Structural characteristics and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Cordyceps species / 药学学报

Polysaccharides is one of the main bioactive components of Cordyceps species, because of the potential clinical value with stronger anti-tumor, such as anti-neuroblastoma, anti-melanoma, anti-lung cancer, anti-colon cancer and so on, its have received widespread attention in biomedical field and increasing research in last decades. According to structural elucidation, this review gives a systematic literature overview on antitumor mechanism of Cordyceps species-derived polysaccharides from three aspects, including inhibition of tumor cell growth, enhancement of immunomodulatory activity and reduction of tumor metastasis. Finally, it also puts forward some scientific problems for follow up research.

Structure and function of human-derived lysozyme: a review / 生物工程学报

Human-derived lysozyme is a general term for a group of naturally occurring alkaline proteins in the human body that are capable of lysing bacterial cell walls. Its action is characterized by its ability to cleave the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan. Human-derived lysozyme has a variety of properties such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immune enhancing, and is therefore widely used in the domestic and international pharmaceutical markets. This review summarizes the structural features, expression sites, biological functions of human-derived lysozymes and its market applications.

The research progress on the basic characteristics and metabolic regulation of α1-acid glycoprotein / 药学实践杂志

Metabolic homeostasis is a basic function necessary for the survival of the organism. α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase protein with a glycosylation degree of up to 45%. It has high affinity and low capacity. Although the biological role of AGP is not fully understood, it has been proven that it can regulate immunity and metabolism, and play an important role in transporting drugs and maintaining capillary barrier function. In this review, the structural characteristics, biochemical characteristics and the regulation of AGP expression were reviewed, with emphasis on the regulatory role of AGP in metabolism, suggesting that AGP may be a potential key factor in metabolic pathways, which provides a new research direction for metabolic diseases.

Extraction and separation, structure analysis and biological activity of polysaccharides from Atractylodis Rhizoma / 中国中药杂志

Atractylodis Rhizoma(AR) is a traditional Chinese medicinal material for food and medicine, with the functions of eli-minating dampness, strengthening the spleen, expelling wind evil and dispersing cold. AR contains a variety of compounds, including sesquiterpenoids, alkynes, triterpenoids, aromatic glycosides, polysaccharides and so on. At present, the researches on AR mainly focus on volatile components, with relatively fewer researches on non-volatile components. Polysaccharide from Atractylodis Rhizoma(ARP) is an important material basis among non-volatile components for the efficacy. Due to its many biological activities such as immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumors, anti-virus and anti-oxidation, ARP has certain research value and potential. The diversity of the polysaccharide structure is the basis for biological functions, but it also increases the difficulty of carbohydrate research. The research on the extraction, separation, purification, structure and activity of ARP is in the preliminary exploration stage, still with many shortcomings. Herein, recent advancements in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of ARP were summarized in this article to provide scientific reference for the in-depth systematic research of ARP and the development of AR resources.

Quality analysis of Moutan Cortex Formula Granules based on structural characteristics of genuine components / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the quality of Moutan Cortex Formula Granules from different manufacturers based on the structural characteristics of the genuine components of Moutan Cortex. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprint analysis method of Moutan Cortex Formula Granules was established to characterize the elements of the structural characteristics for genuine Moutan Cortex. Nineteen common peaks were determined and the similarity between the Moutan Cortex Formula Granules of each batch and the control fingerprint was 0.856-0.981. The results showed that there were differences in the internal quality of Moutan Cortex Formula Granules from three manufacturers. The contents of components as well as inter-component and intra-component quantity ratio for Moutan Cortex Formula Granules from different manufacturers were analyzed. It was found that the inter-component quantity ratio of G1 and G2 produced by manufacturer A was close to that of G4 produced by manufacturer B; the inter-component quantity ratio of G3 from manufacturer B was close to that of G7 from manufacturer C; and the inter-component ratios of samples G5, G6, G8-G11 produced by manufacturer C were closer to each other. The results of the study guided by the theory of "component structure" provide a new analytical method and basis for the quality evaluation of Moutan Cortex Formula Granules.

Structure characteristics and quality control of Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pill from different manufacturers / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, we aim to control and evaluate the quality of Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pill by using the model of fingerprint technique and "component structure" theory. Agilent 5 TC-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used, with 0.1% formic acid solution-acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1). The column temperature was 30 ℃, with detection wavelength of 242 nm and the sample volume of 10 μL. The characteristic fingerprint of Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pill was established by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for its quality control. Seventeen common peaks were identified, and the similarity was 0.550-0.997 in 29 batches of samples, indicating that the quality difference among batches of Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pills was significant. The structural characteristics of the Moutan Cortex components in Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pills were characterized. On this basis, combined with the structural characteristics of genuine components of Moutan Cortex, the structural characteristics of components in Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pills were further analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents and quantity ratios of 9 representative components(components) of Moutan Cortex in Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pills from different manufacturers, indicating internal quality differences among different batches of products. The fingerprint technique and the "component structure" theory established by the above research provide an analytical method and a research foundation for the quality evaluation of Liuwei Dihuang Concentrated Pills.

