RESUMEN
Purpose: To know the pattern of presentations and management outcome of steroid induced glaucoma in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Methods: Children of VKC using steroid with two of the following criteria were enrolled: Intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mm Hg, glaucomatous optic disc and visual field defects. Misused topical steroids were classified in 4 groups; A- Highly potent drugs (dexamethasone, betamethasone), B- Moderate (prednisolone), C- Weak (loteprednol, fluorometholone), D- Unknown drugs. Active/conservative interventions were done to control IOP. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), IOP, anterior segment and fundus examinations were noted. One-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test were used to compare the groups. Results: Out of 1423 VKC patients, 240 were using topical steroid without prescriptions. 92 eyes of 47 patients had steroid induced glaucoma. Hence prevalence of this complication was 3.30% in this study population. Mean age was 14.1 ± 3.8 years. Mean IOP was 38 ± 12 mm of Hg and mean vertical cup disc ratio was 0.67 ± 0.25. IOP was controlled by withdrawal of steroids (9 eyes), with antiglaucoma medications (27), trabeculectomy (57) and glaucoma drainage device (1). Mean CDVA at presentation was better in group C (0.23 log MAR). Mean IOP was highest in group A (43.1 mm Hg) followed by group D (40.5 mm Hg). At presentation 17 were blind (CDVA <3/60). Post treatment marginal improvement in CDVA was found (P = 0.46). However, statistically significantly improvement was noticed in IOP (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Injudicious use of steroids leads to vision threatening complications like ocular hypertension and glaucoma in children of VKC. Weak steroids like loteprednol or fluorometholone should be used instead of higher potency drugs. Vision and IOP should be monitored fortnightly in children using topical steroids to detect steroid responders at the earliest.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) misuse in the Caribbean region in spite of increased popularity among athletes and adolescents. The present study examines the usage of AAS among competitive athletes in Puerto Rico. METHODS: Doping test results of competitive athletes obtained by random sampling out of competition during the 2000-2009 period were analysed. Doping tests were executed by the Centre for Sports, Health and Exercise Sciences (Albergue Olímpico, Salinas, Puerto Rico). A total of 550 athletes were monitored during 2000-2009. Information was collected with regard to competitive sport, gender and AAS compounds whenever a positive test result was encountered. RESULTS: From the total sample of monitored cases during the past decade, 5.4% showed adverse analytical findings. Anabolic androgenic steroids misuse was detected among male (62%) and female (38%) athletes. Weightlifting showed the greatest percentage of positive AAS doping test results (70% of total cases) and stanozolol was the most commonly misused exogenous androgen (60% of abused AAS whether alone or as part of a cocktail). Testosterone was the most common endogenous misused steroid (10% of misused compounds). CONCLUSION: In Puerto Rico, AAS misuse was detected across competitive sports for both genders. Although AAS misuse among Puerto Rican athletes shares some features that are consistent with the international sports community, it is imperative to address AAS misuse in the Caribbean region.
OBJETIVO: Poco se sabe acerca del abuso de los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA) en la región del Caribe, a pesar de su creciente popularidad entre atletas y adolescentes. El estudio presente examina el uso de EAA entre los atletas de competencia en Puerto Rico. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los resultados de la prueba de dopaje practicada a atletas de competencia mediante un muestreo aleatorio realizado a partir de competencias celebradas durante el 2000-2009. Las pruebas de dopaje fueron realizadas por el Centro de Deportes, Salud y Ciencias del Ejercicio (Albergue Olímpico, Salinas, Puerto Rico). Se monitorearon un total de 550 atletas durante 2000-2009. Se recogió información en relación con los deportes de competencia, género, y compuestos de EAA, siempre que la prueba arrojara resultados positivos. RESULTADOS: De la muestra total de casos supervisados durante la década pasada, 5.4% mostraron resultados analíticos adversos. Se detectó un uso inapropiado de esteroides anabólicos androgénicos entre los atletas varones (62%) y hembras (38%). El levantamiento de pesas mostró el porcentaje más alto de resultados de dopaje positivos a EAA (70% del total de casos) y el estanozolol fue el andrógeno exógeno más comúnmente mal empleado (60% de los EAA usados inapropiadamente, bien solos o como parte de un cóctel). La testosterona fue el esteroide endógeno más comúnmente abusado (10% de los compuestos mal empleados). CONCLUSIÓN: En Puerto Rico, se detectó uso inapropiado de EAA en los deportes de competencia de ambos géneros. Aunque el abuso de EAA entre los atletas portorriqueños comparte algunas de las características correspondientes a la comunidad internacional de deportes, es absolutamente necesario profundizar en el problema del abuso de los EAA en el área del Caribe.