Long Term Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manures on Rice Productivity and Major Nutrient Dynamics in 33 Years Old Rice-Rice Cropping System of Godavari Delta

Aim: To study the “Long Term Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manures on Rice Productivity and Major nutrient dynamics in 33 years old Rice- Rice Cropping System of Godavari Delta”.Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2022 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, West Godavari district in the ongoing All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) on Long term soil fertility management in low land rice soils of Godavari delta under rice-rice cropping system.Study Design and Methodology: Treatments imposed in this study were T1: Control, T2: 50 % NPK, T3: 50% NPK + 50 % N-FYM, T4: 50 % NPK + 50% N-Green Manure, T5: 50 % NPK + 50 % N-Azospirillum, T6: FYM @ 10t/ha, T7: 100 % NPK+Zn+S, T8: 100 % NPK +Zn+S+FYM @ 5 t ha-1. All together 8 treatments laid out in RBD with three Replications. The application of fertiliser was carried out in accordance with the treatments. The prescribed fertiliser dose (90:60:60) was administered in the following forms: urea (46% N), single superphosphate (16% P2O5), muriate of potash (60% K2O), and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) @ 50 kg ha-1. The total dosage of phosphorus, potassium, and zinc were applied as basal. Three equally divided applications of nitrogen were made: one at the basal, one at the tillering stage, and one at the panicle initiation stage. Well decomposed farmyard manure (FYM) manure and Pheltophorum (green leaf manure) were applied one week before transplanting. Popular cultivar of Kharif rice MTU 1064 (Amara) was used for the study.Results: Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and their combination didn’t show any marked difference on physico-chemical properties of soil (pH and EC). Bulk density was recorded lowest in FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and it was on par with (T8, T3, T4, T5). Organic carbon was observed highest in FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and it was on par with (T8 and T3). There was a significant impact of long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and their combination on soil chemical properties, highest available N, P, K, S and Zn was observed highest in conjunctive treatment (T8) 100 % NPK + Zn + S + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 whereas, lowest was recorded in control. There was a significant impact on grain and straw yields. Highest grain and straw yields were recorded in (T8) 100 % NPK + Zn + S +FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and it was on par with (T7) 100 % NPK + Zn + S.Conclusions: After the investigation, present study concludes that conjunctive and combined application of organics with inorganics improve soil physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties of the soil.

Effect of Different Rice Establishment Methods on Soil Nutrient Status and Carbon Stock in Paddy Growing Soils of Jagtial, Telangana, India

The study was conducted to know the nutrient status, yield, straw and harvest index in 4 different cropping systems viz., (i) manual transplanting; (ii) dry direct seeding; (iii) drum seeding and (iv) machine transplanting 120 soil samples were analysed, 30 from each establishment method. The soil fertility status from different establishment methods was studied by analysing the samples for pH, EC, bulk density, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, zinc, total organic carbon and carbon stock. The study revealed that there is a significant difference in bulk density ranged high in machine transplanting (1.48 Mg m-3) and low in dry direct seeding (1.45Mg m-3). pH of soils was neutral to slightly alkaline in nature and iron content of soils ranged from 5.75 to 8.97 mg kg-1.

Effect of Paddy Straw Incorporation on Growth and Yield of Rice under Wetland Ecosystem

Burning the paddy straw had variety of effects both on and off the farm. It entails nutrient and economic productivity loss in addition to impact on air quality, animal and human health. Soil incorporation is a cost-effective method of disposing the paddy straw. Effects of enhanced paddy straw incorporation in the field to investigate the growth and yield parameters during the summer season at TNAU, Coimbatore. The treatments comprise Continuous flooding (Conventional) (M1), AWDI (field water tube): Irrigation at soil moisture depletion by 10 cm (M2), AWDI (field water tube): Irrigation at soil moisture depletion by 15 cm (M3) as main plots. The subplot treatments consist of Rice raw straw incorporation + 75% RDF (S1), Rice raw straw incorporation with Pusa Decomposer Capsules + 75% RDF (S2), Rice raw straw incorporation with TNAU Bio mineralizer + 75% RDF (S3), Rice raw straw incorporation with Pusa Decomposer Capsules + TNAU Bio mineralizer + 75% RDF (S4), 75% RDF (S5), 100% RDF (S6). Incorporation of rice straw, Pusa decomposer, TNAU Bio-mineralizer along with 75% RDF recorded better results in all growth stages and yield.

