Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 684
Filtrar
1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 29(4): e18662023, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1557457

RESUMEN

Abstract Considered until recently unfit to rear children, non-heterosexual people have been excluded from forming families in most countries. Many, worldwide, demand access to family formation, claiming the same aptitudes as heterosexual people for raising children. However, when non-heterosexual singles and couples want to become parents in Spain, they must consider transnational contexts, resorting to inter-country adoption or surrogacy abroad, processes that contribute to delay their family formation. They must consider not only Spanish sociocultural conditions, but other countries' legal restrictions regarding parents' gender, social status, and sexual identity. These families experience great difficulty in gaining access to reproductive health services. Based on multi-site ethnographic fieldwork, this text addresses how, despite legislative changes allowing homoparental family formation in Spain, these parents must overcome complex bureaucratic processes when they decide to have children, while facing homophobic attitudes and policies in their quests to become parents.


Resumo Até recentemente as pessoas não heterossexuais foram consideradas inadequadas para criar seus filhos, sendo excluídas da formação de famílias na maioria dos países. Em todo o mundo, estas pessoas exigem acesso à formação familiar, destacando as mesmas competências que as pessoas heterossexuais possuem para os criar seus filhos. No entanto, quando pessoas solteiras e casais não heterossexuais consideram tornar-se pais na Espanha, devem pensar em contextos transnacionais para ter filhos através da adoção ou sub-rogação em outros países, contribuindo para atrasar a sua parentalidade. Elas devem considerar não só as condições socioculturais da Espanha, mas também as dos países de destino em aspectos como gênero, classe social e orientação sexual. Estas famílias enfrentam grandes dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde reprodutiva. Por meio de uma abordagem etnográfica multissituada, este artigo aborda como, apesar das alterações legislativas que permitem a formação de famílias homoparentais na Espanha, estes pais e mães devem superar complicados processos burocráticos e enfrentar atitudes e políticas de exclusão social quando decidem ter os seus filhos e filhas.

2.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 77(2): e20230384, 2024. graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1559482

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Objective: To learn the strategies used regarding underreporting of pesticide use in rural areas. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in eight primary healthcare units in rural areas and two emergency care units in a municipality in southern Brazil. Data collection took place in 2023 through interviews. Twenty professional nurses participated. The data was submitted to content analysis. Results: The strategies identified were lifelong and continuing education for the professionals who carry out the notification, active search and training of workers who deal directly with this type of substance, computerizing the notification by filling in the forms online, and carrying out research on the subject. Final considerations: Nurses play an important role in reporting occupational accidents caused by the use of pesticides, improving occupational safety in rural areas.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las estrategias utilizadas para el subregistro del uso de plaguicidas en áreas rurales. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo realizado en ocho unidades de atención primaria en áreas rurales y dos unidades de atención de emergencia en un municipio del sur de Brasil. La recopilación de datos se realizó en 2023 mediante entrevistas. Participaron 20 profesionales de enfermería. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las estrategias identificadas fueron la educación continua y permanente de los profesionales que realizan la notificación, la búsqueda activa y la capacitación de los trabajadores que tratan directamente con este tipo de sustancia, la informatización de la notificación mediante el llenado de los formularios en línea y la realización de investigaciones sobre el tema. Consideraciones finales: Los enfermeros desempeñan un papel importante en la notificación de accidentes laborales causados por el uso de plaguicidas, mejorando la seguridad laboral en las zonas rurales.


RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as estratégias utilizadas acerca das subnotificações por uso de agrotóxicos no meio rural. Método: Estudo qualitativo realizado em oito unidades básicas de regiões rurais e duas unidades de pronto atendimento de um município do sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados deu-se em 2023, por entrevistas. Participaram 20 profissionais enfermeiros. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Apontaram como estratégias a realização da educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais que realizam a notificação, a busca ativa e a capacitação dos trabalhadores que lidam diretamente com esse tipo de substância, a informatização da notificação por meio do preenchimento das fichas online e a realização de pesquisas acerca da temática. Considerações Finais: Os enfermeiros desempenham um papel importante na notificação de acidentes de trabalho pelo uso de agrotóxicos, melhorando a segurança ocupacional no meio rural.

3.
Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery ; (12): 160-165, 2024.
Artículo en Chino | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1006528

RESUMEN

@#The precise localization of pulmonary nodules has become an important technical key point in the treatment of pulmonary nodules by thoracoscopic surgery, which is a guarantee for safe margin and avoiding removal of too much normal lung parenchyma. With the development of medical technology and equipment, the methods of locating pulmonary nodules are also becoming less trauma and convenience. There are currently a number of methods applied to the preoperative or intraoperative localization of pulmonary nodules, including preoperative percutaneous puncture localization, preoperative transbronchial localization, intraoperative palpation localization, intraoperative ultrasound localization, and localization according to anatomy. The most appropriate localization method should be selected according to the location of the nodule, available equipment, and surgeon鈥檚 experience. According to the published literatures, we have sorted out a variety of different theories and methods of localization of pulmonary nodules in this article, summarizing their advantages and disadvantages for references.

