force experienced everyday on Earth would cause increased stiffness of the carotid arteries as well as development of insulin resistance that could also impact vascular health. In Vascular, the first experiment of the series, results confirmed increased carotid artery stiffness and insulin resistance; but, the study also revealed a more generalized artery stiffness extending into the lower body. Hormonal and oxidative stress markers could have also influenced vascular health. The next experiments in the Vascular Series, Vascular Echo and Vascular Aging will advance investigations of vascular health employing the ECHO device that has remote robotic control of the ultrasound by experts on the ground to enhance image acquisition while on ISS, and to follow post-flight recovery processes. Vascular Aging will introduce oral glucose tolerance testing on ISS to further quantify the magnitude and the cause of insulin resistance and impaired glucose handling during spaceflight. Together, these studies will provide critical information about the extent of vascular changes during spaceflight and will determine whether all factors that contribute to increased arterial stiffness are reversible, or if there are long-term cardiovascular health consequences.

Los vuelos espaciales prolongados de la Estación Espacial Internacional (EEI) podrían afectar la salud de los astronautas, debido al largo tiempo de descarga física y otros factores estresantes, entre ellos el aislamiento y la radiación en un entorno de microgravedad. La Serie Vascular de experimentos fue diseñada para investigar los efectos de los vuelos espaciales en las arterias. Evaluamos la hipótesis de que la eliminación de la fuerza gravitacional normal de cabeza a pies experimentada cada día en la Tierra provocaría un aumento de la rigidez de las arterias carótidas, así como la aparición de resistencia insulínica, lo que también podría afectar la salud vascular. En el primer experimento de la serie, denominado Vascular, los resultados confirmaron un incremento de la rigidez de las arterias carótidas y resistencia insulínica. Sin embargo, el estudio también reveló una rigidez arterial más generalizada, la que se extendía a la sección inferior del cuerpo. Por otra parte, es posible que los marcadores hormonales y de estrés oxidativo también hayan afectado la salud vascular. Los próximos experimentos de la Serie Vascular, denominados Eco Vascular y Envejecimiento Vascular, impulsarán las investigaciones sobre salud vascular mediante el uso del dispositivo ECHO, que posibilita el control remoto robótico del ultrasonido por expertos desde la tierra para perfeccionar la adquisición de imágenes durante los vuelos de la EEI, así como el seguimiento de los procesos de recuperación posteriores al vuelo. El experimento conocido como Envejecimiento Vascular incorporará pruebas de tolerancia a la glucosa durante los vuelos de la EEI para perfeccionar la cuantificación de la magnitud y la causa de la resistencia insulínica y el manejo de la glucosa alterada durante los vuelos espaciales. En conjunto, esos estudios proporcionarán información fundamental sobre el alcance de los cambios vasculares durante los vuelos espaciales, y determinarán si todos los factores que contribuyen al aumento de la rigidez arterial son reversibles o si existen consecuencias cardiovasculares a largo plazo.

Introduction to cuban space physiology meeting and gravity of exercise for a mission to Mars

In order to develop effective countermeasures to maintain the health and well-being of crew members during prolonged spaceflight, such as a mission to Mars, an integrated physiologic view is necessary. Future spacecraft to deep space will be constrained by limited volume, food, water, shelter and other resources. Thus, it's important to understand the highest risks and to direct research into these areas. This review paper examines important risks during a 2-3 year mission to Mars with a view to provide devices and methods to integrate across many physiologic systems in an attempt to reproduce activities of daily living on Earth. Because effective hardware for artificial gravity by centrifugation may be decades away, we propose use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as means to simulate multiple beneficial effects of gravitational stress including blood and fluid shifts towards the feet and mechanical loading of the body. LBNP-devices are reconfigurable as wearable suits to reduce mass or combined with exercise devices to increase efficacy of exercise in weightlessness.