Effect of Rice Straw Management on Growth Attributes of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

India is the second- largest producer of rice in the world, with 43.86 million hectares of land under rice cultivation where the crop residue generated is more than 160 million tons per year. The rice straw management is a challenging task in rice-producing regions. So, there is a need for an effective waste disposal technology for converting this waste into some valuable form. Keeping this in view,the present investigation was undertaken during the winter (Rabi) season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Research Farm of the KVK Jagdishpur, Sonipat, Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to evaluate the effect of rice straw management on the growth attributes of potato.The seed material of potatocv. “KufriKhyati” was grown with twelve different rice straw treatment combinations. The experimental results revealed that the treatment T1 (Removing of straw + Planting) which was at par with treatment T9 (Urea (50kg/ha) + WD (25lt/ha) + FYM (1ton/ha) + Mixing of chopped straw + Planting) performed superiorly over the other treatments with significantly higher values for growth attributes viz., plant emergence (%), plant height (cm), number of stems per hill and number of leaves per hill.

Enhancing Yield and Biological Efficiency of Volvariella volvaceae through Non-Conventional Cultivation Methods

A study was conducted to determine the impact of Different Non- Conventional methods of Cultivation on yield and biological efficiency of Volvariella volvaceae. Among the different methods viz., bed method, partial compost method (3 days), partial compost method (6 days), partial compost method (9 days), intact straw + partial compost, Chopped paddy straw in polythene bags, Rolled paddy straw in polythene bag were experimented on yield and biological efficiency. However, the bed method of cultivation proved its well suitability among all the methods tested and gave highest yield and biological efficiency (1920 g and 15.0%) followed by partial compost method (3 days), single layer of straw + partial compost, partial compost (6 days) which exhibited (1025 g and 10.25%), (840 g and 8.40%) and (720 g and 7.20%) respectively. Maximum average weight of sporophore (24.6 g) was observed from bed method of cultivation which was significantly superior amongst all the methods evaluated followed by partial compost (3 days), single layer of straw + partial compost, partial compost (9 days) at 18.30 g, 16.15g and 15.5 g respectively. Smaller sizes of sporophores were noticed on partial compost (6 days) at average weight of 15 g. Average weight of sporophores noticed in chopped paddy straw and rolled paddy in polythene bag method were 12.2 g and 10 g respectively. Considering the major drawback of Volvariella that it has very low biological efficiency, bag method of cultivation was aimed to increase the biological efficiency of paddy straw mushroom.

Sterilization and Substrate Level Optimization for Improving Yield and Biological Efficiency of Paddy Straw Mushroom

A study was conducted to determine the impact of surface sterilization techniques and different quantity of bed substrate on yield and biological efficiency in paddy straw mushroom cultivation. Among the various combinations of sterilization methods i.e., Plain water, Plain water + Calcium oxide @ 2%, Plain water + Bavistin 75 ppm & Formalin 500 ppm and steam sterilization 55 for ½ hour respectively tried on paddy straw substrate, Maximum yield and biological efficiency (1966 g & 15.2%) was obtained. To evaluate the biological efficiency of different layers and quantity of straw in bed method of cultivation i.e., 5 layers (4.0 kg), 4 layers (3.2 kg), 3 layers (2.4 kg) and 2 layers (1.6 kg) were tested. on biological efficiency four layers bed proved its superiority among all the number of substrate layers experimented, and gave highest biological efficiency (17.6%) followed by three layers and five layers (15.2%) and (14.5%) respectively. Two layers of bed (1.6 kg) were found to be less suitable and gave 13.8% biological efficiency of paddy straw. Maximum average weight of sporophores (24.21 g) was observed from four layers of beds followed by three layers and five layers (20.88 g) and (19.98 g) respectively. Smaller size sporophores were noticed in two layers of beds (14.18 g).