4.
Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine ; (6): 49-52, 2024.
Artículo en Chino | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1005904

RESUMEN

Objective To investigate the prevalence of primary drug resistance among HIV-1 patients in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022, and to provide corresponding basis and data support for HIV antiviral therapy (ART) in Hubei Province. Methods During 2020-2022, plasma samples of HIV-1 infected patients before ART were collected., Patients’ demographic data and baseline laboratory test data were also collected. HIV-1 pol region was amplified by in-house method for sub-type typing and drug-resistant mutation site analysis. Results The pol gene sequence was successfully amplified in 242 of 285 cases, with a success rate of 84.9%. CRF07_BC was the predominant HIV-1 sub-type, accounting for 47.11% (114/242), followed by CRF01_AE, accounting for 25.21% (61/242), sub-type B, accounting for 14.16% (35/242), and CRF55_01B, accounting for 4.13% (10/242). The primary resistance rate was 6.20% (15/242). The mutation site of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) was mainly M184V, and the mutation sites of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were mainly E138A/G/EG and V179E. These different mutation sites led to different degrees of drug resistance to 12 drugs. The incidence of drug resistance mutation of CRF55_01B sub-type was significantly higher than that of other sub-types. Conclusion The primary drug resistance rate of HIV-1 infected patients is at a slightly high level in Hubei Province, and close monitoring of primary drug resistance and mutation sites should be strengthened before ART, especially for CRF55_01B sub-type.

5.
Chinese Journal of School Health ; (12): 77-81, 2024.
Artículo en Chino | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1011350

RESUMEN

Objective@#To investigate the association between subthreshold depression, psychotic like experiences (PLEs), and their interactions with non suicidal self injury (NSSI) in adolescents from Shandong, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and early intervention of NSSI in adolescents.@*Methods@#A random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 6 090 adolescents aged 13-22 from two cities along the coast and inland of Shandong Province. Electronic surveys were administered using the SelfInjurious Behavior Questionnaire, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiencepositive 8 items(CAPE-P8), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D). The relationship between subthreshold depression, PLEs, and their interaction with NSSI was analyzed using multivariate Logistic regression.@*Results@#The detection rate of NSSI among adolescents was 21.3%. The highest NSSI reporting rate (27.9%) was found in the age group of 13-15 years.The NSSI reporting rates for those detected with subthreshold depression and PLEs were 49.9% and 30.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that individuals with subthreshold depression were 3.47 times more likely to engage in NSSI [OR(95%CI)=3.47(2.68-4.50)]. Those identified with PLEs had 5.32 times higher risk of engaging in NSSI than those without such experiences [OR(95%CI)=5.32(4.10-6.89)]. When both subthreshold depression and PLEs coexist, the risk of engaging in NSSI was 18.47 times higher than in individuals with neither condition [OR(95%CI)=18.47(14.75-23.13)] (P<0.01). The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (S) were 11.44, 0.61, and 2.89, respectively, indicating that the combined interaction of subthreshold depression and PLEs accounted for 61% of adolescent NSSI.@*Conclusions@#Subthreshold depression and psychoticlike experiences are associated NSSI in adolescents and exhibit an additive interaction. Alleviating subthreshold depression in adolescents and reducing psychotic experiences may play a positive role in preventing the occurrence of NSSI.

6.
Con-ciencia (La Paz) ; 11(2)nov. 2023.
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: biblio-1557654

RESUMEN

Introducción. Alrededor de 3700 millones menores de 50 años con infección por VHS-1 y 491 millones de personas de 15 a 49 años cursan con infección por VHS-2 en el mundo; sus síntomas, vesículas o ulceras dolorosas reaparecen periódicamente. El tratamiento convencional disminuyó su efectividad en cepas resistentes e inmunodeprimidos. Alternativas terapéuticas con extractos de plantas medicinales y potencial antiviral, como Opuntia soehrensii Brito conocida como "ayrampù" en Bolivia, utiliza infusión de sus semillas como analgésico, antidiabético, hipotensor y febrífugo. En vapores por inhalación para afecciones respiratorias; como tintura tópica en lesiones dérmicas de viruela, sarampión y herpes labial. Objetivo. Evaluar la seguridad preclínica de un gel que contiene el extracto hidro-alcohólico de semillas de Opuntia soehrensii en diferentes dosis, aplicado en la mucosa vaginal de ratas Sprague Dawley. Material y métodos. Se ejecutaron protocolos de toxicidad aguda y subaguda para evaluar la respuesta sistémica, a través de marcadores bioquímicos y de comportamiento, y la respuesta local en mucosa vaginal, mediante estudios histopatológicos, en grupos de animales a los que se aplicó el gel con diferentes concentraciones del extracto de Opuntia soehrensii, comparados con un grupo control y otro que recibió solo el vehículo. Resultados. Se encontró que los indicadores sistémicos de comportamiento y ganancia de peso no mostraron diferencias entre grupos. Los indicadores hematológicos y bioquímicos mostraron resultados fisiológicamente esperados y sin cambios en los grupos de estudio. La citología expuso conservación del fenotipo celular para las fases del ciclo estral en todos los grupos. Los indicadores histológicos de reacción local e integridad celular se distribuyeron de igual manera en los todos los grupos. Conclusión. La aplicación de un gel de Opuntia soehrensii no muestra niveles apreciables de toxicidad local y sistémica, lo que permite recomendar la iniciación de estudios de aplicación clínica.