Para desarrollar contramedidas efectivas para mantener la salud y el bienestar de los miembros de la tripulación durante un vuelo espacial prolongado, como una misión a Marte, es necesaria una visión fisiológica integrada. Las naves espaciales futuras al espacio profundo estarán limitadas por un volumen limitado, alimentos, agua, refugio y otros recursos. Por lo tanto, es importante comprender los riesgos más altos y dirigir la investigación en estas áreas. Este documento de revisión examina riesgos importantes durante una misión de 2-3 años a Marte con el fin de proporcionar dispositivos y métodos para integrarse en muchos sistemas fisiológicos en un intento de reproducir las actividades de la vida diaria en la Tierra. Debido a que el hardware efectivo para la gravedad artificial por centrifugación puede estar a décadas de distancia, proponemos el uso de la presión negativa de la parte inferior del cuerpo (LBNP) como un medio para simular múltiples efectos beneficiosos del estrés gravitacional, incluidos los cambios de sangre y fluidos hacia los pies y la carga mecánica del cuerpo. Los dispositivos LBNP son reconfigurables como trajes portátiles para reducir la masa o combinados con dispositivos de ejercicio para aumentar la eficacia del ejercicio en la ingravidez.

Physiological effects of weightlessness: countermeasure system development for a long-term Chinese manned spaceflight / 医学前沿

The Chinese space station will be built around 2020. As a national space laboratory, it will offer unique opportunities for studying the physiological effects of weightlessness and the efficacy of the countermeasures against such effects. In this paper, we described the development of countermeasure systems in the Chinese space program. To emphasize the need of the Chinese space program to implement its own program for developing countermeasures, we reviewed the literature on the negative physiological effects of weightlessness, the challenges of completing missions, the development of countermeasure devices, the establishment of countermeasure programs, and the efficacy of the countermeasure techniques in American and Russian manned spaceflights. In addition, a brief overview was provided on the Chinese research and development on countermeasures to discuss the current status and goals of the development of countermeasures against physiological problems associated with weightlessness.

A plate method for rapid screening of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare mutants for enhanced 2-keto-l-gulonic acid production

Abstract A new plate method was developed for rapid screening of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare mutants overproducing 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG). The screening methodology took the advantage of the acidity caused by 2-KLG, which changes the color of bromothymol blue (pH indicator) from blue to yellow. Using the proposed method, a mutant, K. vulgare 65, was selected from 20,000 colonies produced by a strain subjected to spaceflight mutagenesis. When co-cultured with Bacillus megaterium 2980 in 20-L fermenters, K. vulgare 65 showed a high conversion rate (94.45%) of l-sorbose to 2-KLG. In contrast to the traditional screening method, this one significantly improved the frequency of obtaining positive mutants. The proposed plate screening method is cost-effective and easy to run and is thus useful for the isolation and screening of K. vulgare mutants overproducing 2-KLG.

Changes of Muscle-related Genes and Proteins After Spaceflight in Caenorhabditis elegans / 生物化学与生物物理进展

The molecular mechanism underlying muscular atrophy and gravisensing during spaceflight is still unknown. The major effects of spaceflight on body-wall muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in the structures and functions wore examined, and five important muscle-related genes and three proteins were studied after nearly 15-day spaceflight. The changes for the wall-muscles were observed in situ. Decreased muscle fiber size was observed with myosin immunofluorescence and duller dense-body staining in flight samples, which suggested that muscular atrophy had happened during spaceflight. However, F-actin staining showed no differences between the spaceflight group and ground control group. Otherwise, after returning to the earth the C eleganu displayed reduced rate of movement with a lower ratio (height/width) in crawl trace wave, which indicated a functional defect. These results demonstrated that C. elegans muscular development was changed in response to microgravity, and changes also occurred at the level of gene transcription and protein translation. Expression of dys-I increased significantly in body-wall muscles, while hlh-1, myo-3, uric-54 and eg1-19 RNA levels decreased after spaceflight. Dystrophin (encoded by dys-1) is one of important components in dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). Increased dys-I expression after flight implied that the muscular cell would accept more gravity signals by DGC in mierogravity in order to keep mechanical balance within the cells. It is concluded that DGC was involved into the mechanical transduction in body-wall muscles of C. elegans when gravity varied, which potentially played a vital role in gravisensing. The changes ofhlh-l, myo-3, tmc-54 and egl-19 suggested that they had the effects of promoting microgravity-induced muscular atrophy in strcture and function aspects. Result of Western blotting showed that the level of myosin A in spaceflight group decreased, further confirmed that atrophy happened during flight.

