RESUMEN
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner has potential for use in insect management. Its use can be an alternative for the management of Bradysia aff. ocellaris (Comstock), considered one of the main strawberry pests in a soilless system. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of different bacteria on B. aff. ocellaris in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. The following isolates were used in the experiments: Bacillus circulans (Bc), B. thuringiensis var. oswaldo cruzi (Bto) or B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) In the laboratory, B. aff. ocellaris larvae showed high susceptibility to Bti isolate (92 % mortality) 14 days after treatment exposure (DAET). In contrast, the isolates Bc, Bto, and Btk showed less than 32 % mortality, not differing from the control treatment (water 22 % mortality). According to the concentration-response curves the values of lethal concentration LC50 and LC90 were 4 x 106 CFU.mL-1 and 4 x 1015 CFU.mL-1. By applying Bti (4 × 1012 CFU.mL-1) at the base of strawberry plants growing in plastic pots containing commercial plant substrate, a reduction of 26 % in the emergence of B. aff. ocellaris was observed. According to these results, the Bti isolate is considered promising for the formulation of bioinsecticides based on Bt for the management of B. aff. ocellaris in strawberry culture.
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During the study period we recorded 29 species The fish production plays a significant role in the human economy. India has vast potential for development of inland fisheries. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristic features and fish fauna diversity of Kolleru Lake Eluru District. It proposed to enhancement of fish production in a sub urban perennial water body in Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted during May 2021 to April 2022. The study revealed that different regions of the tank receive variable precipitation and hence meteorological factors governing the physico-chemical properties of the tank which in turn influence planktonic diversity and so that all the physico-chemical and biological factors have direct influence on the fish production. The present study, it observed that all the physico-chemical parameters are at nearly permissible limit at all the 3 identified stations. It is estimated that the fish fauna of Kolleru Lake consists of 29 species belonging to 12 families. Among the collections 10 species of Cypriniformes, order Siluriformes consists of 5 species, Channiformes consists of 05 species, Perciformes 03 species, and Osteoglossiformes 01 species. Therefore, it is suggested that the immediate measures may be to avoid further contamination of this Lake which has been started contaminated due to anthropological activities. Finally it may be concluded that the Kolleru Lake is rich in fish diversity and is still in a position to set a good example of conservation of native fish fauna by the sustainable management practices.
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The Xingu River has one of the most diverse fish faunas in the Amazon region. Loricariidae stands out as the most diverse family in the basin, comprising more than 60 species distributed over 26 genera. Species of Loricariidae are some of the most economically valued in the ornamental market worldwide. The loss of fishing environments in Altamira region due to dam impacts is driving a shift of ornamental fishing to areas upstream, among which are included the Xingu River and Iriri River Extractive Reserve Areas. Thus, the objective of this work was to inventory fish species with ornamental potential in these extractive reserves to serve as a baseline to help guide the future management of ornamental fishing in those areas. Thirty-two species of Loricariidae were collected in these reserves through either free diving or diving with compressed air. The composition of species varied according to the sampling method and area. The majority of species found in the reserves are also found in the impacted areas of Belo Monte near Altamira. The study areas showed high diversity of fish species in rapids environments, suggesting that this area could serve as an additional source of income for the residents of these reserves.(AU)
O rio Xingu possui umas das mais diversas ictiofaunas da região Amazônica. Loricariidae destaca-se como a família mais diversa nessa bacia, compreendendo mais de 60 espécies distribuídas em 26 gêneros. As espécies de Loricariidae estão entre as mais valorizadas economicamente no mercado ornamental mundial. A perda de ambientes de pesca na região de Altamira devido aos impactos das barragens está provocando uma mudança da pesca ornamental para áreas a montante, entre as quais estão incluídas as áreas das Reservas Extrativistas do Rio Xingu e do Rio Iriri. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de inventariar espécies de peixes com potencial ornamental nestas reservas extrativistas para servir de linha de base para ajudar a orientar o gerenciamento futuro da pesca ornamental nestas áreas. Trinta e duas espécies de Loricariidae foram coletadas nestas reservas através de mergulho livre ou mergulho com ar comprimido. A composição das espécies variou de acordo com o método de amostragem e a área de conservação. A maioria das espécies encontradas nas reservas também são encontradas nas áreas impactadas de Belo Monte, perto de Altamira. As áreas de estudo mostraram grande diversidade de espécies de peixes em ambientes rápidos, sugerindo que esta área poderia servir como uma fonte adicional de renda para os residentes destas reservas.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Presas , Bagres , Ecosistema Amazónico , Biodiversidad , Explotaciones Pesqueras , AmbienteRESUMEN
Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.
Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.
RESUMEN
Abstract: Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.
Resumen: Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.
RESUMEN
Abstract We aimed in this study utilize environmental indicators as a quantitative method to evaluate and discuss the nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) flux by a production stage grow-out (termination) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in fishpond. The TN and TP load, the mass balance, the input of TN and TP via feed and the converted nutrients in fish biomass are the environmental indicators applied in this study. During the production cycle (128 days), the system exported 15,931 g TN and 4,189 g TP that were related to the amount of feed supplied (r Pearson = 0.8825 and r = 0.8523, respectively), corroborated by the feed conversion ratio (1.61:1). The indicators showed that 26% TN and 45% TP were reversed into fish biomass, 62% TN and 40% TP were retained in the fishpond, and 12% TN and 15% TP were exported via effluent. The largest contribution of nutrients generated by the system and exported via effluent was observed in phase III and IV. This result is supported by the feed conversion ratio 2.14 and 2.21:1 obtained at this phase, a fact explained by the amount of feed offered and the fish metabolism. Application of environmental indicators showed to be an efficient tool to quantify flux of TN and TP produced during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia and therefore, guide management practices more sustainable. Concerning the environmental sustainability of the activity the implementation of best management practices such as the better control of the feed amount offered would lead to a smaller loss of TN and TP to the water. Furthermore, the use of better quality feeds would allow greater nutrient assimilation efficiency.
Resumo Nós objetivamos neste estudo, utilizar indicadores ambientais como método quantitativo para avaliar e discutir sobre o fluxo de nitrogênio (TN) e fósforo (TP) na etapa final de crescimento (terminação) de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em viveiro escavado. A carga de TN e TP, o balanço de massa, a entrada de nutrientes via ração e o TN e TP convertido em biomassa de peixe foram os indicadores ambientais utilizados neste estudo. Durante o ciclo produtivo (128 dias), o sistema exportou 15.931 g NT e 4.189 g PT os quais foram relacionadas às quantidades de alimento fornecido (r Pearson = 0,8825 e r = 0,8523, respectivamente), corroborada pela conversão alimentar (1,61:1). Os indicadores evidenciaram que 26% NT e 45% PT foram revertidos em biomassa de peixe, 62% NT e 40% PT ficaram retidos no viveiro e 12% NT e 15% PT foram exportados via efluente. O maior aporte de nutrientes gerado pelo sistema e exportado via efluente foi verificado nas fases III e IV. Este resultado é corroborado pelas taxas de conversão alimentar de 2,14 e 2,21:1 obtida nestas fases, fato explicado pela quantidade de ração ofertada e pelo metabolismo dos peixes. A aplicação dos indicadores ambientais mostrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente para quantificar o fluxo de TN e TP produzidos durante a etapa final de crescimento de tilápia-do-nilo e com isso orientar práticas de manejo mais sustentáveis. Com vistas à sustentabilidade ambiental da atividade, a implantação de boas práticas de manejo tais como o melhor controle da quantidade de alimento ofertado levaria a menor perda de NT e PT para a água. Além disso, o uso de rações de melhor qualidade permitiria maior eficiência de assimilação desses nutrientes.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Fósforo/análisis , Fósforo/metabolismo , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/análisis , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Acuicultura , Biomasa , Análisis de Flujos MetabólicosRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the fruit yield of naturally occurring populations of Pindo palms ( Butia odorata ) in different habitats and agricultural ecosystems. Three areas were selected in the municipalities of Barra do Ribeiro, Tapes and Arambaré, all of which are located on the Litoral Médio in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eleven 25x100m² plots were selected in the aforementioned areas, and fruit yield was evaluated in the 2008 and 2009 seasons. Chemical conditions of the soil in each plot, elevation of terrain, height, and density of the reproductive Pindo palms were also assessed. Data analysis revealed a strong correlation between the edaphic conditions and the yield from the Pindo palms. Tapes Pindo palms exhibited higher fruit yield as a result of an increase in the number of bunches produced per plant, along with highly fertile soils and greater availability of calcium and magnesium. The lowest fruit yields were linked to nutrient-poor soils in Brachiaria pastures, as well as sandy plains containing high levels of sodium. Changes in the characteristics of the soils associated with habitat and management influenced the fruit yield of Pindo palms.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de butiazeiros ( Butia odorata ) em áreas de ocorrência natural sob a influência de diferentes habitats e agroecossistemas. Três áreas correspondentes aos Municípios de Barra do Ribeiro, Tapes e Arambaré, situados no Litoral Médio do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram selecionadas. Nessas áreas, foram distribuídas 11 parcelas de 25x100m² e avaliada a produção nas frutificações de 2008 e 2009. Em cada parcela, também foram avaliadas as condições químicas do solo, a elevação do terreno, a altura e a densidade de butiazeiros reprodutivos. As análises dos dados revelaram uma forte relação entre as condições edáficas e a produtividade dos butiazeiros. O butiazal de Tapes apresentou maior produção de frutos, resultante do aumento de cachos produzidos por planta, estando associada aos solos mais férteis e com maior disponibilidade de cálcio e magnésio. A menor produção de frutos foi relacionada com solos pobres em nutrientes, cobertos com pastagens de braquiária, assim como em planícies arenosas, com elevados teores de sódio. Mudanças nas características do solo, associadas com o habitat e o manejo, influenciam na produção de frutos de butiazeiro.