Introduction. Around 3.7 billion people under 50 years of age are infected with HSV-1 and 491 million people between the ages of 15 and 49 are infected with HSV-2 in the world; his symptoms, vesicles or painful ulcers recur periodically. Conventional treatment decreased its effectiveness in resistant and immunosuppressed strains. Therapeutic alternatives with extracts of medicinal plants and antiviral potential, such as Opuntia soehrensii Brito known as "ayrampù" in Bolivia, uses infusion of its seeds as an analgesic, antidiabetic, hypotensive and febrifuge. In vapors by inhalation for respiratory conditions; as a topical tincture in skin lesions of smallpox, measles and cold sores. Objectives . To evaluate the preclinical safety of a gel containing the hydroalcoholic extract of Opuntia soehrensii seeds in different doses, applied to the vaginal mucosa of Sprague Dawley rats. Material and Methods. Acute and sub-acute toxicity protocols were carried out to evaluate local response in the vaginal mucosa, through histo pathological studies, and systemic responses, through biochemical and behavioral markers, in groups of animals to which the gel with different concentrations of the extract of Opuntia soehrensii was applied, compared with a control group and another that received only the vehicle. Results. It was found that the histological indicators of local reaction and cell integrity were equally distributed in all groups. Cytology showed conservation of the cell phenotype for the phases of the estrous cycle in all groups. The systemic indicators of behavior and weight gain did not show differences between groups. Hematological and biochemical indicators showed results ranged in physiologic parameters, without changes in the study groups. Conclusion. The application of a gel from Opuntia soehrensii does not show appreciable levels of local and systemic toxicity, which makes it possible to recommend the initiation of clinical application studies.

7.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 50(5)oct. 2023.
Artículo en Español | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1530010

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Analizar el efecto sobre el peso corporal de la anticoncepción hormonal continua mediante implante sub-dérmico liberador de etonogestrel (ENG) en mujeres en edad reproductiva atendidas en la consulta de planificación familiar de un hospital venezolano. Métodos: Investigación comparativa, con diseño cuasi experimental, de casos y controles, a etiqueta abierta, y prospectivo; con una muestra intencionada de 60 mujeres separadas para recibir bien sea un implante subdérmico (Implanon NXT®; casos) o un dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) de cobre (T de cobre; controles). Se evaluaron el peso corporal e índice de masa corporal antes y posterior de doce meses del uso del contraceptivo; así como las características demográficas de las usuarias, efectos adversos y efectividad anticonceptiva de cada método. Resultados: Luego de un año con el implante de ENG no se encontraron variaciones significativas respecto a las mediciones iniciales del peso corporal (61,21±8,30 vs. 61,23±9,50, p>0,5) e IMC (25,23±3.89 vs. 25,26 ±4,30; p>0,05); contrariamente, a lo observado entre las usuarias del DIU donde tanto el peso corporal como el IMC tuvieron un aumento significativo (P<0,05). Asimismo, la mayoría de las usuarias se mantuvieron en el mismo rango de peso donde se encontraban al iniciar el método (p<0,001); mientras que la ganancia ponderal fue mayor entre las usuarias del DIU (1,530±2,04 vs. 3,700±3,02; p<0,05). Conclusiones: El implante de ENG no produce aumento del peso corporal luego de 12 meses de uso, con mínimos efectos adversos y alta efectividad contraceptiva.


Aim: To analyse the effect on body weight of continuous hormonal contraception by releasing subdermal implant etonogestrel (ENG) in women of reproductive age treated in the family planning consultation of a Venezuelan hospital. Methods: Comparative and applied research, with quasiexperimental, case-control, open label and prospective design, with an intentional sample of 60 women separated to receive the contraceptive implant (Implanon NXT®; cases) or a cooper intrauterine device (IUD) (Cooper T; controls) was carried out. Body weight and body mass index were evaluated before and after 12 months of contraceptive use; as well as demographic characteristics of users, side effects, and contraceptive effectiveness of each method. Results: After one year with the ENG implant, no significant variations were found with respect to initial measurements of body weight (61.21±8.30 vs. 61.23±9.50, p>0.5) and BMI (25.23±3.89 vs 25.26±4.30; p>0.05); on the contrary, to what was observed among IUD users where both body weight and BMI had a significant increase (P<0.05). Likewise, most users remained in the same weight range as when starting the method (p<0.001); while weight gain was greater among IUD users (1,530±2.04 vs. 3,700±3.02; p<0.05). Conclusions: The ENG implant does not produce an increase in body weight after 12 months of use, with minimal adverse effects and high contraceptive efficacy.

8.
Semina cienc. biol. saude ; 44(1): 97-110, jul./dez. 2023. Ilus
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1511709

RESUMEN

Introdução: doença provocada por infecção de origem bacteriana, a leptospirose é um dos agravos mais negligenciados no Brasil, estando associada a características socioeconômicas. Objetivo: analisar possíveis associações entre taxas de incidência da doença e fatores socioeconômicos no estado do Acre, a partir de análises espaciais. Material e Método: estudo ecológico com uso de dados secundários, sendo feita análise de autocorrelação espacial pelo Índice de Moran Local Bivariado, entre variáveis socioeconômicas e taxa média de incidência de leptospirose de todo o período de estudo. Adicionalmente, a análise espaçotemporal foi desenvolvida por meio de varredura cilíndrica estatística de Kulldorff, com raio de 70 quilômetros e distribuição de probabilidade de Poisson. Resultados: a maior quantidade de casos foi observada em homens, pardos e na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos, em ambiente domiciliar e em pessoas com ensino fundamental 1 e 2 incompletos. Conclusão: a partir das análises estatísticas espaciais, destacaram-se municípios das partes norte e sul do estado. Ressalta-se que há possibilidade de subnotificação de casos, o que poderia ser analisado a partir de estudos que coletem dados primários.