Rice Straw Degradation with Mixed Cultures of Microfungi and Their Enzymes

Huge quantities of agricultural residues are generated every year but it is neither converted into energy nor allowed to go back to the soil and sometimes burnt that leads to air pollution and loss of soil biology and fertility. Cellulolytic microfungi secrete extracellular enzymes that degrade lignocellulosic biomass in nature and this ability of microbes may be exploited to enhance the rates of degradation of agriculture residues to recycle carbon, nitrogen and minerals in the soil. This study aimed to find out the effect(s) of co-cultivation of high cellulolytic microfungi in various combinations on rice straw under field conditions to enhance its microbial decomposition to discourage the farmers from burning it in the fields. The effectiveness of five fungal cultures in different combinations was tested for efficient degradation of rice straw. Five dominant species of fungi that have been earlier shown to secrete high amounts of cellulases in our own laboratories, were cultured on medium containing yeast powder (2g/L), jaggery (5g/L) and urea (1g/L) at room temperature. Release of reducing sugars from 1 g of rice straw treated with 10IU/mL of fungal extracellular enzymes showed that Penicillium chrysogenum released highest amount of mono and oligomers (96 mg/g) followed by Aspergillus flavus (80 mg/g) and A. oryzae (78 mg/g), A. fumigatus (72 mg/g) and Trichoderma viride (70 mg/g) within 24 h that increased with increasing temperature and increasing period of incubation. Treatment of rice straw with fungal cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus and A. oryzae revealed that the co-inoculation of all these species decomposed approximately 75% of the total rice straw as assessed by weight loss method. The application extracellular secretory enzymes on rice straw, though, revealed to release of reducing sugars, but the rate of reducing sugars was not sufficient enough to be used for degradation of rice straw under field conditions, hence, the used of mixed cultures of microfungi was planned and tested experimentally, which allowed the decomposition of rice straw much faster than control which were treated with heat-killed dead cultures of test microfungi. Hence, it is recommended that additional spray of mixed cultures of microfungi on rice straw may facilitate its degradation under field conditions.

Evaluation of Mulching Methods and Legume Intercropping on Weed Control Efficiency and Agronomic Traits of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

Aim: To evaluate the weed control efficiencies of different mulching practices and legume intercropping in transplanted pearl millet.Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD).Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was conducted during the Rabi season of 2022 at the school of agricultural sciences in Karunya Institute of technology and sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.Methodology: The field trial consists of 8 treatments viz., T1 - PE of Atrazine 0.5kg/ ha +1 Hand Weeding at 30 DAT, T2 - Two Hand Weeding at 15 and 30 DAT, T3 - Paddy straw mulching at 5t/ ha 3 DAT, T4 - Black polythene mulching at 3 DAT, T5 - Black silver polythene mulching at 3 DAT, T6 - Intercropping of pulses (cowpea) (1:1), T7 - Intercropping of pulses (cowpea) (1:1) + PE Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ ha, T8 - Un weeded check.Results: Results of the experiment proves that the intercropping of cowpea in pearl millet along with the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin proves to be beneficial and advantageous in terms of returns per rupee invested for profitable crop production, rather than going for polythene mulches. Hence adoption of legume intercropping in pearl millet, along with the usage of mild herbicides like pendimethalin, will be an economically viable and environmentally sustainable weed management practice for improving the yield of pearl millet.

Immobilization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus with gellan gum and its application in continuous fermentation of D-lactic acid from corn straw / 生物工程学报

Biorefinery of chemicals from straw is an effective approach to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by straw burning. In this paper, we prepared gellan gum immobilized Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 gel beads (LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads), characterized their properties, and established a continuous cell recycle fermentation process for D-lactate (D-LA) production using the LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The fracture stress of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was (91.68±0.11) kPa, which was 125.12% higher than that of the calcium alginate immobilized T15 gel beads (calcium alginate-T15 gel beads). This indicated that the strength of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was stronger, and the strain was less likely to leak out. The average D-LA production was (72.90±2.79) g/L after fermentation for ten recycles (720 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads as the starting strain and glucose as the substrate, which was 33.85% higher than that of calcium alginate-T15 gel beads and 37.70% higher than that of free T15. Subsequently, glucose was replaced by enzymatically hydrolyzed corn straw and fermented for ten recycles (240 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The yield of D-LA reached (1.74±0.79) g/(L·h), which was much higher than that of using free bacteria. The wear rate of gel beads was less than 5% after ten recycles, which indicated that LA-GAGR is a good carrier for cell immobilization and can be widely used in industrial fermentation. This study provides basic data for the industrial production of D-LA using cell-recycled fermentation, and provides a new way for the biorefinery of D-LA from corn straw.