RESUMEN
Abstract We aimed in this study utilize environmental indicators as a quantitative method to evaluate and discuss the nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) flux by a production stage grow-out (termination) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in fishpond. The TN and TP load, the mass balance, the input of TN and TP via feed and the converted nutrients in fish biomass are the environmental indicators applied in this study. During the production cycle (128 days), the system exported 15,931 g TN and 4,189 g TP that were related to the amount of feed supplied (r Pearson = 0.8825 and r = 0.8523, respectively), corroborated by the feed conversion ratio (1.61:1). The indicators showed that 26% TN and 45% TP were reversed into fish biomass, 62% TN and 40% TP were retained in the fishpond, and 12% TN and 15% TP were exported via effluent. The largest contribution of nutrients generated by the system and exported via effluent was observed in phase III and IV. This result is supported by the feed conversion ratio 2.14 and 2.21:1 obtained at this phase, a fact explained by the amount of feed offered and the fish metabolism. Application of environmental indicators showed to be an efficient tool to quantify flux of TN and TP produced during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia and therefore, guide management practices more sustainable. Concerning the environmental sustainability of the activity the implementation of best management practices such as the better control of the feed amount offered would lead to a smaller loss of TN and TP to the water. Furthermore, the use of better quality feeds would allow greater nutrient assimilation efficiency.
Resumo Nós objetivamos neste estudo, utilizar indicadores ambientais como método quantitativo para avaliar e discutir sobre o fluxo de nitrogênio (TN) e fósforo (TP) na etapa final de crescimento (terminação) de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em viveiro escavado. A carga de TN e TP, o balanço de massa, a entrada de nutrientes via ração e o TN e TP convertido em biomassa de peixe foram os indicadores ambientais utilizados neste estudo. Durante o ciclo produtivo (128 dias), o sistema exportou 15.931 g NT e 4.189 g PT os quais foram relacionadas às quantidades de alimento fornecido (r Pearson = 0,8825 e r = 0,8523, respectivamente), corroborada pela conversão alimentar (1,61:1). Os indicadores evidenciaram que 26% NT e 45% PT foram revertidos em biomassa de peixe, 62% NT e 40% PT ficaram retidos no viveiro e 12% NT e 15% PT foram exportados via efluente. O maior aporte de nutrientes gerado pelo sistema e exportado via efluente foi verificado nas fases III e IV. Este resultado é corroborado pelas taxas de conversão alimentar de 2,14 e 2,21:1 obtida nestas fases, fato explicado pela quantidade de ração ofertada e pelo metabolismo dos peixes. A aplicação dos indicadores ambientais mostrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente para quantificar o fluxo de TN e TP produzidos durante a etapa final de crescimento de tilápia-do-nilo e com isso orientar práticas de manejo mais sustentáveis. Com vistas à sustentabilidade ambiental da atividade, a implantação de boas práticas de manejo tais como o melhor controle da quantidade de alimento ofertado levaria a menor perda de NT e PT para a água. Além disso, o uso de rações de melhor qualidade permitiria maior eficiência de assimilação desses nutrientes.