Introduction: disease caused by infection of bacterial origin, leptospirosis is one of the most neglected diseases in Brazil, being associated with socioeconomic characteristics. Objective: to analyze possible associations between disease rates and socioeconomic factors in the state of Acre, based on spatial analysis. Material and Method: ecological study using secondary data, with analysis of spatial autocorrelation by the Moran Local Bivariate Index, between socioeconomic variables and mean rate of leptospirosis throughout the study period. Additionally, the space-time analysis was performed using Kulldorff statistical cylindrical sweep, with a radius of 70 kilometers and Poisson probability distribution. Results: the highest number of cases was observed in men, brown and in the age group of 20 to 39 years old, in the home environment and in people with incomplete elementary school 1 and 2. Conclusion: from the spatial statistical analyses, municipalities in the northern and southern parts of the state stood out. It should be noted that there is a possibility of underreporting of cases, which could be analyzed based on studies that collect primary data.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto
9.
Med. infant ; 30(2): 133-136, Junio 2023. ilus
Artículo en Español | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1443516

RESUMEN

Los métodos diagnósticos clásicos de tuberculosis (TB) se basan en la utilización de baciloscopía y cultivo. La identificación del agente etiológico desde la positivización del cultivo requiere entre 10 y 15 días, mientras que el empleo de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) disminuye el tiempo a 24 h, lo que permite no solo identificar las subespecies del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB) sino también diferenciarlas de otras especies ambientales clínicamente importantes (MOTT) facilitando el diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la utilidad de la PCR en la identificación temprana de las micobacterias pertenecientes al CMTB, a partir de cultivos positivos, de pacientes con sospecha de TB, atendidos en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad, durante un período de cuatro años. A cada muestra, se le realizó baciloscopía y cultivo en medio líquido. A los cultivos positivos, una inmunocromatografía lateral (TBIDR) y luego PCR. El 4,6% del total de muestras (510/11.162) pertenecientes a 198 pacientes presentó cultivos positivos. Cuatrocientos veintiseis (84%) correspondieron a muestras respiratorias. El rendimiento de la baciloscopía directa fue del 41% (194/470). Cuatrocientos treinta y ocho (86%) resultaron M. tuberculosis, 21 (4%) Mycobacterium bovis, 7 (1%), M. bovis-BCG y 44 (9%) MOTT. La utilización de medios de cultivos líquidos junto con el empleo de PCR favorecen una rápida orientación microbiológica y constituye una estrategia útil para optimizar el manejo clínico de estas infecciones, desde el punto de vista terapéutico y epidemiológico, especialmente en pediatría (AU)


Classical diagnostic methods for tuberculosis (TB) are based on the use of smear microscopy and culture. The identification of the etiological agent from positive culture requires 10 to 15 days, while the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reduces the time to 24 h, which allows not only to identify the subspecies of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) but also to differentiate them from clinically important environmental mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), facilitating diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of PCR in the early identification of mycobacteria belonging to the MTC, from positive cultures of patients with suspected TB seen in a pediatric tertiary hospital over a 4-year period. For each sample, smear microscopy and culture in liquid medium was performed. Positive cultures were subjected to lateral immunochromatography (TBIDR) and then PCR. Of the total number of samples (510/11,162) belonging to 198 patients, 4.6% showed positive cultures; 426 (84%) were respiratory samples. The direct smear microscopy yield was 41% (194/470). Overall, 438 (86%) were found to be M. tuberculosis, 21 (4%) Mycobacterium bovis, 7 (1%), M. bovis-BCG, and 44 (9%) MOTT. The use of liquid culture media together with the use of PCR favors a rapid microbiological orientation and is a useful strategy to optimize the clinical management of these infections, from a therapeutic and epidemiological point of view, especially in children (AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/instrumentación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/clasificación , Estudios Retrospectivos
10.
Artículo | IMSEAR | ID: sea-221884

RESUMEN

Breast cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa is among the lowest in the world; however, mortality is as high as in high-incidence countries because of poor survival rates. Most breast cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa are diagnosed at advanced stages after prolonged symptomatic periods. Understanding the reasons why women in sub-Saharan Africa seek care after the onset of symptoms is essential to promoting early diagnosis and ultimately improve their cancer survival.

11.
Indian J Ophthalmol ; 2023 May; 71(5): 1899-1903
Artículo | IMSEAR | ID: sea-224998

RESUMEN

Purpose: To explore the long?term visual quality of the same subjects after sub?Bowman keratomileusis (SBK) or femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS?LASIK). Methods: This prospective study included patients screened for corneal refractive surgery at the Refractive Surgery Center of our Hospital between November 2017 and March 2018. One eye underwent SBK, while the other eye underwent FS?LASIK. Total higher?order aberrations, coma aberrations, and clover aberrations were evaluated before and at 1 month and 3 years after the procedure. The visual satisfaction of both eyes was investigated, respectively. The participants completed a surgical satisfaction questionnaire. Results: Thirty?three patients were included. There were no significant differences in total higher?order aberrations, coma aberrations, and clover aberrations between the two procedures before and 1 month and 3 years after surgery (all P > 0.05), except for the total coma aberrations in FS?LASIK were significantly higher compared with the SBK group at 1 month after surgery [0.51 (0.18, 0.93) vs. 0.77 (0.40, 1.22), P = 0.019]. The surgical satisfaction questionnaire scores of the SBK group and the FS?LASIK group were 9.8 ± 0.8 and 9.8 ± 0.8, respectively, at 1 month, and 9.7 ± 0.9 and 9.7 ± 1.0, respectively, at 3 years (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: There were no differences in corneal aberrations and satisfaction between SBK and FS?LASIK procedures at 1 month and 3 years.