Effects of rumen microorganisms on the decomposition of recycled straw residue / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Recently, returning straw to the fields has been proved as a direct and effective method to tackle soil nutrient loss and agricultural pollution. Meanwhile, the slow decomposition of straw may harm the growth of the next crop. This study aimed to determine the effects of rumen microorganisms (RMs) on straw decomposition, bacterial microbial community structure, soil properties, and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that RMs significantly enhanced the degradation rate of straw in the soil, reaching 39.52%, which was 41.37% higher than that of the control on the 30th day after straw return. After 30 d, straw degradation showed a significant slower trend in both the control and the experimental groups. According to the soil physicochemical parameters, the application of rumen fluid expedited soil matter transformation and nutrient buildup, and increased the urease, sucrase, and cellulase activity by 10%‒20%. The qualitative analysis of straw showed that the hydroxyl functional group structure of cellulose in straw was greatly damaged after the application of rumen fluid. The analysis of soil microbial community structure revealed that the addition of rumen fluid led to the proliferation of Actinobacteria with strong cellulose degradation ability, which was the main reason for the accelerated straw decomposition. Our study highlights that returning rice straw to the fields with rumen fluid inoculation can be used as an effective measure to enhance the biological value of recycled rice straw, proposing a viable solution to the problem of sluggish straw decomposition.

A Soybean Straw Cultivation Medium for Armillaria gallica and Optimal Composition / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility of replacing wood （or wood chips） with crop residues for culturing <italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> targeting the problems of forest resource destruction and increased cultivation cost caused by the extensive use of wood in <italic>Gastrodia elata</italic> cultivation， so as to reduce the cultivation cost of <italic>G. elata</italic>， promote the effective use of crop residues， and protect forest resources. Method:The growth situation of <italic>A. gallica</italic> in different media was observed， followed by the measurement of its growth rate using streaking method and the determination of total polysaccharide content of <italic>A. gallica</italic> by phenol-concentrated sulfuric acid colorimetric method. In order to further optimize the soybean straw cultivation medium， we carried out a four-factor three-level L₉（3⁴） orthogonal assay on the ratio of main ingredients， sucrose content， inorganic salt content， and water content. Result:The comparison of growing states of <italic>A. gallica</italic> cultured in different media revealed that <italic>A. gallica</italic> in soybean straw medium began to grow since the fourth day of inoculation， and the mycelium grew well， with the growth rate being 0.352 cm·d^-1， which was 1.48 times that in birch wood medium. The total polysaccharide content of <italic>A. gallica</italic> cultured in soybean straw medium was the highest， which was 39.260 mg·g^-1， much higher than 17.028 mg·g^-1 of that cultured in birch wood medium. This demonstrated the obvious advantage of soybean straw medium， whose main ingredients were soybean straw and wheat bran at the ratio of 8：2， with the sucrose and inorganic salt content accounting for 1% and 0.5% of the main ingredients， respectively. When the water content reached 50%， the growth rate of <italic>A. gallica</italic> was maintained at 0.392 cm·d^-1. Conclusion:This study has provided a basis for utilizing soybean straw instead of wood （or wood chips） as cultivation medium for <italic>A. gallica</italic>， thus better reducing the waste of forest resources and protecting the natural environment in the cultivation of <italic>G. elata</italic>.