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El lago de Atitlán, considerado uno de los lagos más bellos del mundo, tiene una superficie de 125.7 km2, una profundidad máxima de aproximadamente 350 m, y se encuentra en el departamento de Sololá, en el occidente de Guatemala. Desde 2009 se han observado floraciones extensivas de cianobacterias en el lago, reflejando la contaminación del agua en la cuenca. Se determinaron los niveles dearsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg) en agua superficial del lago de Atitlán, por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (EAA), en cuatro muestreos realizados en marzo, mayo, agosto y octubre de 2014 en 14 sitios. Diez sitios se encuentran localizados en el lago, habiendo sido definidos en estudios anteriores con base en su cercanía a poblaciones asentadas en la orillas del lago. Dos sitios corresponden a los principales ríos tributarios, y los restantes dos sitios a la entrada y salida de la planta de tratamiento Los Cebollales, ubicada en Panajachel. Los niveles de As encontrados en el lago de Atitlán, tributarios y en la planta de tratamiento, fueron superiores a 20 μg/L. Los resultados indican que la contaminación del lago de Atitlán por As se debe principalmente a la geología de la cuenca, al localizarse en una zona volcánica. Los niveles cuantificables de As, son superiores al nivel máximo permitido para agua potable en la Norma de Agua Potable (NGO 29001:99) de la Comisión Guatemalteca de Normas (COGUANOR), por lo que el agua del lago de Atitlán no se considera apta para el consumo humano.
Lake Atitlan is considered one of the most beautiful lakes in the world. It has 125.7 km2 and 350 m maximum depth. It is located at the western province Sololá in the Guatemalan highlands. Since 2009 several cyanobacterial blooms have occurred at the lake, as consequence of the environmental degradation caused by water contamination into the basin. In this study pollution levels by arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in Lake Atitlan, were investigated in collaboration with the Authority for the Sustainable Management of Lake Atitlan and its Surroundings (AMSCLAE). Four samplings were conducted in March, May, August and October 2014, collecting samples of water at 14 sampling sites, including the Wastewater Treatment Plant located at Panajachel. As and Hg in water samples of Lake Atitlan were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Presence of arsenic above 20 μg/L was found in the water of Lake Atitlan, rivers and the wastewater treatment plant. The results indicate that contamination of Lake Atitlan regarding metals, is due majorly to the Basin geology located in a volcanic region. The levels of As are higher than recommended levels for drinking water in different regulations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Aguas Residuales , Espectrofotometría Atómica , Metales PesadosRESUMEN
RESUMOA gestão dos resíduos sólidos é de forma consensual uma das premissas para a sustentabilidade urbana no mundo. No Brasil, o principal marco legal para o setor é a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Instituído em agosto de 2010, o dispositivo estabeleceu diretrizes, planos e metas para todas as unidades da Federação. Considerando a precariedade do saneamento básico no norte do país, o estudo optou por desenvolver uma avaliação dos sistemas de gestão/gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos em três municipalidades do Amazonas: Iranduba, Manacapuru e Novo Airão. Foram aplicados nove indicadores de sustentabilidade, de natureza predominantemente qualitativa, adaptados a partir de duas pesquisas predecessoras sob mesma abordagem. Como resultado final o estudo concluiu que as três municipalidades apresentaram resultados muito abaixo da média pré-estabelecida e recomendou a adoção de algumas ações prioritárias.
ABSTRACTSolid waste management is by consensus one of the premises for urban sustainability in the world. In Brazil, the main legal framework for this area is the National Solid Waste Policy. Established in August 2010, this policy institutes guidelines, plans and targets for all units of the Federation. Considering the outstanding precarious sanitation in the North of the country, this study chose to develop an assessment of solid waste management systems in three Amazon municipalities: Iranduba, Manacapuru and Novo Airão. For that, were applied nine sustainability indicators, with predominantly qualitative features, adapted from two predecessor researches under the same approach. As a result, the study concluded that the three municipalities had below-average results and recommends some priority actions.
RESUMEN
O conteúdo polifenólico e a atividade antioxidante do extrato do fruto de Euterpe edulis Martius foram avaliados. Esta espécie é uma palmeira conhecida como Juçara, nativa da Mata Atlântica e utilizada para a extração de palmito. O processo de extração do palmito acarreta a morte da planta, uma vez que esta apresenta estipe único. A elevada demanda ocasionou a escassez deste recurso natural. Muitas espécies da Mata Atlântica podem ser utilizadas pelo manejo sustentável para a preservação e exploração econômica pelas comunidades locais. O fruto da palmeira Juçara pode ser uma das alternativas de manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais da Mata Atlântica. A capacidade antioxidante do fruto pode ser utilizada como justificativa para a aplicação como alimento nutricional. O conteúdo polifenólico do fruto foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau e os resultados obtidos foram: 10,31 ± 0,25%, 12,42 ± 0,89%, 12,75 ± 0,94%, para o extrato bruto, fração acetato de etila e fração remanescente, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelos métodos de redução do complexo fosfomolibdênico e DPPH. O extrato bruto e as frações acetato de etila e remanescente apresentaram atividade antioxidante, sendo que as duas últimas demonstraram maior atividade indicando que o conteúdo polifenólico pode ser responsável por esta atividade.
The polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity of Euterpe edulis Martius fruit extract were assessed. This species is a Palm tree known as Juçara, native to Atlantic Forest and used for palm heart extraction. The process of palm heart extraction leads to the death of the plant since the latter has one single stem. The high demand has resulted in the depletion of this natural resource. Many species from Atlantic Forest can be used by means of sustainable management for the preservation and economic exploration by local communities. The fruit of Juçara palm can be one of the sustainable management alternatives for the Atlantic Forest natural resources. The antioxidant capacity of this fruit can justify its application as nutritional food. The fruit polyphenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the obtained results were: 10.31 ± 0.25%, 12.42 ± 0.89%, 12.75 ± 0.94% for crude extract, acetyl acetate and remaining fractions, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined through the phosphomolybdenium complex and DPPH methods. The crude extract and the acetyl acetate and remaining fractions showed antioxidant activity, and the latter two showed higher activity, indicating that polyphenolic content may be responsible for this activity.
Asunto(s)
Polifenoles/análisis , Euterpe/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/análisis , Agricultura Sostenible , FrutasRESUMEN
Entre as várias espécies que têm sido utilizadas como fontes de subprodutos florestais estão a Bromelia antiacantha, espécie nativa da Mata Atlântica com grande potencial de uso com características alimentícias, ornamentais, industriais e farmacológicas. Os frutos da espécie são utilizados tradicionalmente no Planalto Norte Catarinense na confecção de xaropes para tratamento de males das vias respiratórias. Neste contexto, objetivou-se quantificar a produção de frutos e fundamentar estratégias para possível manejo de populações naturais de B. antiacantha. Foram acompanhadas 39 infrutescências de Janeiro/2008 a Agosto/2008 distribuídas em área de mata secundária na FLONA de Três Barras, SC. Nesta mesma área, indivíduos da espécie foram acompanhados através de estudos demográficos de 2001 a 2008. As infrutescências apresentaram em média 0,68m de comprimento, número médio de 187 frutos/infrutescência, o diâmetro médio dos frutos foi de 1,9 cm e o peso médio das infrutescências de 3,6 kg. A média de frutos aproveitáveis foi de 157 frutos/infrutescência totalizando 2,5 kg. A safra estimada para 2005 foi de 146 kg de frutos ha-1 e 80 kg de frutos ha-1 para 2008, e a renda líquida a partir da produção de xarope foi estimada em R$ 1168,00 por hectare, por ano. Os resultados mostraram que o manejo de B. antiacantha consiste em atividade economicamente interessante e que esta possibilidade, além de complementar a renda de comunidades locais onde a espécie se faz presente, também amplia o valor das áreas com cobertura florestal.
Among the large number of species that have been used as sources of forest byproducts is Bromelia antiacantha, a species native to the Atlantic Forest and that has great potential of use with nourishing, ornamental, industrial and pharmacological characteristics. The fruits of this species are traditionally used in the Northern Plateau of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in the preparation of syrup for the treatment of respiratory disorders. In this context, the aim of this study was to quantify the production of fruits and to find strategies for the possible management of natural populations of B. antiacantha. A total of 39 inflorescences were observed from January/2008 to August/2008 distributed in a secondary forest area at FLONA (National Forest), Três Barras, Santa Catarina State. In this same area, B. antiacantha individuals were accompanied by demographic studies from 2001 to 2008. The inflorescences presented on average 0.68 m of length, mean number of 187 fruits/inflorescence, mean diameter of fruits of 1.9 cm and mean weight of inflorescences of 3.6 kg. The mean number of usable fruits was 157 fruits/inflorescence and the mean weight of these fruits was 2.5 Kg. The estimated harvest for 2005 was 146 Kg of fruits ha-1 and for 2008, 80 kg of fruits ha-1, and the net income from the syrup production could reach R$ 1168.00 per hectare per year. The results showed that the management of B. antiacantha consists in an economically interesting activity and that this possibility complements the income of local communities where the species occurs, besides increasing the value of forest areas.