12.
Artículo | IMSEAR | ID: sea-218833

RESUMEN

Background: More than 95% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa (S.S.A.) does not have ready access to safe, affordable surgical care, and there is a desperate need for E.N.T. (ear, nose, and throat), audiology, and speech therapy services. Therefore, from an international outlook, the most significant challenge confronting hearing and cancer care delivery is not high-technology and high-cost medicine but the lack of access to even the most elementary E.N.T. care Materials and Methods: A literature search for studies on the analysis of trends and outcomes of otorhinolaryngology practices in sub-Saharan Africa was performed using Google Scholar search database, PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect. The bibliographies of included studies were also searched for additional references. About 95 articles were identified. Twenty-one articles were considered suitable for the review. The whole residents of the 22Results: countries illustrated in a study reviewed were 720,500,000; this symbolizes 75% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa. Among the 22 countries that were tested, 847 ENT surgeons, 580 audiologists, 906 speech therapists, 264 ENT clinical officers, and 320 oncologists were reported. When data have combined the sample, the regional ratio was 1.2 million people per E.N.T. surgeon, 0.8 million people per audiologist, and 1.3 million people per speech therapist. Conclusion: Basic E.N.T. and airway-related interventions are possible in most countries that responded; life-saving procedures such as tracheostomy (and tracheostomy tubes), bronchoscopy, and balloon dilatation were not readily available in all countries. Access to hearing screening was very poor in most countries, highlighting the undocumented burden of disease of hearing loss in Africa and other LMICs, estimated at 5% of the world's population

13.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 13(1): 28-35, jan.-mar. 2023. ilus
Artículo en Inglés, Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1512596

RESUMEN

Background and objectives: due to the increase in the number of cases of the new coronavirus in the city of Codó-MA, there was a need to carry out a study on the spread of COVID-19 in the municipality in order to have a better knowledge and understanding of the problem. A study was carried out on the spread of COVID-19 in the city of Codó-MA, comparing the quantitative data on the number of cases in 2020 and 2021 between May and July and using the epidemiological model Susceptible-Infectious-Isolated-Recovered (SIQR). Methods: we collected daily data from the epidemiological bulletins made available by the Municipal Health Department of Codó (SEMUS-Codó), we chose the SIQR compartmental model to carry out the simulations, we assumed hypotheses and estimated the parameters in order to design the scenarios. We simulated scenarios such as social distancing of healthy individuals and social isolation of infected individuals. Results: in early 2020, cases increased more frequently than in early 2021, and approximately 20% of those infected were in social isolation. According to projections, more than 80% of cases of COVID-19 were not accounted for in Codó. In 2021, there was greater underreporting than in 2020, approximately 82% and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: from the results, the authors conclude that the social isolation of those infected is a more efficient method to contain an epidemic than the total blockade of the population and that the high number of underreported cases is because most of these cases are asymptomatic.(AU)


Justificativa e objetivos: devido ao aumento do número de casos do novo coronavírus na cidade de Codó-MA, viu-se a necessidade para fazer um estudo sobre a propagação da COVID-19 no município para a ter melhor conhecimento e entendimento do problema. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a disseminação da COVID-19 na cidade de Codó-MA, sendo comparados os dados quantitativos dos números de casos nos anos de 2020 e 2021 entre os meses de maio e julho e utilizando o modelo epidemiológico Suscetíveis-Infecciosos-Isolados-Recuperados (SIQR). Métodos: coletamos os dados diários dos boletins epidemiológicos disponibilizados pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Codó (SEMUS- Codó), escolhemos o modelo compartimental SIQR para a realização das simulações, supomos hipóteses e estimamos os parâmetros para podermos projetar os cenários. Simulamos cenários, tais como distanciamento social dos indivíduos sadios e isolamento social dos indivíduos infectados. Resultados: no início de 2020, os casos aumentaram com mais frequência do que no início de 2021, e aproximadamente 20% dos infectados estavam em isolamento social. De acordo com as projeções, mais de 80% dos casos de COVID-19 não foram contabilizados em Codó. Em 2021, houve maior subnotificação do que em 2020, aproximadamente 82% e 85%, respectivamente. Conclusão: a partir dos resultados, os autores concluem que o isolamento social dos infectados é um método mais eficiente para conter uma epidemia do que o bloqueio total da população e que o alto número de casos subnotificados são porque a maioria desses casos são assintomáticos.(AU)


Antecedentes y objetivos debido al incremento en el número de casos del nuevo coronavirus en la ciudad de Codó-MA, surgió la necesidad de realizar un estudio sobre la propagación del COVID-19 en el municipio con el fin de tener un mejor conocimiento y comprensión de el problema. Se realizó un estudio sobre la propagación del COVID-19 en la ciudad de Codó-MA, comparando datos cuantitativos del número de casos en 2020 y 2021 entre mayo y julio y utilizando el modelo epidemiológico Susceptible-Infeccioso-Aislado-Recuperado (SIQR). Métodos: recolectamos datos diarios de los boletines epidemiológicos que pone a disposición la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Codó (SEMUS-Codó), elegimos el modelo compartimental SIQR para realizar las simulaciones, asumimos hipótesis y estimamos los parámetros para poder diseñar los escenarios. Simulamos escenarios como el distanciamiento social de personas sanas y el aislamiento social de personas infectadas. Resultados: a principios de 2020, los casos aumentaron con más frecuencia que a principios de 2021, y aproximadamente el 20% de los infectados se encontraban en aislamiento social. Según proyecciones, en Codó no se contabilizaron más del 80% de los casos de COVID-19. En 2021 hubo mayor subregistro que en 2020, aproximadamente 82% y 85%, respectivamente. Conclusión: de los resultados, los autores concluyen que el aislamiento social de los contagiados es un método más eficiente para contener una epidemia que el bloqueo total de la población y que el alto número de casos subregistrados se debe a que la mayoría de estos casos son asintomáticos.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Modelos Epidemiológicos , Omisiones de Registro , Distanciamiento Físico
14.
Enferm. foco (Brasília) ; 14: 1-7, mar. 20, 2023. tab, graf
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1428655