Management of white mold of soybean using winter cereal straw / Manejo do mofo-branco na cultura da soja pelo uso de cobertura do solo com cereais de inverno

ABSTRACT: The management of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) De Bary) has been one of the main production limitations faced by soybean (Glycine max L.) producers. Considering the complex management of this disease and resistance structure of the pathogen, the present study was conducted in the municipalities of Guarapuava and Palmas in Paraná with the objective of managing the white mold of soybean using straws of winter cereals, such as oat, rye, and triticale. Initially, the three winter cereals were cultivated simultaneously in both the study areas. Straw production, plant height, and shoot fresh and dry weight were evaluated. Subsequently, BMX Apollo soybean was cultivated on cereal straws, and the incidence and severity of white mold were evaluated. In the in vitro experiment, 20 sclerotia covered by a layer of cereal (oat, rye, and triticale) straws were added and carpogenic germination was observed only in the control treatment after 98 days. Regardless of the study site, rye presented greater height and fresh weight than the remaining two cereals. Soybean cultivation on winter cereal straw reduced the incidence and severity of white mold. Cultivation on rye straw reduced mold incidence by 77.7% and 76.6% in Palmas and Guarapuava, respectively.

RESUMO: O manejo do mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) tem sido um dos principais limitantes de produção enfrentados por produtores de soja. Tendo em vista a complexidade do manejo desta doença e da estrutura de resistência do patógeno, o presente trabalho foi conduzido nos municípios de Guarapuava e Palmas - Paraná visando o manejo do mofo branco na cultura da soja utilizando palhadas de cereais de inverno, aveia, centeio e triticale. Inicialmente, cultivou-se os diferentes cereais de inverno, simultaneamente, nas duas áreas de estudo (Guarapuava e Palmas - PR). Avaliou-se a produção de palhada, a altura de plantas, a massa verde e seca da parte aérea. Posteriormente, semeou-se soja 'BMX Apolo' sobre as palhadas de cereais e avaliou-se a incidência e a severidade do mofo branco. No experimento in vitro, adicionou-se 20 escleródios cobertos por uma camada de palhas (aveia, centeio e triticale) e após 98 dias, observou-se germinação carpogênica somente no tratamento testemunha. Independentemente do local de estudo, o centeio destacou-se com maiores altura e massa verde. O cultivo sobre palhada de cereais de inverno reduziu a incidência e severidade de mofo branco com destaque para a palhada de centeio, reduzindo a incidência da doença em 77,7% e 76,6%, em Palmas e Guarapuava, respectivamente.

Light, temperature and sowing depth on germination of garden spurge / Efeito da luz, temperatura e profundidade de semeadura na germinação de erva-de-santa-luzia

ABSTRACT: Knowledge on weed biology and ecology is fundamental to provide suitable control practices in weed management systems. The objective of this research was to understand the effect of light and temperature on germination of Chamaesyce hirta, as well as to evaluate the effect of depth of seed placement in the soil in the emergence of the plant. Two experiments were conducted. In the first one, in the laboratory, the seeds were placed to germinate in plastic boxes and kept in a B.O.D. germination chamber, under constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC, either in the dark or under continuous light. Daily germination assessments were performed. The percentage of germinated seeds in the 10-day period and the germination speed index (GSI) were calculated. In the second trial, carried out in greenhouse conditions, 100 seeds were planted, under six levels of seeding depth (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm) and three soil cover conditions: no straw, under black oats (Avena strigosa) straw and under corn (Zea mays) straw. Daily plant emergence was counted along 30 days and total emergence and GSI were calculated. Germination of C. hirta seeds occurs both in the presence and absence of light. For the highest temperature, both increased germination and GSI were reported in the presence of light. The highest levels of emergence were obtained with the absence of plant cover and under corn straw at 0 cm depth. The presence of black oat straw on the soil reduced the emergence of C. hirta.

RESUMO: O conhecimento a respeito da biologia e ecologia das plantas daninhas é fundamental para a adoção de práticas de controle adequadas dentro dos sistemas de manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da luz e da temperatura na germinação de Chamaesyce hirta, e o efeito de profundidade de semeadura na emergência das plantas, com a presença e ausência de cobertura vegetal no solo. Foram instalados dois experimentos. No primeiro, conduzido em laboratório, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em caixas plásticas, do tipo "gerbox", e mantidas em câmara de germinação do tipo B.O.D., sob temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC no escuro ou sob luz contínua. Foram realizadas avaliações diárias de germinação. Calculou-se a porcentagem total de sementes germinadas no período de 10 dias e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). No segundo, conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, 100 sementes foram colocadas em vasos com solo, sob seis níveis de profundidade de semeadura (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 cm) e três condições de cobertura do solo: sem palhada, com palha de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) e com palha de milho (Zea mays). A emergência das plântulas foi registrada diariamente por um período de 30 dias, calculando-se a porcentagem total de emergência para cada tratamento e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). A germinação das sementes de C. hirta ocorreu tanto na presença quanto na ausência de luz. Para a temperatura mais elevada houve maior porcentagem de germinação, bem como maior IVG, na presença de luz. Os maiores níveis de emergência ocorreram na ausência de cobertura vegetal e sob palhada de milho na profundidade de 0 cm. A presença de palha de aveia-preta sobre o solo reduziu a emergência de C. hirta, mostrando-se como uma boa medida de controle cultural.

Single cell oil production by a novel yeast Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans for complete and ecofriendly valorization of paddy straw

Background: Oleaginous yeasts can be grown on different carbon sources, including lignocellulosic hydrolysate containing a mixture of glucose and xylose. However, not all yeast strains can utilize both the sugars for lipogenesis. Therefore, in this study, efforts were made to isolate dual sugar-utilizing oleaginous yeasts from different sources. Results: A total of eleven isolates were obtained, which were screened for their ability to utilize various carbohydrates for lipogenesis. One promising yeast isolate Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans S2 was selected based on its capability to use a mixture of glucose and xylose and produce 44.86 ± 4.03% lipids, as well as its tolerance to fermentation inhibitors. In order to identify an inexpensive source of sugars, nondetoxified paddy straw hydrolysate (saccharified with cellulase), supplemented with 0.05% yeast extract, 0.18% peptone, and 0.04% MgSO4 was used for growth of the yeast, resulting in a yield of 5.17 g L−1 lipids with conversion productivity of 0.06 g L−1 h−1 . Optimization of the levels of yeast extract, peptone, and MgSO4 for maximizing lipid production using Box­Behnken design led to an increase in lipid yield by 41.59%. FAME analysis of single cell oil revealed oleic acid (30.84%), palmitic acid (18.28%), and stearic acid (17.64%) as the major fatty acids. Conclusion: The fatty acid profile illustrates the potential of T. mycotoxinivorans S2 to produce single cell oil as a feedstock for biodiesel. Therefore, the present study also indicated the potential of selected yeast to develop a zero-waste process for the complete valorization of paddy straw hydrolysate without detoxification

Bacterial pretreatment of paddy straw for enhancing biogas production

Aim: Increasing the digestibility of paddy straw and biogas production by pretreating it with bacterial culture, Delftia sp. PP4_S3. Methodology: The chopped (3-5 cm) and soaked paddy straw in different sets (each with 250 g PS) were pretreated with bacterial culture i.e., Delftia sp. PP4_S3 suspension for different durations and was further utilized for biogas production. Results: Biogas yield was highest (180 l kg-1 PS) in paddy straw treated with Delftia sp. PP4_S3 for 3 days showing an increase of 66.1% from untreated paddy straw. Chemical analysis approximately showed that maximum reduction of lignin (45.7%) and silica (17.7%) occurred in 5 days of pretreatment. Interpretation: Treatment of paddy straw with Delftia sp. PP4_S3 enhance the digestibility of paddy straw by lowering the lignin and silica content. These observations showed that Delftia sp. PP4_S3 is a good lignocellulosic degrader and can be efficiently used for enhancing biogas production

Perfusion and cryopreservation of whole ovaries with vascular pedicles in common experimental animals / 解剖学报