Study on Technology of Space Flight Training Simulator and Its Engineering Implementation / 航天医学与医学工程

Space flight training simulator is one of the important equipments for astronaut training on ground.Based on general international classification criteria,technology principle and engineering implementation of simulators developed in our country were introduced.The key technology of developing simulators was discussed.The prospect of development for future studies and applications were looked forward to.

Research on ECG Denoising during Spaceflight / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To find a method for denoising of ECG signals during spaceflight.Method According to noise character of ECG during spaceflight,a new denoising method that combines wavelet transform and shape filter was put forward.Result By practical application and simulation test,it was proved that this method could eliminate efficiently noise from ECG during spaceflight.Conclusion The method that combines wavelet transform and shape filter can be used for ECG denoising during spaceflight.

Effects of Microgravity on Human Spatial Orientation in Space Flight / 航天医学与医学工程

In the researches of space flight,studies of the effects of microgravity on visual orientation were relatively few.This paper reviews recent progress on this topic.It surveys the spatial orientation problems encountered in spaceflight including 0-G inversion illusions,visual reorientation illusions,EVA height vertigo,and spatial memory problems described by astronauts.A vector model for sensory cue interaction was briefly described.

Space Mutation Effects of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To study mutagenic effects of spaceflight on physiological and biochemical parameters of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and select high-yield mutants in co-enzyme Q10(CoQ10) production for providing the experimental and theoretical basis for industrial production through mutagenic effects of spaceflight.Methods Variations in stress resistance and CoQ10 production of isolated strains were studied,the strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides was taken back by a recoverable satellite after 15 d flight in space.Results Compared to the control,the strain was characterized by highter NaCl tolerance and higher stress resistance,as well as with broader scope in growth temperature and pH value after spaceflight.The mutant colonies appeared white or pink which was different from their original red.The CoQ10 production of mutant 10 strain was increased by 73.13% much higher than that of control.Conclusion Spaceflight mutagenic effects on Rhodobacter sphaeroides shows to be multi-factor compared to the traditional single-factor mutagenesis methods.It can enhance stress resistance and increase CoQ10 production of isolated strains,and can be utilized in industrial microbial mutagenesis and breeding in the future.

Effects of Simulated Environment of Spaceflight on Phonetic Features of Speech / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To study changes of phonetic features of mandarin speech when the talker is in stressed environment of spaceflight.Methods The mandarin speech database was established from volunteers speech in 72 h psychological isolation & sleep deprivation experiment,60 d head-down-tilt bed-rest experiment and 60 d sealed module experiment.The phonetic features were fundamental frequency,syllable duration and short-term energy of speech.Results In above three kinds of stressed environments,the changes of fundamental frequency were correlated with appearance of annoyance emotion of volunteers.But changes of syllable duration and short-term energy were related to different time points during experiments.Conclusion According to the findings,acoustic changes of speech under simulated environment of spaceflight may provide important reference to the study of emotional speech recognition in spaceflight for the future.

Development of long-term cell culture facility in hypothermia and its application in space biology research / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo develop the facility of mammalian cell culture in hypothermia for long-term, and to lay the base for carrying mammalian cells to outer space and establishing outer space biomedical research stage. MethodsMultiple cell lines were maintained in the spacial designed hypothermia cell culture facility and carried to space by Shenzhou 4 and No.18 recoverable satellite. Cell morphology, cell multiplication and the ability to be monocloned were observed.ResultsCells were successfully maintained in the hypothermia cell culture facility for up to 26 days without obvious changes of cell morphology. The cells could normally grow, multiple and be monocloned after inoculated in 37 ℃ for 8 h.ConclusionA hypothermia cell culture facility was successfully established,which ensure technically mammalian cells to be carried by space craft and further research on space radiation.