RESUMEN

Objetivo: O registro dos dados referentes a Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) é importante para assegurar o procedimento e comunicação sistemática da assistência. Com o estudo, objetivou-se analisar os registros de enfermagem referentes à inserção de cateteres nasogástricos (CNG) e nasoenterais (CNE) considerando o sub-registro e não conformidades encontradas em prontuários e durante observação dos pacientes. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, mediante a aplicação de instrumento para coleta de dados de pacientes internados em um Hospital Universitário no Pará entre agosto de 2019 a julho de 2020. Resultados: Foram identificadas 191 inserções de cateteres por enfermeiros, sendo 43 (22,52%) reinserções sub-registradas e 148 (77,48%) apresentaram não conformidades. Discussão: O sub-registro e as não conformidades interferem na qualidade da assistência de enfermagem, fragilizam as ações de segurança do paciente, além de apresentarem repercussões legais. Conclusão: Os dados apresentados neste artigo foram primordiais para a detecção de lacunas na assistência de enfermagem. (AU)


Objective: The recording of data referring to Enteral Nutrition Therapy (ENT) is important to ensure the procedure and systematic communication of care. The objective was to analyze the nursing records regarding the insertion of nasogastric (CNG) and nasoenteral (CNE) catheters, considering the under-recording and non-conformities found in medical records and during patient observation. Methods: observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, through the application of an instrument to collect data from patients admitted to a University Hospital in Pará between August 2019 and July 2020. Results: 191 insertions of catheters by nurses were identified, of which 43 (22.52%) underreported reinsertion and 148 (77.48%) presented non-conformities. Discussion: Under-registration and non-compliance interfere with the quality of nursing care, weaken patient safety actions, in addition to having legal repercussions. Conclusion: The data presented in this article were essential for the detection of gaps in nursing care. (AU)


Objetivo: El registro de los datos referentes a la Terapia de Nutrición Enteral (ENT) es importante para garantizar el procedimiento y la comunicación sistemática de los cuidados. El objetivo fue analizar los registros de enfermería con respecto a la inserción de catéteres nasogástricos (GNC) y nasoenterales (CNE), considerando el subregistro y las no conformidades encontradas en los registros médicos y durante la observación de los pacientes. Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, mediante la aplicación de un instrumento para recolectar datos de pacientes internados en un Hospital Universitario de Pará entre agosto de 2019 y julio de 2020. Resultados: fueron identificadas 191 inserciones de catéteres por enfermeros, de de los cuales 43 (22,52%) subreportaron reinserción y 148 (77,48%) presentaron no conformidades. Discusión: El subregistro y el incumplimiento interfieren en la calidad de la atención de enfermería, debilitan las acciones de seguridad del paciente, además de tener repercusiones legales. Conclusión: Los datos presentados en este artículo fueron esenciales para la detección de lagunas en el cuidado de enfermería. (AU)


Asunto(s)
Registros de Enfermería , Omisiones de Registro , Nutrición Enteral , Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente
15.
Indian J Ophthalmol ; 2023 Jan; 71(1): 174-179
Artículo | IMSEAR | ID: sea-224786

RESUMEN

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior sub?Tenon triamcinolone (PSTA) in chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema (PCME) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Methods: Consecutive 22 patients who developed chronic PCME after PPV and underwent PSTA treatment were included in this retrospective study. Best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured pre injection and post injection at one month, three months, six months, and at last visit. The patients were divided into three groups according to the injection response status: complete, partial, and resistant. Results: The mean follow?up period was 26.4 ± 16.2 months after PSTA. According to pre?injection values, there was a significant improvement in the values of BCVA and CMT at the first, third, and sixth months and at the last examination (P < 0.05). In the final examination, PCME recovered completely in 12 patients, partially in 8 patients, and resistance was observed in 2 patients. Conclusion: Posterior sub?Tenon triamcinolone seems to be effective in chronic PCME following PPV.

16.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 29: e20230002, 2023. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1448596

RESUMEN

Abstract This overview aimed to describe the situation of healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa, excluding South Africa, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A PubMed® search from March 31, 2020, to August 15, 2022, selected 116 articles. Healthcare access and consequences of COVID-19 were assessed based on comparisons with months before its onset or an identical season in previous years. A general reduction of healthcare delivery, associated with the decline of care quality, and closure of many specialty services were reported. The impact was heterogeneous in space and time, with an increase in urban areas at the beginning of the pandemic (March-June 2020). The return to normalcy was gradual from the 3rd quarter of 2020 until the end of 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on the health system and its use was attributed to (a) conjunctural factors resulting from government actions to mitigate the spread of the epidemic (containment, transportation restrictions, closures of businesses, and places of entertainment or worship); (b) structural factors related to the disruption of public and private facilities and institutions, in particular, the health system; and (c) individual factors linked to the increase in costs, impoverishment of the population, and fear of contamination or stigmatization, which discouraged patients from going to health centers. They have caused considerable socio-economic damage. Several studies emphasized some adaptability of the healthcare offer and resilience of the healthcare system, despite its unpreparedness, which explained a return to normal activities as early as 2022 while the COVID-19 epidemic persisted. There appears to be a strong disproportion between the moderate incidence and severity of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa, and the dramatic impact on healthcare access. Several articles make recommendations for lowering the socioeconomic consequences of future epidemics to ensure better management of health issues.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Pandemias , COVID-19 , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , África del Sur del Sahara
17.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 57: 23, 2023. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés, Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1432142