Objective Using the perfusion needle which is authorized and special perfusion technology to perfuse the whole ovary with vascular pedicle of common animals, such as rabbits, Guinea pigs and rats, then comparative analysis of the adjustable perfusion needles whether can be applied to different animals, whether this kind of perfusion pressure and perfusion rate is appropriate for different sizes of ovaries, and using the classic cryopreservation protocol to freeze and thaw. Methods Collecting 12 ovaries respectively from 6 chinese sexual maturity rabbits, 6 Dunkan-Hartley Guinea pigs and 6 SD rats to do experiments. Results Through HE staining to count the normal proportion of primordial follicles in each section, the result of HE staining in three animals indicated that there was no statistical significance (P>0. 05), vascular injury was mainly in the upper (far away from ovary), there was no obvious damage in lower (close to ovary) in three animals' each group. Conclusion The experiment confirms that through adjusting straw needle size we can perfuse different size of animal organs and under the condition of the same perfusion pressure (60 mmHg) and rate (1 ml/min) it is suitable for rabbits' ovaries, Guinea pigs' ovaries and rats' ovaries at the same time.

Pleurotus spp. cultivation on Brachiaria sp. straw treatment with alkaline water

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous alkali-treated Brachiaria straw for the cultivation of appropriate species of oyster mushroom. The substrate used in the cultivation of various Pleurotus spp. was soaked for 20 min by using two different procedures: (i) 0.52.0% Ca(OH)2 in 100 L water, and (ii) 50250 L water. As a result, 1% Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 100 L water and 3.5 kg of Brachiaria straw presented the best production. The most suitable species for the application of the present method were P. pulmonarius and P. sapidus. The success of this technique is directly related to the concentration of Ca(OH)2 and water, the species, and the origin and quality of raw material used as the substrate in the production of oyster mushroom.

Pleurotus spp. cultivation on Brachiaria sp. straw treatment with alkaline water

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous alkali-treated Brachiaria straw for the cultivation of appropriate species of oyster mushroom. The substrate used in the cultivation of various Pleurotus spp. was soaked for 20 min by using two different procedures: (i) 0.5-2.0% Ca(OH)2 in 100 L water, and (ii) 50-250 L water. As a result, 1% Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 100 L water and 3.5 kg of Brachiaria straw presented the best production. The most suitable species for the application of the present method were P. pulmonarius and P. sapidus. The success of this technique is directly related to the concentration of Ca(OH)2 and water, the species, and the origin and quality of raw material used as the substrate in the production of oyster mushroom.

Manejo biológico del tamo de arroz bajo diferentes relaciones C:N empleando consorcios microbianos y promotores de crecimiento vegetal / Bio-based management of rice straw under different C:N ratios using microbial consortia and plant growth promoters

Resumen El tamo de arroz es uno de los residuos agrícolas lignocelulósicos más abundantes en el planeta, luego de los residuos producidos por los cultivos de maíz y trigo, con una producción mundial estimada de 1000 millones de toneladas según estadísticas de la FAO. En el contexto de la agricultura moderna es determinante lograr un manejo ambientalmente sostenible de este recurso mediante su incorporación al suelo, de tal forma que se logre el reciclaje de nutrientes, evitando la incorporación de patógenos al sistema y la inmovilización de elementos como el nitrógeno por la comunidad microbiana. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en la evaluación de un inoculo microbiano mixto a partir de productos comerciales basados en hongos del género Trichoderma y bacterias aerobias formadoras de endosporas, con potencial degradador del tamo de arroz, así como el empleo de bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal al momento de la siembra, que pudieran aprovechar los nutrientes del proceso de descomposición del tamo de arroz, potenciando su actividad biológica. Los tratamientos fueron evaluados bajo diferentes relaciones C:N del tamo de arroz que favorecieran el proceso de degradación, mediante la adición de nitrógeno inorgánico. Los resultados del trabajo permitieron identificar que la aplicación de una enmienda de nitrógeno a una relación C:N 35 más una dosis adicional de urea al momento de la siembra de las semillas de arroz, fue el tratamiento más adecuado para potenciar el efecto de los microorganismos e incrementar las variables agronómicas obtenidas mediante un esquema de fertilización convencional del cultivo.

Abstract Rice straw is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic agricultural residues on the world, after residues produced by maize and wheat crops, with an estimated global production of 1000 million tones according to FAO statistics. In the context of modern agriculture, it is essential to achieve an environmentally sustainable management of this resource, through the incorporation of rice straw into the soil, in order to achieve nutrient recycling avoiding the incorporation of pathogens into the system and the losses of nitrogen due to soil microbial biomass immobilization. In this context, the objective of this work consisted in the evaluation of a mixed microbial inoculum with degrading potential of rice straw from commercial products based on the fungus Trichoderma spp. and aerobic endospore forming bacteria. It was also used a plant growth promoting bacteria at the time of planting, in order to take advantage of nutrients released from RS decomposition and improve its biological activity. These microbial treatments, were evaluated at different concentrations of inorganic nitrogen amendments that allowed different levels of rice straw´s C:N ratio, favoring the degradation process. Overall results allowed to identify that the application of a nitrogen amendment to rice straw up to C:N 35, plus an additional dose of urea at the time of rice seeds planting, was the most adequate treatment to potentiate the effect of the microorganisms and to increase or maintain the agronomic variables obtained through a conventional fertilization management of the crop.

Reaction of common bean lines derived from recurrent selection for white mold resistance and aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotirum isolates / Reação de linhagens de feijão comum derivadas de seleção recorrente para resistência ao mofo branco e agressividade de isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The objectives of this study were to verify the resistance of common bean lines derived from recurrent selection for white mold resistance and to identify those more stable to different isolates; to compare the aggressiveness of different Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates; and to verify isolates x lines interaction. Fifteen common bean lines were evaluated, twelve derived from recurrent selection for white mold resistance, one non-adapted source of resistance (Cornell 605), one moderately resistant and adapted (VC-16) and one susceptible to white mold (Corujinha). Ten isolates were used to inoculate the common bean lines through the straw test. A total of ten experiments were performed, one for each isolate. The randomized complete block design with three replications was used in each experiment. Each plot had five plants inoculated in two main branches, therefore the plot data was the average of the ten evaluations through a scale of nine grades. Diallel analysis were used to estimate the general reaction capacity (lines) and general aggressiveness capacity (isolates) to measure the resistance to white mold and the aggressiveness of the isolates, respectively. The GGE biplot analysis was used to group the common bean lines based on their resistance alleles and identify those more instable to the isolates. The resistance of the lines P4 and P10 was similar to Cornell 605, and they had stable reaction to different isolates and "Carioca" grain type. The lines of the advanced cycles of recurrent selection accumulated more favorable alleles than those of the first cycles, confirming the efficiency of the recurrent selection to increase white mold resistance in common bean. In addition, it was identified more aggressive isolates, UFLA 109 and UFLA 116, and a small magnitude of isolates x lines interaction, indicating a predominance of the horizontal resistance of the lines.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a resistência de linhagens de feijoeiro derivadas de diferentes ciclos de seleção recorrente para resistência ao mofo branco e identificar aquelas mais estáveis quando inoculadas com diferentes isolados; comparar a agressividade de diferentes isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e verificar se há interação isolados x linhagens. Quinze linhagens de feijoeiro comum foram avaliadas, doze derivadas de seleção recorrente para mofo branco, uma fonte de resistência não adaptada (Cornell 605), uma moderadamente resistente e adaptada (VC-16) e uma suscetível ao mofo branco (Corujinha). Dez isolados foram utilizados para inocular as linhagens de feijoeiro através do straw test. Foram realizados dez experimentos, um para cada isolado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Em cada parcela, cinco plantas foram inoculadas em dois ramos principais, portanto, os dados da parcela foram a média de dez avaliações utilizando uma escala de nove notas. A análise dialélica foi utilizada para estimar a capacidade geral de reação (linhagens) e capacidade geral de agressividade (isolados) para medir, respectivamente, a resistência das linhagens e a agressividade dos isolados. A análise GGE biplot foi utilizada para agrupar as linhagens baseado em seus alelos de resistência e identificar as mais estáveis aos isolados. A resistência das linhagens P4 e P10 foi semelhante à Cornell 605, com reação estável e grãos tipo "Carioca". Como esperado, as linhagens dos ciclos mais avançados de seleção recorrente acumularam mais alelos favoráveis que aquelas dos primeiros ciclos confirmando a eficiência da seleção. Além disso, foram identificados isolados mais agressivos, UFLA109 e UFLA 116 e interação isolados x linhagens de pequena magnitude, indicando um predomínio da resistência horizontal.