Comparative analysis and study on component characteristics of inorganic elements in genuine Moutan Cortex and their differences from other areas / 中国中药杂志

Based on the theory of "component structure", the component structure characteristics of 17 inorganic elements in 20 batches of genuine Moutan Cortex and 12 batches of non-genuine Moutan Cortex were analyzed. The analytical method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) for inorganic elements in Moutan Cortex was established, and the fingerprint of inorganic elements was drawn. Through correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the constituent elements of inorganic elements in Moutan Cortex were excavated, namely characteristic elements As, Cr, Pb, Se, K, Cu and Cd. The amount and the quantity relative ratio between the components of genuine and non-genuine Moutan Cortex samples were analyzed. It was found that the amount of characteristic elements in the bulk genuine Moutan Cortex samples was 0.33, 1.42, 1.33, 0.11, 4 385.78, 4.87, 0.49 mg·kg~(-1), with the quantity relative ratio of 1.00∶4.30∶4.03∶0.33∶13 290.24∶14.76∶1.48. The amount of characteristic elements in sub-packaged genuine Moutan Cortex was 0.24, 1.96, 0.36, 0.05, 5 122.01, 4.81, 0.05 mg·kg~(-1), with the quantity relative ratio of 1.00∶8.17∶1.50∶0.21∶21 341.71∶20.04∶0.21. The unique structural characteristics of inorganic elements in genuine Moutan Cortex are studied to provide a basis for the quality control and safety evaluation of Moutan Cortex.

Structural characteristics of pharmacodynamical components in genuine Moutan Cortex / 中国中药杂志

Guided by the theory of "component structure", we analyzed the structural characteristics of pharmacodynamical components in genuine Moutan Cortex. The compositions of organic small molecules were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for 20 batches of genuine Moutan Cortex and 12 batches of non-genuine Moutan Cortex. By means of similarity analysis, clustering analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), the elements in structural characteristics of the pharmacodynamical components were extracted as follows: terpene glycosides components(oxidized paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin,galloyl paeoniflorin, benzoyloxy paeoniflorinand benzoyl paeoniflorin), tannin components(1,3,6-tri-O-galloside acyl glucose, pentagalloyl glucose), and phenolic acid components(methyl gallate, paeonol). The contents and quantity ratios of terpene glycoside component, tannin component and phenolic acid components in genuine Moutan Cortex were determined as 14.1, 12.5, 21.7 mg·g~(-1), 1.00∶0.89∶1.54. The contents and quantity ratios of the oxidized paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin in the terpene glycoside components were characteristic and determined as 2.05, 7.05, 3.30 mg·g~(-1), 1.00∶3.44∶1.61. The unique structural characteristics of genuine Moutan Cortex provide scientific basis for the formulation of quality standards.

Practice and development of structural characteristics and quality control of multi-dimensional structure of basic components of genuine material of Moutan Cortex / 中国中药杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine is the product of clinical medication practice of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. Its material basis is the key to reveal the essence of the roles of traditional Chinese medicine, and the fundamental guarantee to solve the difficulties in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. However, the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine is to exert the overall pharmacodynamic effect through multi-targets, multi-approaches and mutual cooperation, resulting in unclear quality control index. In recent years, the quality control standards of traditional Chinese medicine have experienced great changes by shifting the focus from the appearance characteristics to the internal material basis, which however is limited to the control of a single com-ponent or multiple components. In other words, the intrinsic effectiveness and safety could not be guaranteed without the characteristics of the integrity of traditional Chinese medicine. With Moutan Cortex as an example, this paper analyzed the evolution of Moutan Cortex quality standards based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and comprehensively summarized the material basis of Moutan Cortex. Based on the theory of "component structure", this study analyzed current quality control of the material basis of Moutan Cortex and its preparations, and expounded the development trend of multi-dimensional quality control, so as to lay a foundation for establishing a more rational quality control system for traditional Chinese medicine in the future.

Chloroplast Genomic Analysis of Pyrrosia assimilis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::The complete chloroplast genome of Pyrrosia assimilis was sequenced, its sequence characteristics was analyzed and herbgenomics of P. assimilis was discussed. Method::Its complete chloroplast genome sequence was determined through high-throughput sequencing technology, and its structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics. Result::The chloroplast genome of P. assimilis was a circular double-chain structure with a total length of 154 964 bp, and the total content of guanine and cytosine (GC) was 41.2%. A total of 131 genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes, 35 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. A total of 43 dispersed repetitive sequences and 56 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. The frequency of codon encoding leucine was the highest, while the number of codon encoding tryptophan was the lowest. Five highly divergent regions (psbA, rrn16, petA-psbJ, ndhC-trnM, and psbM-petN) were screened, phylogenetic analysis showed that P. assimilis was closely related to P. bonii. Conclusion::Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of P. assimilis reveals that non-coding regions exhibited a higher divergence than the coding regions, the large single copy region (LSC) and small single copy region (SSC) are more divergent than the reverse repeat region (IR), the selected five highly variable regions can be used as specific DNA barcodes for identification of Pyrrosia species. Study on the chloroplast genome of P. assimilis can provide a reference for the molecular identification, genetic transformation, expression of resistance protein and secondary metabolism pathway analysis of other Pyrrosia medicinal plants.

Floristic-structural relationships between Canga ferruginous tree communities and adjacent vegetation types / Relações florístico-estruturais entre comunidades arbóreas de canga ferruginosa e tipos vegetacionais adjacentes

Our objective was to evaluate the floristic and structural relationships between Canga tree communities and other vegetation types inserted in the physiognomic units set, in order to test the hypothesis that these communities have unique characteristics due to their specific environmental conditions. For this, we compared the structural and floristic attributes of Canga vegetation with adjacent semideciduous seasonal forest, Savanna and ecotone areas, evaluating the similarity in its behavior. Our results demonstrate the existence of distinct relationships among vegetation types in relation to different perspectives, related to macro-scale environmental attributes and to the phytogeographic context. In general, Canga tree vegetation has its structure associated with open vegetation types, such as the Cerrado (Savanna) and its composition associated with forest vegetation types, constituted by a community with specific ecological characteristics. Our results suggest the presence of ferruginous soils as a factor that contributes to environmental and ecological heterogeneity in vegetation matrices.

Nosso objetivo foi avaliar as relações florísticas e estruturais entre comunidades arbóreas de Canga e outros tipos vegetacionais inseridos no conjunto de unidades fisionômicas para testar a hipótese de que estas comunidades apresentam características singulares devido às suas condições ambientais especificas. Para isso, comparamos atributos estruturais e florísticos deste tipo vegetacional com outras adjacentes tais como floresta estacional semidecídua, Cerrado e áreas ecotonais, avaliando a similaridade em seu comportamento. Nossos resultados demonstram a existência de relações distintas entres os tipos vegetacionais com relação às diferentes perspectivas, relacionadas à atributos ambientais de macro escala e ao contexto fitogeográfico. No geral, vegetação de canga tem sua estrutura associada a tipos vegetacionais de menor porte como Cerrado e sua composição associada a tipos vegetacionais florestais, consistindo em uma comunidade com características ecológicas específicas. Nossos resultados sugerem a presença de solos ferruginosos como um fator que contribui para a heterogeneidade ambiental e ecológica em matrizes vegetacionais.

Useful woody species and its environmental availability: the case of artisanal fishermen in Itaúnas, Brazil / Espécies lenhosas úteis e sua disponibilidade no ambiente: o caso dos pescadores artesanais em Itaúnas, Brasil

Ethnobotanical studies involve research with human societies and their different interaction with plants, and the quantitative approaches from thes estudies are important to select conservation priority of species in natural environment. This research aims to quantify use-values for woody plants mentioned by fishers in Itaúnas, state of Espírito Santo, and evaluate the relationship between use- values and species availability (absolute density and frequency, and importance value) in two distinct resting vegetation formations. It also proposes to identify priority species for conservation. It was selected 30 species cited in individual semi-structured interviews with key-informant in fishers' community and who were also on list of structural survey of two vegetation phytophysiognomies in the restinga regions. The data used was collected in previously published work. It was performed a correlation analysis between use-values and structural parameters of the mentioned woody species. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba and Byrsonima sericea present the highest use-values. It was not observed relation between use-value and species availability in each vegetation formation. It was classified two and eight species as priority for conservation on shrubby and forest formations, respectively.

Estudos etnobotânicos envolvem pesquisas com sociedades humanas e suas diferentes interações com as plantas, e abordagens quantitativas deste estudos são importantes para selecionar prioridades de conservação das espécies nos ambientes naturais. Esta pesquisa objetiva quantificar os valores de uso das plantas citadas por pescadores em Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, e avaliar as relações entre os valores de uso a disponibilidade das espécies (densidade e frequência absoluta e valor de importância) em duas formações vegetais distintas de restinga. É também proposto identificar o índice de prioridade de conservação das espécies. Foram selecionadas 30 espécies citadas em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com informantes-chave na comunidade de pescadores e que também estavam em listas de levantamentos estruturais de duas fitofisionomias vegetais de restinga na região. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em trabalhos previamente publicados. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre os valores de uso e os parâmetros estruturais das espécies lenhosas mencionadas. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba e Byrsonima sericea apresentaram o maior valor de uso. Não foi observado relação entre o valor de uso a disponibilidade das espécies em cada formação vegetal. Foram classificadas duas e oito espécies para prioridade de conservação nas formações arbustivas e florestais respectivamente.

Structure of scientific communication network for Nobel genetics prize winners in the 20 century / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The scientific communication network for Nobel genetics prize winners was constructed using the biographies of Nobel genetics prize winners in the 20 century as the data source, its structural characteristics were analyzed, the fact that its scale-free distribution and small world phenomena promoted the scientific knowledge exchange between the Nobel genetics prize winner was pointed out, in order to create a beneficial environment for training more out-standing scientists.

Analysis of Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide from Ganoderma Lucidum / 分析化学

Polysaccharide was extracted by boiling water reflux method from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Additionally, the purified polysaccharide was obtained by removing protein with Sevage way, ethanol precipitation, centrifugation, run water dialysis, membrane separation, concentration and frozen-drying. The structural characteristics, chain conformation and triple-helix conformation of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) were distinguished by Smith degradation, methylation analysis, and the wavelength change of the red shift of the mixture of polysaccharide and Congo red in alkaline solution, as well as IR, GC-MS, NMR, and visible spectrometry. The results indicated that GLP was a linear (1→3) β-D-Glcp main chain linkage. Its monosaccharide component was predominantly composed of D-Glc, and small amount of galactose, mannose, xylose and idose, residues of branches terminated with substituted at 1→6 by a small number of single-unit β-D-Glcp side-chains, it′s also observed that the (1→3)-linked β-D- glucan contained a triple-helical conformation, which was composed of a repeating unit with a structure as below:→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-[β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-]_n-β-D-Glcp-(1→.↑6/1β-D-Glcp

Structural characteristics and spectroscopic profiles of xanthones from Polygala / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Through studies of xanthones from Polygla tenuifolia, one of the main medicinal plants of Polygala , the structural characteristics and spectroscopic rules (including IR, UV, 1H NMR and 13 C NMR data)of xanthones from Polygala were summarized, combined with the reference reports of this type of compounds from the other plants of Polygala. It is helpful to the structure elucidation of xanthones.

Establishment of an endoscopy center with innovative ideas / 医学研究生学报

This article introduces the centralized operation and integrated management of the Endoscopy Center of Nanjing General Hospital,expounding the idea of development,mode of management,working model and characteristic structure of the center.

Relationship between structural characteristics and hospital mortality rates on tertiary referral hospitals in Korea / 예방의학회지

This study was to evaluate hospital characteristics as composition of manpower and facilities to the death rate of patient; and to earmark the factors affecting the overall hospital mortality rates. The data utilized were derived from survey material conducted by the Korean Hospital Association on 32 tertiary referral hospitals in Korea between 1986 and 1994. The findings are: 1. Those hospitals having the most capacity per bed had little difference to the mortality rates than the others. 2. Those hospitals having the most daily patients per specialist had significantly higher mortality rates than the others, but the number of daily patients per nurse had little effect on the mortality rates. 3. Those hospitals which had a relatively sufficient number of quality assurance activities revealed a lower mortality, and particularly in case where such effort was directed to the clinicians, the outcome was remarkable. we concluded that the major factor affecting the hospital mortality rates seems to be the number of specialists per number of beds, the degree of quality assurance assessment of the clinicians, the quality assurance activities of each hospital as a whole, and the number of daily patient per specialist. According to the findings of this study, the composition and quality of specialist and adequate quality assurance activities seemed to be the essential for the improvement of hospital care. Therefore, in this regard the proper implementation of policy and support is highly recommended. Due to lack of available research material, the personal characteristics of specialists haven't been considered in this study However, this longitudinal observation of 32 tertiary referral hospitals over a nine year period has significant merit alone.

Studies on structural characteristics of protein-bond polysaccharide Le-3 from fruitbody of Lentinus edodos / 中草药

Object To study the structural characteristics of protein bond polysaccharide Le 3 from the fruitbody of Lentinus edodos (Berk ) Pegler Methods Relative molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography Structural characteristics were expounded by infra red scan, gas chromatography, ? elimination reaction and Sepharose gel electrophoresis The content of total polysaccharide and protein were determined by colorimetry Results Mean molecular weight and molecular number of Le 3 were 13 700 and 12 500 Typical absorption peak of the polysaccharide as shown in infra red spectrum was of ? type glycosidic linkage Le 3 was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid The molar ratio of the neutral saccharides was Ara∶Xyl∶Man∶Gal∶Glu=0 31∶0 47∶1 00∶1 15∶8 92 The content of total saccharide and protein were 70 62% and 25 31% The saccharides were not linked to peptides chain through O glycosidic linkage Le 3 contained RNA Conclusion Le 3 was a kind of new type polysaccharide isolated from the fruitbody of L edodes