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Identifying and mapping the literature regarding sexual violence against Brazilian boys and men, as well as describing its underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were: (a) surveys including data on sexual violence; (b) inclusion of boys or men as victims of sexual violence; (c) presenting statistical data on prevalence, underreporting, and factors associated with sexual violence among Brazilian boys and men. RESULTS We found a total of 1,481 papers. Ultimately, 53 were included and had their data extracted. Most studies are quantitative in nature (n = 48). The total number of participants across studies was 1,416,480 and the prevalence of sexual violence ranged from 0.1% to 71%. It is important to note that underreporting statistical data was cited in several studies. The group with the highest prevalences was men who have sex with men and those with sexual dysfunctions. Increased tendency to drug use, social isolation, unprotected anal sex, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder were statistically significant predictors for having experienced sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS Despite the prevalence of sexual violence being high against Brazilian boys and men, this area of is surprisingly understudied and there are few studies with this exclusive scope. Social cultural issues, such as sexism, contribute to the underreporting of sexual violence. Additionally, we identified issues related to mental, sexual and reproductive health to be associated with sexual violence. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation and development of a structural infrastructure aimed at supporting boys and men who are victims of sexual violence, and preventing negative outcomes for this affected group.


RESUMO OBJETIVOS Identificar e mapear a literatura referente à violência sexual contra meninos e homens brasileiros, bem como descrever sua subnotificação, sua prevalência e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo com buscas nas bases de dados: PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus e Web of Science. Os critérios de inclusão foram: (a) pesquisas que incluíssem dados sobre violência sexual; (b) inclusão de meninos ou homens como vítimas de violência sexual; (c) apresentassem dados sobre prevalência, subnotificação e fatores associados à violência sexual entre meninos e homens brasileiros. RESULTADOS Foram encontrados 1.481 trabalhos. No total, 53 foram incluídos e tiveram seus dados extraídos. A maioria dos estudos é de natureza quantitativa (n = 48). O total de participantes em todos os estudos foi de 1.416.480 e a prevalência de violência sexual variou de 0.1% a 71%. A subnotificação foi um aspecto citado em vários estudos. Entre os grupos com maiores prevalências estão os homens que fazem sexo com homens e com disfunções sexuais. Maior tendência ao uso de drogas, isolamento social, sexo anal desprotegido, ideação suicida, disfunções sexuais e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático foram alguns dos fatores associados. CONCLUSÕES A violência sexual contra meninos e homens brasileiros é pouco estudada e existem poucos estudos com esse recorte exclusivo, apesar da prevalência de a violência sexual ser alta. Questões culturais, como o machismo, contribuem para a subnotificação da violência sexual. Em relação aos fatores associados, identificamos questões relacionadas à saúde mental, sexual e reprodutiva. Recomenda-se que seja estruturado acolhimento para meninos e homens vítimas de violência sexual, prevenindo ou minimizando desfechos negativos.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Delitos Sexuales , Omisiones de Registro , Violencia Doméstica , Víctimas de Crimen , Hombres , Revisión
18.
Afr. j. lab. med. (Online) ; 12(1): 1-10, 2023. figures, tables
Artículo en Inglés | AIM | ID: biblio-1413422

RESUMEN

A novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China in 2019 and later ignited a global pandemic. Contrary to expectations, the effect of the pandemic was not as devastating to Africa and its young population compared to the rest of the world. To provide insight into the possible reasons for the presumed immune sufficiency to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa, this review critically examines literature published from 2020 onwards on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection and immunity and how other prevalent infectious diseases in Africa might have influenced the outcome of COVID-19. Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARSCoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. In some other studies, substantial pre-existing T-cell reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 was detected in many people from diverse geographical locations without a history of exposure. Certain studies also suggest that innate immune memory, which offers protection against reinfection with the same or another pathogen, might influence the severity of COVID-19. In addition, an initial analysis of epidemiological data showed that COVID-19 cases were not severe in some countries that implemented universal Bacillus Calmette­Guerin (BCG) vaccination policies, thus supporting the potential of BCG vaccination to boost innate immunity. The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Vacunación , Coronavirus , Factores Protectores , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Linfocitos T , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Pandemias , Inmunidad
19.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 39(1): e00096722, 2023. tab
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421015

RESUMEN

A limitação de estudos sobre a cobertura e completude dos registros de óbitos está entre os principais problemas relacionados às estatísticas vitais no Brasil. Com o advento da pandemia de COVID-19, em 2020, houve um aumento na quantidade de sistemas de informação sobre os registros de óbitos no Brasil, gerando mais incertezas quanto à qualidade dos registros de óbitos. Este estudo propôs uma metodologia de avaliação da qualidade dos registros de óbitos por COVID-19. Foram consideradas três etapas metodológicas: estimação do sub-registro de óbitos; redistribuição de óbitos por causas inespecíficas (Códigos Garbage) e redistribuição de óbitos por causas mal definidas para dados da COVID-19. A proposta foi aplicada para o Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, e seus municípios para 2020, com o uso dos registros oficiais do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. No total, foram recuperados 1.281 óbitos por COVID-19 além dos 3.426 registrados oficialmente para a Paraíba, um incremento de 37,4%. A proposta mostrou-se efetiva e de fácil aplicação, podendo ser utilizada pelos gestores das esferas governamentais e interessados como ferramenta de avaliação da qualidade dos registros de óbitos para qualquer espaço geográfico, contribuindo, assim, para uma melhor compreensão do real impacto da pandemia.


The limitation of studies on the coverage and completeness of death records is one of the main problems regarding vital statistics in Brazil. In 2020, the number of information systems on death records in Brazil increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, generating more uncertainties about the quality of death records. This study proposed an evaluation of the quality of death records due to COVID-19. Three methodological stages were considered: estimation of deaths under-registration; redistribution of deaths from nonspecific causes (Garbage Codes), and redistribution of deaths from ill-defined causes to COVID-19 data. The proposal was applied in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, and its municipalities in 2020, by using the official records of the Brazilian Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In total, 1,281 deaths were retrieved, besides the 3,426 deaths officially recorded for Paraíba State, an increase of 37.4% in deaths from COVID-19. The proposal was effective, easy to apply, and can be used by managers of governmental spheres and people interested in it as a tool to assess the quality of death records for any geographic space, thus, contributing to a better understanding of the real effect of the pandemic.


La limitación de los estudios sobre la cobertura y la integralidad de los registros de defunción es uno de los principales problemas relacionados con las estadísticas vitales en Brasil. Con la llegada de la pandemia de COVID-19 en 2020 hubo un aumento en la cantidad de sistemas de información sobre registros de defunción en Brasil, generando más incertidumbres sobre la calidad de los registros de defunción. Este estudio propone una metodología para evaluar la calidad de los registros de defunción por COVID-19. Se consideraron tres pasos metodológicos: estimación del subregistro de defunciones; redistribución de las defunciones por causas no específicas (Garbage Codes) y redistribución de las defunciones por causas mal definidas para los datos del COVID-19. La propuesta fue aplicada al Estado de Paraíba, Brasil y sus municipios para el año 2020 utilizando los registros oficiales del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud. En total, se identificaron 1.281 muertes, además de las 3.426 registradas oficialmente en Paraíba, lo que representa un aumento del 37,4% en las muertes por COVID-19. La propuesta demostró ser eficaz y fácil de aplicar, y puede ser utilizada por los gestores gubernamentales y las partes interesadas como herramienta para evaluar la calidad de los registros de defunción de cualquier zona geográfica, contribuyendo así a una mejor comprensión del impacto real de la pandemia.

20.
Rev. Bras. Saúde Mater. Infant. (Online) ; 23: e20210239, 2023. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-1449147

RESUMEN

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association of pre-pregnancy and current body mass index and the density of dietary macronutrients on underreporting of energy intake at pregnancy. Methods: cross-sectional analysis of 327 postpartum women from the city of Mesquita, in Rio de Janeiro. A food frequency questionnaire was administered at maternity ward having the last six months of the pregnancy as the time frame. Energy balance was considered as the outcome, and it was calculated as the division of energy intake by basal metabolic rate (underreport <1.35). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to test the associations between body mass index (pre-gestational and postpartum) on energy balance (underreport or not). Dietary density of protein (4th quartile), carbohydrate (1st quartile) and fat intake (1st quartile) were tested. Results: mean energy intake was 2,894 kcal and near of 25% of the women were considered as underreported during pregnancy. Obese women had higher chance (OR=1.90; CI95%=1.09-3.33) of being underreported at pregnancy. Underreported women presented greater chance of report dietary intake with higher contents of protein (OR=2.37; CI95%=1.37-4.09) and lower density of fat (OR= .81; CI95%=1.04-3.15). Conclusion: underreported pregnant women had higher chance of report great and lower amounts of protein and fat dietary densities.


Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e pós-parto e a densidade de macronutrientes da dieta com o sub-relato de energia da dieta na gestação. Métodos: análise transversal com 327 puérperas da cidade de Mesquita, no Rio de Janeiro. Aplicou-se o questionário de frequência alimentar na primeira semana após o parto tendo como base o consumo dos dois últimos trimestres gestacionais. O balanço energético foi calculado a partir da divisão da ingestão de energia pela taxa metabólica basal (sub-relato<1,35). Adotou-se a regressão logística multivariada para analisar as associações entre os índices de massa corporal e a densidade dos macronutrientes da dieta (proteína, carboidratos e lipídios) com o balanço energético (sub-relato ou não). Resultados: a ingestão média de energia foi de 2.894 kcal e 25% das mulheres foram classificadas com sub-relato. Mulheres obesas no pós-parto tiveram maiores chances (OR=1,90; IC95%=1,09-3,33) de sub-relato de energia na gravidez e gestantes com balanço energético <1,35 apresentaram dieta com maior densidade de proteína (OR=2,37; IC95%=1,37-4,09) e menor densidade de gordura (OR=1,81; IC95%=1,04-3,15). Conclusão: a obesidade no pós-parto foi associada ao sub-relato de energia na gravidez e o balanço energético associou-se a densidade dos macronutrientes da dieta


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología , Grasas de la Dieta , Índice de Masa Corporal , Conducta Alimentaria , Ganancia de Peso Gestacional , Obesidad Materna , Brasil
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA