Insights from Japan’s cost-effectiveness analysis policy on pricing for China’s NRDL access / 中国药房

The cost-effectiveness analysis policy for drugs was institutionalized in Japan since 2019， realizing quantitative adjustment of price across varieties. A hierarchical categorization approach was adopted to select medicines with high expected annual sales. For selected medicines， adjustments were made to the premium and profit components within the existing price structure based on a pre-defined incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER） threshold， effectively resolving the issue of inconsistent criteria and magnitudes caused by subjective judgment. Meanwhile， incentive measures like evaluation exemption or threshold enhancement were granted for specific medicines. Besides， a price adjustment mechanism， which was allowed for upward and downward adjustments， involving tiered ICER threshold and quantified formulas， had been established for the premium and profit components of drug price. In China’s National Reimbursement Drug List （NRDL） access， certain issues remained to be addressed： insufficient clarity in the quantitative mechanism of price formation， incomplete price adjustment measures， and lagging in the communication channels. It is recommended that the following measures could be referred to when further improving the scientificity and fairness of drug pricing during China’s NRDL access， such as enhancing the ICER threshold for medicines catering to special populations， quantifying criteria and extents for price adjustment， granting preferential pricing policies to pharmaceutical companies that present high-quality evidence of effectiveness， preceding communication channels with pharmaceutical companies， as well as exploring a price floor mechanism for the drugs with excessive price reduction.

Ligustilide delays senescence of auditory cortex in mice by inhibiting ferritinophagy / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of ligu aged 2 months of the same strain were used as the constilide (LIG) in delaying the senescence of auditory trol (Ctrl) group. Auditory brainstem response test was cortex and treating central presbycusis. Methods used to detect the auditory threshold of mice before and Forty C57BL/6J mice aged 13 months were randomly di after treatment. Levels of serum MDA and activity of vided into ligustilide low-dose(L-LIG) group, ligustil serum SOD were detected to display the level of oxidative ide medium-dose (M-LIG) group, ligustilide high-dose stress. The pathological changes of auditory cortex were (H-LIG) group and aging (Age) group, and 10 mice observed by HE staining. Ferroptosis was observed by

Association between subthreshold depression and psychotic like experiences with non suicidal self injury among adolescents in Shandong Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association between subthreshold depression, psychotic like experiences (PLEs), and their interactions with non suicidal self injury (NSSI) in adolescents from Shandong, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and early intervention of NSSI in adolescents.@*Methods@#A random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 6 090 adolescents aged 13-22 from two cities along the coast and inland of Shandong Province. Electronic surveys were administered using the SelfInjurious Behavior Questionnaire, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiencepositive 8 items(CAPE-P8), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D). The relationship between subthreshold depression, PLEs, and their interaction with NSSI was analyzed using multivariate Logistic regression.@*Results@#The detection rate of NSSI among adolescents was 21.3%. The highest NSSI reporting rate (27.9%) was found in the age group of 13-15 years.The NSSI reporting rates for those detected with subthreshold depression and PLEs were 49.9% and 30.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that individuals with subthreshold depression were 3.47 times more likely to engage in NSSI [OR(95%CI)=3.47(2.68-4.50)]. Those identified with PLEs had 5.32 times higher risk of engaging in NSSI than those without such experiences [OR(95%CI)=5.32(4.10-6.89)]. When both subthreshold depression and PLEs coexist, the risk of engaging in NSSI was 18.47 times higher than in individuals with neither condition [OR(95%CI)=18.47(14.75-23.13)] (P<0.01). The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (S) were 11.44, 0.61, and 2.89, respectively, indicating that the combined interaction of subthreshold depression and PLEs accounted for 61% of adolescent NSSI.@*Conclusions@#Subthreshold depression and psychoticlike experiences are associated NSSI in adolescents and exhibit an additive interaction. Alleviating subthreshold depression in adolescents and reducing psychotic experiences may play a positive role in preventing the occurrence of NSSI.

Hearing loss and its relationship with blood pressure among workers exposed to noise in a brewery / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the health status of workers exposed to noise in a brewery in Beijing and to analyze the relationship between hearing loss and blood pressure. Methods A total of 949 noise-exposed workers in a brewery who participated in occupational health examination were selected as the investigation subjects. A survey was conducted to investigate the pure tone hearing threshold and abnormal blood pressure of the workers with different characteristics, and to analyze the relationship between the two. Results Among the noise-exposed workers, the detection rates of hearing abnormality, hypertension, and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 73.55%, 52.37%, 43.84% and 46.47%, respectively. The detection rates of hearing abnormality, indicators of hypertension, high frequency hearing threshold abnormality and increased binaural high frequency hearing threshold on average in males were higher than those in females (P 0.05), the detection rates of other hearing abnormality, indicators of hypertension, speech frequency hearing threshold abnormality, high frequency hearing threshold abnormality，increased binaural high frequency hearing threshold on average and the weighted value of the better ear's hearing threshold all increased or had an increasing trend with the increase of age or working years (P< 0.05). The detection rates of hypertension in the groups with high frequency hearing threshold abnormality and increased binaural high frequency hearing threshold on average were higher than those in the normal group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The noise-exposed workers in the brewery have hearing impairment, which is related to the occurrence of hypertension. It is recommended to strengthen the publicity and education on noise protection and take protective measures to reduce the occurrence of occupational noise injury.

Relationship between core function and pressure pain threshold in senior women with non-specific chronic low back pain: cross-sectional study / Relação entre a função do core e o limiar de dor a pressão em mulheres idosas com dor lombar crônica inespecífica: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) is a public health issue. Dysfunctions in muscle activation and spinal stability are estimated to directly impact pain intensity. Additionally, senior women experience greater decline in muscle function due to aging, rendering this demographic more susceptible to developing low back pain. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between core muscle instability, strength, and endurance with pressure pain threshold in senior individuals with CNLBP. METHODS: This is a quantitative observational study, with a descriptive cross-sectional design, conducted on women aged 60 to 79 years. The pressure pain threshold (PPT). The pressure pain threshold (PPT) was assessed using a pressure algometer applied to the paravertebral and anterior tibial musculature. Trunk instability was assessed on both a stable and an unstable seat, positioned atop a force platform that provided real-time displacement of the pressure center. Maximum isometric strength and endurance of trunk flexors and extensors were assessed using the McGill protocol. Person's correlations coefficient (r) was calculated, and the data were presented as mean and standard deviation. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: This study included 49 senior women (67,3±5,6 years; body mass index of 28,5±5,2 kg/m2; pain intensity of 4,6±2,3 on a 0-10scale). No correlation was observed between PPT at L3, L5 and TA with lumbar instability, maximum isometric strength and trunk muscle endurance. CONCLUSION: In this study, no correlation was found between lumbar instability, maximum isometric strength and trunk muscle endurance with the PPT in senior women with CNLBP.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor lombar crônica inespecífica (DLCI) é um problema de saúde pública. Estima-se que disfunções na ativação muscular e na estabilidade da coluna possam repercutir diretamente na intensidade da dor. Além disso, em decorrência da idade, as mulheres idosas apresentam maior declínio na função muscular, tornando esse público mais suscetível a desenvolver a dor lombar. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a correlação entre instabilidade, força e resistência dos músculos do core com o limiar de dor por pressão em idosas com DLCI. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional quantitativo, com delineamento transversal descritivo, realizado em mulheres com idade entre 60 e 79 anos. O limiar de dor por pressão (LDP) foi avaliado com um algômetro de pressão na musculatura paravertebral (bilateralmente ao processo espinhoso nível de L3 a L5) e cinco cm abaixo da tuberosidade da tibial direita no tibial anterior. A instabilidade de tronco foi avaliada em um assento estável e outro instável, posicionados sobre uma plataforma de força para análise do deslocamento do centro de pressão em tempo real. A força isométrica máxima e a resistência de flexores e extensores do tronco foi avaliada por meio do protocolo de McGill. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r), os dados foram expressos em média e desvio padrão e o valor considerado significativo quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Participaram deste estudo 49 mulheres (67,3±5,6 anos; índice de massa corporal de 28,5±5,2 kg/m2; intensidade da dor 4,6±2,3 em uma escala de 0- a 10). Não foi encontrada correlação entre o LDP em L3, L5 e TA com instabilidade lombar, força isométrica máxima e resistência dos músculos do tronco. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada, neste estudo, uma correlação entre a instabilidade lombar, a força isométrica máxima e a resistência dos músculos do tronco com o LDP em mulheres idosas com DLCI.

Patrones de procesamiento sensorial de adultos con dificultades de aprendizaje autorreferidas / Sensory processing patterns of adults with self-reported learning disabilities

Resumen Las dificultades de aprendizaje, que pueden continuar manifestándose en la adultez, han mostrado vinculación con déficit en el procesamiento sensorial. El propósito de la investigación es indagar el perfil sensorial de adultos con y sin dificultades de aprendizaje (DA) en el área de lectoescritura. El estudio es cuantitativo no experimental. El perfil sensorial se evaluó a través de un cuestionario basado en el modelo de Dunn (1997b), que define cuatro patrones sensoriales a partir de la interacción entre el umbral neurológico y las estrategias de autorregulación, junto a un autorreporte de dificultades de aprendizaje. Los resultados mostraron puntuaciones similares en tres patrones sensoriales para ambos grupos, con diferencias significativas en el patrón sensorial de 'Espectador' (p = .038, d =0.5). Este patrón caracterizaría a adultos con DA con una tendencia a estrategias de autorregulación pasiva y umbral neurológico alto. Se concluye que las características de procesamiento sensorial pueden ser relevantes para orientar la intervención y apoyo de personas con DA. Se demuestra la relevancia de analizar el perfil de procesamiento sensorial para la comprensión de las dificultades de aprendizaje. En términos aplicados, amplía las posibilidades de apoyo para adultos con DA al visibilizar la necesidad de entornos que respondan a las características sensoriales individuales.

Abstract Learning difficulties, which may continue to manifest into adulthood, are linked to deficits in sensory processing. A study focused on investigating the sensory profile of adults with and without learning difficulties (LD) in literacy is presented. Quantitative and non-experimental study. The sensory profile was assessed through a questionnaire based on Dunn's model (1997b), which defines four sensory patterns based on the interaction between the neurological threshold and self-regulation strategies. We also included a self-reporting of LD. The results showed similar scores in three sensory patterns for both groups, with significant differences in the 'Bystander' sensory pattern (p = .038, d = 0.5). This pattern would characterize adults with LD with a tendency for passive self-regulation strategies and a high neurological threshold. Sensory processing characteristics may be relevant to guide the intervention and support of people with LD. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of analyzing the sensory processing profile for understanding learning difficulties. In applied terms, it expands support possibilities for adults with LD by highlighting the need for environments that respond to individual sensory characteristics.

Cycle threshold predicted mortality in a cohort of patients with hematologic malignancies infected with SARS-CoV-2 / El umbral de ciclado predijo la mortalidad en una cohorte de pacientes conneoplasias hematológicas infectados con SARS-CoV-2 / Microbiología clinica y enfermedades infecciosas

Abstract When a SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test is performed, it may determine an indirect measureof viral load called cycle threshold (Ct). Respiratory samples with Ct <25.0 cycles are consideredto contain a high viral load. We aimed to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 Ct at diagnosis couldpredict mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies (lymphomas, leukemias, multiplemyeloma) who contracted COVID-19. We included 35 adults with COVID-19 confirmed by RT-qPCR performed at diagnosis. We evaluated mortality due to COVID-19 rather than mortalitydue to the hematologic neoplasm or all-cause mortality. Twenty-seven (27) patients survivedand 8 died. The global mean Ct was 22.8 cycles with a median of 21.7. Among the survivors,the mean Ct was 24.2, and the median Ct value was 22.9 cycles. In the deceased patients, themean Ct was 18.0 and the median Ct value was 17.0 cycles. Using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test,we found a significant difference (p = 0.035). SARS-CoV-2 Ct measured in nasal swabs obtainedat diagnosis from patients with hematologic malignancies may be used to predict mortality.

Resumen Cuando se realiza una RT-qPCR para SARS-CoV-2, es posible determinar una medidaindirecta de la carga viral llamada umbral de ciclado (Ct). Las muestras respiratorias con Ct<25,0 ciclos se consideran de alta carga viral. Nos propusimos determinar si el Ct para SARS-CoV-2 al diagnóstico predice la mortalidad en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas (linfomas,leucemias, mielomas) que contrajeron COVID-19. Incluimos 35 adultos con COVID-19 confirmadopor RT-qPCR al diagnóstico. Evaluamos la mortalidad por COVID-19, no la mortalidad por la neo-plasia hematológica o la mortalidad por cualquier causa. De los 35 pacientes, 27 sobrevivierony 8 fallecieron. El Ct global medio fue 22,8 ciclos con una mediana de 21,7 ciclos. Entre lossobrevivientes, el Ct medio fue 24,2 ciclos con una mediana de 22,9 ciclos. Entre los fallecidos,el Ct medio fue 18,0 y el Ct mediano fue 17,0 ciclos. Empleando la prueba de suma de rangosde Wilcoxon, encontramos una diferencia significative (p = 0,035). En pacientes con neoplasiashematológicas infectados con coronavirus, el Ct de SARS-CoV-2 medido en hisopados nasales almomento del diagnóstico podría ser utilizado para predecir la mortalidad.

A novel study on recently discovered fatty acid taste detection threshold among young lean and overweight individuals

Background: It is likely that the sense of taste evolved to alert humans to the nutritive or poisonous nature of possible foods. This study has been undertaken to unravel and highlight a possible relationship between the fat taste threshold and obesity, especially among young population. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to detect the fat taste threshold in young lean and overweight individuals and to compare the threshold in these individuals with age- and sex-matched normal individuals. Materials and Methods: The taste threshold for fat was detected in 50, normal (Body mass index [BMI] (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), lean (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), and overweight individuals (BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) of both sexes with the age between 18 and 30 years. The statistical analysis was done using Analysis of variance test. Results: Young lean individuals could detect the fatty acid taste at the lower concentration compared to overweight individuals, who detected at higher concentration (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Lean male and female showed a significant taste detection threshold for fat at low concentration compared to overweight male and female as well as with normal individual. Fatty acid taste detection is very important in day-to-day life for the disease-free life.

Utilização da algometria e termografia infravermelha como instrumentos de avaliação da dor: uma revisão sistemática / Use of algometry and infrared thermography as tools for pain evaluation: a systematic review

Infrared thermography is a technique used for complementary diagnosis of pain, through the presentation of thermal images with an infrared sensor that assesses body surface temperature. Pressure algometry is an objective method that seeks to quantify pain at specific points. Both techniques have been employed for diagnostic purposes. Objective: To review the literature on publications that addressed the use of thermography and algometry in combination as an assessment tool in studies of evaluation of pain. Method: This was a systematic review conducted on Pubmed, Bireme and Scielo databases, using the following descriptors: "thermography" AND "pain threshold", and "thermography" AND "pain tolerance", without limitation of publication date, in English and Portuguese, in September 2020. Eligibility criteria for the studies were: use of thermography in combination with algometry in aimed at the outcome of temperature variation in chronic painful processes in humans. Results: The search resulted in thirty-two studies, and after abstract analysis, twenty-two were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria. The remaining ten were read in full and made up the present review. Conclusion: Although few studies have employed both techniques in the same diagnostic assessment method, the use of algometry and thermography in combination may provide objective measures of subjective symptoms, which can bring a great contribution to the diagnostic accuracy and clinical monitoring of patients affected by painful processes.

A termografia infravermelha é uma técnica utilizada para diagnóstico complementar da dor, através da apresentação de imagens térmicas com uma câmera infravermelha que mensura a temperatura da superfície do corpo. A algometria de pressão é um método objetivo que busca quantificar a dor em pontos determinados. Ambas as técnicas vem sido empregadas para finalidades diagnósticas. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura acerca das publicações que abordaram a utilização da termografia e algometria em conjunto como instrumentos de avaliação da dor. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados Pubmed, Bireme e Scielo utilizando os seguintes descritores: "thermography" AND "pain threshold", e "termografia" AND "tolerância à dor", sem limitação por data de publicação, em inglês e português, no mês de setembro de 2022. Os critérios de elegibilidade para os estudos foram: utilização da termografia em conjunto com a algometria na busca do desfecho variação da temperatura em processos dolorosos crônicos em seres humanos. Resultados: A busca resultou em trinta e dois estudos, e após a análise dos resumos, vinte e dois foram excluídos por não preencherem os critérios de inclusão, restando dez que foram lidos na íntegra e que compuseram a presente revisão. Conclusão: Apesar da algometria e termografia se apresentarem como técnicas pragmaticamente válidas no estudo da dor, esta revisão mostrou que poucos estudos incluíram em seu desenho a combinação destas técnicas como instrumentos de avaliação.

Experimental pain thresholds and psychosocial features across menstrual cycle in myofascial orofacial pain compared to healthy individuals: cross-sectional study / Limiares de dor experimental e características psicossociais ao longo do ciclo menstrual na dor miofascial orofacial em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The hormonal impact on pain perception during the menstrual cycle is a major focus of study, and further elucidation in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) field is necessary. Thus, this cross-sectional study evaluated experimental pain thresholds, psychosocial features, and clinical pain report on TMD women across menstrual cycle versus healthy controls. METHODS: A total of 220 women's clinical files were screened, with 80 selected and divided into control group (healthy individuals, n=40) and TMD group (myofascial pain, n=40). Regarding the menstrual cycle phases, the files were divided into Pre-Luteal and Luteal. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Mechanical Pain Threshold (MPT), Wind-up (WUR), Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT), Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were analyzed at a 5% significance level, by Two-Way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: PSS and PCS were significantly different between TMD and control group (p<0.001), regardless of menstrual cycle. Healthy individuals in the Luteal phase presented higher MPT values compared to the other phases (p<0.001). PPT showed significant difference across menstrual phases (p=0.022), but no differences in multiple comparisons. VAS values showed no difference between menstrual cycle phases (p=0.376). CONCLUSION: Finally, healthy individuals in the Luteal phase have higher MPT and PPT values on the orofacial region. Pain report in patients with TMD showed no difference throughout the menstrual cycle, showing that small alterations on experimental pain thresholds may not be clinically relevant. The presence of chronic pain seems to be more related to psychosocial features than hormonal fluctuations.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O impacto do ciclo menstrual na percepção da dor é um foco importante de estudo, sendo necessária uma maior elucidação na disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Assim, este estudo transversal avaliou limiares de dor experimental, características psicossociais e relatos de dor em mulheres com DTM ao longo do ciclo menstrual, comparadas com controles saudáveis. MÉTODOS: 220 prontuários de mulheres foram analisados, sendo 80 selecionados para os grupos de controle (saudáveis, n=40) e DTM (dor miofascial, n=40). Nas fases do ciclo menstrual, as pacientes foram divididas nas categorias Pré-Luteal e Luteal. Os instrumentos Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS), Escala de Pensamentos Catastróficos (PCS), Limiar de Dor Mecânica (MPT), Wind-up Ratio (WUR), Limiar de Dor à Pressão (PPT), Modulação Condicionada da Dor (CPM) e Escala analógica visual (EAV) foram analisados com nível de significância de 5%, pelos testes ANOVA de dois fatores e Tukey post hoc. RESULTADOS: As escalas PSS e PCS foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos DTM e controle (p<0,001), independentemente do ciclo menstrual. Indivíduos saudáveis na fase luteal apresentaram MPT maior em comparação com outras fases (p,0,001). O PPT mostrou diferença significativa entre as fases menstruais (p=0,022), sem diferença nas comparações múltiplas. Os valores da EAV não apresentaram diferença entre as fases menstruais (p=376). CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos saudáveis na fase luteal têm MPT e PPTl maior na região orofacial. Os relatos de dor em pacientes com DTM não mostraram diferença ao longo do ciclo menstrual, indicando que pequenas alterações nos limiares experimentais podem ser clinicamente relevantes. A presença de dor crônica parece estar mais relacionada com características psicossociais do que com flutuações hormonais.

Tiempo de ciclado y carga viral en pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 en Sonora, México / Cycle threshold and viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in Sonora, Mexico

Resumen Antecedentes: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 se confirma con la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Su positividad se determina mediante el tiempo de ciclado (Ct, cycle threshold), el cual es inversamente proporcional a la carga viral. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 de acuerdo con su carga viral estimada mediante Ct. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó 21 110 casos confirmados, los cuales fueron estratificados conforme a su carga viral: baja (Ct > 30), media (Ct 25-30) y alta (Ct < 25). Resultado: 53 % de los casos tuvo una carga viral alta, la hospitalización fue más frecuente en sujetos con carga viral media y las defunciones fueron más prevalentes en aquellos con carga viral alta. La mediana del Ct fue más baja durante los primeros cinco días y aumentó linealmente con los días de evolución clínica. Hubo una mayor prevalencia de defunciones, hospitalizaciones y apoyo ventilatorio en sujetos con infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 que presentaron carga viral media y alta. Conclusiones: El valor de Ct, correlacionado con otras características del paciente, puede orientar el pronóstico, así como al diseño de intervenciones que limiten la diseminación poblacional del virus.

Abstract Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection is confirmed with the polymerase chain reaction test. Its positivity is determined by the cycle threshold (Ct), which is inversely proportional to viral load. Objective: To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients according to their viral load estimated by Ct. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 21,110 confirmed cases, which were stratified according to their viral load: low (Ct > 30), medium (Ct 25-30) and high (Ct < 25). Results: High viral load was identified in 53% of the cases, hospitalization was more common in subjects with medium viral load, and deaths were more prevalent in those with high viral load. Median Ct was lower during the first five days and linearly increased with the days of clinical evolution. There was a higher prevalence of deaths, hospitalizations and ventilatory support in subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who had a medium and high viral load. Conclusions: The Ct value, correlated with other patient characteristics, can guide the prognosis, as well as the design of interventions that limit the spread of the virus within the population.

Evaluación de las características nutricionales de alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados en medios televisivos de Perú, 2021

El objetivo fue describir las características y el perfil nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados durante el horario de protección al menor (6 am a 10 pm, según la regulación peruana) los dos canales de mayor audiencia de la televisión peruana. En este estudio transversal se grabaron 448 horas de contenido televisivo de 14 días aleatorios de 6:00 am a 10:00 pm, entre enero y febrero del 2021, donde se identificaron 2061 anuncios de alimentos y bebidas procesados. Entre 2:00 pm y 6:00 pm (33,9%) hubo mayor publicidad de alimentos. Las categorías más publicitadas fueron bebidas (41,7%) y confitería (17,8%). El 46,9% de alimentos superó al menos uno de los parámetros técnicos (azúcar total, grasas saturadas o sodio) de la primera etapa de la ley peruana y el 88,4% lo haría en la segunda etapa. La mayoría de alimentos y bebidas publicitados fueron procesados y superaban los parámetros de nutrientes críticos.

The objective was to describe the characteristics and nutritional profile of processed foods and beverages advertised during child protection hours (6 am to 10 pm, according to Peruvian regulations) on the two channels with the largest audience on Peruvian television. In this cross-sectional study, 448 hours of television content on 14 random days from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm between January and February 2021 were recorded and 2061 advertisements for processed foods and beverages were identified. The time frame with the most publicity for these foods was between 2:00 pm. and 6:00 pm. (33,9%). The most advertised categories were beverages (41,7%) and confectionery (17,8%). 46,9% of foods exceeded at least one of the technical parameters evaluated in the first stage of the Peruvian law (total sugar, saturated fat, or sodium) and 88,4% would do so in the second stage. The majority of advertised foods and beverages were processed, and most of these exceed critical nutrient parameters.

A resistência do fluxo inspiratório modifica a intensidade de uma sessão de pilates? / Does inspiratory flow resistance modify the intensity of a pilates session?

INTRODUÇÃO: As evidências sobre a melhora da capacidade funcional utilizando o Método Pilates não são contundentes. Uma possibilidade de melhorar o efeito de uma sessão de Pilates sobre a capacidade cardiorrespiratória de seus praticantes é utilizar a resistência de fluxo inspiratório (RFI) de forma concomitante. Esse efeito pode ser visualizado através da determinação do limiar glicêmico (LG), técnica utilizada como marcador de intensidade do exercício. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que a utilização de RFI em uma sessão de pilates antecipa o LG. MÉTODOS: Estudo crossover de corte transversal. Foram avaliados 26 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, sendo 10 do sexo masculino, sadios e com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Os voluntários foram randomizados para dois protocolos: Protocolo RFI ­ 11 movimentos do Método Pilates com RFI utilizando 20% da pressão inspiratória máxima; e Protocolo sem RFI (SRFI) ­ 11 movimentos do Método Pilates sem RFI. Os dois protocolos foram realizados no mesmo dia, sendo um pela manhã e outro à tarde, conforme randomização feita por sorteio aleatório simples. No repouso e ao final de cada movimento coletas de sangue capilar foram realizadas para dosagem da glicemia e construção da curva glicêmica. O LG foi determinado no menor ponto da curva. RESULTADOS: O LG foi antecipado no protocolo que utilizou RFI, ou seja, no protocolo com RFI o LG foi visualizado no sexto exercício, enquanto no protocolo SRFI o LG foi visualizado no nono exercício (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A RFI antecipou o LG, o que sugere que a RFI aumenta a intensidade de uma sessão de pilates. Isso aventa a hipótese de que a RFI pode proporcionar a médio e longo prazo benefícios adicionais aos praticantes do Método Pilates.

INTRODUCTION: The evidence on the improvement of functional capacity using the Pilates Method is not conclusive. One possibility to improve the effect of a Pilates session on the cardiorespiratory capacity of its practitioners is to use the inspiratory flow resistance (IFR) concomitantly. This effect can be visualized by determining the glycemic threshold (GT), a technique used as an exercise intensity marker. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the use of IFR in a Pilates session anticipates GT. METHODS: Cross-sectional crossover study. A total of 26 individuals of both genders were evaluated, 10 of whom were male, healthy, and aged between 20 and 40 years. The volunteers were randomized to two protocols: Protocol IFR - Eleven movements of the Pilates method with IFR using 20% of the maximum inspiratory pressure, and Protocol no IFR (NIFR) - Eleven movements of the Pilates method without IFR. The two protocols were performed on the same day, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, according to randomization by simple random draw. At rest and at the end of each movement, capillary blood collections were performed to measure blood glucose and construct the glycemic curve. GT was determined at the smallest point on the curve. RESULTS: The GT was anticipated in the protocol that used IFR; that is, in the protocol with IFR, the GT was visualized in the sixth exercise, while in the NIFR protocol, the GT was visualized in the ninth exercise (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: IFR anticipated GT, which suggests that IFR increases the intensity of a Pilates session. This suggests the hypothesis that IFR can provide additional medium and long-term benefits to Pilates method practitioners.

Cambios en parámetros masticatorios con prótesis parcial removible para dientes posteriores perdidos / Changes in masticatory parameters with removable partial dentures for missing posterior teeth

Introducción: el reemplazo de dientes perdidos aspira a mejorar la función masticatoria. Aunque hay diferentes opciones para ello, la conveniencia de la prótesis parcial removible (PPR) es su bajo costo. Objetivo: comparar el desempeño masticatorio (DM) después de 20 ciclos masticatorios y al umbral de la deglución (UD) en adultos de 50 a 70 años con dientes posteriores perdidos (DPP), con/sin PPR; y los ciclos hasta la deglución. Material y métodos: estudio transversal en 35 adultos con dientes anteriores y PPR bien ajustadas y utilizadas para comer. El lado de prueba fue el lado con más DPP. El DM se evaluó después de 20 ciclos y al UD utilizando un alimento prueba artificial (Optosil Comfort®) con/sin la PPR en orden aleatorizado. Las partículas se tamizaron para determinar el tamaño medio de partícula (TMP) como medida del DM. Los ciclos se contaron visualmente. Estadística descriptiva y comparaciones con SPSS-v23. Resultados: hubo diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) al masticar con/sin PPR. El TMP fue más pequeño (mejor DM) con la PPR después de 20 ciclos y al UD (3.9 vs 4.4 mm y 3.2 vs 4.2 mm). Los ciclos para llegar al UD disminuyeron con la PPR (40 vs 47). Conclusión: a pesar de una mejora limitada de la función masticatoria, las PPR ayudan a preparar los alimentos en partículas más pequeñas antes de deglutirlas. La mejoría en DM con PPR es de 24% al UD, realizando menos ciclos antes de deglutir sus alimentos (AU)

Introduction: replacement of missing teeth should improve masticatory function. Although there are different options removable partial dentures (RPD) are used due to their lower cost. Objective: to compare masticatory performance (MP) after 20 chewing-cycles and swallowing-threshold (ST) in 50-70 year-old adults with missing posterior teeth (MPT) with and without their cast-metal RPD; chewing cycles until swallowing were also compared. Material and methods: 35 adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Subjects with anterior teeth and welladjusted RPDs, used for eating were included. The side with more MPT was selected as the test side. MP was evaluated after 20 cycles and ST using an artificial test-food (Optosil Comfort®) with/without the RPD (subject-own-control) (randomized order). Chewed particles were sieved to determine medium-particle-size (MPS) as a measure of MP. Chewing cycles were visually counted. Descriptive statistics and comparisons were run with SPSS v23. Results: there were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) for all parameters when chewing with/without the RPD. MPS was smaller (better MP) with the RPD (3.9 vs 4.4 mm and 3.2 vs 4.2 mm) after 20 cycles and ST respectively. Cycles required to reach ST were less when chewing with the denture (40 vs 47). Conclusion: despite a limited improvement of masticatory function RPDs help patients prepare their food into smaller particles before swallowing. Improvement in MP with RPDs for patients with MPT is 24% at ST and they perform fewer chewing cycles before swallowing food (AU)

APRIMORAMENTO DA COORDENAÇÃo FÍSICA DOS NADADORES BASEADO NO TREINAMENTO DE RESISTÊNCIA ANAERÓBICA / Improvement of swimmers' physical coordination based on anaerobic endurance training / Perfeccionamiento de la coordinación física de los nadadores basado en el entrenamiento de la resistencia anaeróbica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anaerobic exercise is a critical factor in swimming training. Coaches who monitor an athlete's anaerobic capacity can use this tool to improve competitive performance. Objective: Analyze the effect of the anaerobic function test on swimmers' training. Methods: We examined the anaerobic exercise capacity of swimmers the relationship between human body composition and anaerobic work capacity. For this purpose, 14 swimmers were selected by random sampling. Individual anaerobic threshold, serum testosterone and serum cortisol of the athletes at different periods were measured. Results: Individual anaerobic thresholds were significantly lower in male and female athletes after training. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The plasma testosterone/cortisol content of female swimmers after six weeks of anaerobic endurance training was significantly lower than the pre-training mean (P<0.05). After six weeks of anaerobic endurance training, the plasma testosterone/cortisol content of the male swimmers was lower than that of the standard group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The swimmers' bodies were impacted after anaerobic endurance training. The importance of attention by the coach to consider the differences between male and female athletes when conducting dedicated anaerobic threshold training is emphasized. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies-investigating treatment outcomes .

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício anaeróbico é um fator crítico no treinamento de natação. Os treinadores que monitoram a capacidade anaeróbica de um atleta podem utilizar essa ferramenta para melhorar o desempenho competitivo. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do teste de função anaeróbica sobre o treinamento dos nadadores. Métodos: Examinou-se a capacidade de exercício anaeróbico dos nadadores, a relação entre a composição do corpo humano e a capacidade de trabalho anaeróbico. Para isso, foram selecionados 14 nadadores por amostragem aleatória. Foram mensurados o limiar anaeróbico individual, testosterona sérica e cortisol sérico dos atletas em diferentes períodos. Resultados: Os limiares anaeróbicos individuais foram significativamente menores em atletas do sexo masculino e feminino após o treinamento. A diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05). O conteúdo de testosterona/cortisol plasmático das nadadoras após seis semanas de treinamento anaeróbico de resistência foi significativamente menor do que a média de pré-treinamento (P<0,05). Após seis semanas de treinamento de resistência anaeróbica, o conteúdo de testosterona/cortisol plasmático dos nadadores masculinos era menor do que o do grupo padrão (P<0,05). Conclusão: Os corpos dos nadadores foram impactados após o treinamento de resistência anaeróbica. Ressalta-se a importância da atenção pelo treinador em considerar as diferenças entre os atletas masculinos e femininos quando realizar um treinamento do limiar anaeróbico dedicado. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento .

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio anaeróbico es un factor crítico en el entrenamiento de la natación. Los entrenadores que controlan la capacidad anaeróbica de un atleta pueden utilizar esta herramienta para mejorar el rendimiento competitivo. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la prueba de función anaeróbica en el entrenamiento de los nadadores. Métodos: Examinamos la capacidad de ejercicio anaeróbico de los nadadores, la relación entre la composición corporal humana y la capacidad de trabajo anaeróbico. Para ello, se seleccionaron 14 nadadores por muestreo aleatorio. Se midieron el umbral anaeróbico individual, la testosterona sérica y el cortisol sérico de los atletas en diferentes períodos. Resultados: Resultados: Los umbrales anaeróbicos individuales fueron significativamente más bajos en los atletas masculinos y femeninos después del entrenamiento. La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (P<0,05). El contenido de testosterona/cortisol en plasma de las nadadoras después de seis semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia anaeróbica fue significativamente inferior a la media previa al entrenamiento (P<0,05). Después de seis semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia anaeróbica, el contenido de testosterona/cortisol en plasma de los nadadores masculinos fue inferior al del grupo estándar (P<0,05). Conclusión: Los cuerpos de los nadadores sufrieron un impacto después del entrenamiento de resistencia anaeróbica. Se destaca la importancia de que el entrenador tenga en cuenta las diferencias entre los atletas masculinos y femeninos a la hora de realizar un entrenamiento dedicado al umbral anaeróbico. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento .

Prevalence of COVID-19 at the Wahgnion-Gold mining site in Burkina Faso and use of RT-PCR initial cycle threshold to monitor the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 load

Background: To control the spread of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is necessary to adequately identify and isolate infectious patients particularly at the work place. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay is the recommended confirmatory method for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of SARSCoV-2 infection in Burkina Faso and to use the initial cycle threshold (Ct) values of RT-PCR as a tool to monitor the dynamics of the viral load. Methodology: Between September 2021 and February 2022, oropharyngeal and/or nasopharyngeal swab samples of consecutively selected COVID-19 symptomatic and apparently healthy workers from the Wahgnion mining site in the South-western Burkina Faso who consented to the study were collected according to the two weeks shift program and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR assay. Patients positive for the virus were followed-up weekly until tests were negative. Association of the initial RT-PCR Ct values with disease duration was assessed by adjusted linear regression approach. Two-sided p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 1506 (92.9% males) participants were recruited into the study, with mean age and age range of 37.18.7 and 18-68 years respectively. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 14.3% (216/1506). Of the 82 patients included in the follow-up study, the longest duration of positive RT-PCR test, from the first positive to the first of the two negative RT-PCR tests, was 33 days (mean 11.6 days, median 10 days, interquartile range 8- 14 days). The initial Ct values significantly correlated with the duration of RT-PCR positivity (with ß=-0.54, standard error=0.09 for N gene, and ß=-0.44, standard error=0.09 for ORF1ab gene, p<0.001). Participants with higher Ct values corresponding to lower viral loads had shorter viral clearance time than those of lower Ct values or higher viral loads. Conclusion: Approximately 1 out of 7 tested miners had SARS-CoV-2 infection and the duration of their RT-PCR tests positivity independently correlated with the initial viral load measured by initial Ct values. As participants with lower initial Ct values tended to have longer disease duration, initial RT-PCR Ct values could be used to guide COVID-19 patient quarantine duration particularly at the work place.

Contexte: Pour contrôler la propagation de la maladie à coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) causée par le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère coronavirus-2 (SRAS-CoV-2), il est nécessaire d'identifier et d'isoler de manière adéquate les patients infectieux, en particulier sur le lieu de travail. Le test de réaction en chaîne par polymérase en temps réel (RT-PCR) est la méthode de confirmation recommandée pour le diagnostic de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 au Burkina Faso et d'utiliser les valeurs du seuil initial du cycle (Ct) de la RT-PCR comme outil de suivi de la dynamique de la charge virale. Méthodologie: Entre septembre 2021 et février 2022, des écouvillonnages oropharyngés et/ou nasopharyngés de travailleurs symptomatiques COVID-19 et apparemment en bonne santé sélectionnés consécutivement du site minier de Wahgnion dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso qui ont consenti à l'étude ont été prélevés selon les deux programme de quart de semaines et testé pour le SRAS-CoV-2 à l'aide d'un test RT-PCR. Les patients positifs pour le virus ont été suivis chaque semaine jusqu'à ce que les tests soient négatifs. L'association des valeurs Ct initiales de la RT-PCR avec la durée de la maladie a été évaluée par une approche de régression linéaire ajustée. Une valeur p bilatérale < 0,05 a été considérée comme statistiquement significative. Résultats: Un total de 1506 participants (92,9% d'hommes) ont été recrutés dans l'étude, avec un âge moyen et une tranche d'âge de 37,1 à 8,7 ans et de 18 à 68 ans, respectivement. La prévalence globale de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 était de 14,3% (216/1506). Sur les 82 patients inclus dans l'étude de suivi, la plus longue durée de test RT-PCR positif, du premier test positif au premier des deux tests RT-PCR négatifs, était de 33 jours (moyenne 11,6 jours, médiane 10 jours, intervalle interquartile 8-14 jours). Les valeurs Ct initiales étaient significativement corrélées à la durée de positivité de la RT-PCR (avec ß=-0,54, erreur standard=0,09 pour le gène N et ß=-0,44, erreur standard=0,09 pour le gène ORF1ab, p<0,001). Les participants avec des valeurs de Ct plus élevées correspondant à des charges virales plus faibles avaient un temps de clairance virale plus court que ceux avec des valeurs de Ct plus basses ou des charges virales plus élevées. Conclusion: Environ 1 mineur testé sur 7 était infecté par le SRAS-CoV-2 et la durée de la positivité de ses tests RTPCR était indépendamment corrélée à la charge virale initiale mesurée par les valeurs Ct initiales. Comme les participants avec des valeurs Ct initiales inférieures avaient tendance à avoir une durée de maladie plus longue, les valeurs Ct initiales de la RT-PCR pourraient être utilisées pour guider la durée de la quarantaine des patients COVID19, en particulier sur le lieu de travail.

Trajectory and impact factors of cycle threshold values of virus load in respiratory tract in children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variants / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants, and the impact factors of duration of cycle threshold (Ct) values turning to ≥35 detected by nucleotide test.Methods:Children aged 0 to 14 years with clinical symptoms of Omicron variants infection who admitted to designated hospital in Shanghai City (Renji Hospital, South Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine) from April 7 to June 2, 2022 were enrolled. The daily nasopharyngeal swab specimens were used for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detecting by polymerase chain reaction and the results were expressed as Ct values. The T Ct≥ x was defined as from the symptom onset or first positive nucleic acid test results (the earlier data) to Ct≥ x of the open reading frame 1ab ( ORF1 ab) gene, which was the time duration from the initial to a specific Ct value.Clinical data were collected, including age, sex, vaccination and comorbidities.Cox model was performed to analyzed the impact factors of T Ct≥35. Results:A total of 871 pediatric cases with a median age of two years (ranging from one month to 14 years old) were included. Among them, 474 cases (54.4%) were male, and 89 cases (10.2%) had underlying diseases including congenital heart disease, solid tumors and epilepsy. There were 572(65.7%) mild cases, 298(34.2%) common cases, one (0.1%) severe case and no critical cases or deaths. The T Ct≥35 was 12(10, 14) days. Cox model indicated that compared to children aged one to 12 months, children aged 37 to 84 months and 85 to 168 months had shorter T Ct≥35 (hazard ratio ( HR)=1.55 and 1.84, respectively, both P<0.001). After adjusted with age, comparing to unvaccinated patients, patients with one or two shots vaccine had shorter T Ct≥35 (adjected hazard ratio (a HR)=1.49, P=0.011), and common patients had longer T Ct≥35 than mild patients (a HR=0.78, P=0.002), and patients with comorbidities had longer T Ct≥35than patients without comorbidities (a HR=0.38, P<0.001).The duration of T Ct≥28, T Ct≥30, T Ct≥33 and T Ct≥35 in children without underlying diseases were 7(6, 9) d, 9(7, 10) d, 10(8, 11) d and 12(10, 14) d, respectively. Conclusions:Age, vaccination, disease severity and underlying diseases could affect the duration of SARS-CoV-2 nucleotide turning to negative (Ct value≥35) in children infected with Omicron variants.

Clinical analysis of otoendoscopic myringoplasty with tragus perichondrium in 20 cases / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the clinical application effect of otoendoscopic myringoplasty with tragus perichondrium.Methods:The clinical data of 20 patients with tympanic membrane perforation who received treatment in Suixian Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from March 2019 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 20 patients, 6 patients had traumatic tympanic membrane perforation, and 14 patients had tympanic membrane perforation caused by chronic suppurative otitis media (stationary phase). All patients underwent otoendoscopic myringoplasty with tragus perichondrium. After surgery, the healing of tympanic membrane perforation and the improvement of hearing were evaluated.Results:After surgery, all patients were followed up for 12 months. Traumatic tympanic membrane perforation healed in six patients. The tympanic membrane grafts survived in 12 patients with tympanic membrane perforation caused by chronic suppurative otitis media (stationary phase). One patient had poor postoperative healing and the remaining small perforation healed after secondary treatment under local anesthesia. Healing from tympanic membrane perforation was not achieved in one patient because of perforation caused by otitis media. The healing rate of tympanic membrane perforation caused by chronic suppurative otitis media was 95%. Before surgery, the air conduction pure tone hearing threshold was (42 ± 11) dBHL, and it was (25 ± 10) dBHL 12 months after surgery. There was a significant difference in air conduction pure tone hearing threshold between before and after surgery ( t = 4.00, P < 0.05). No complications such as tragus cartilage infection, skin flap necrosis of external auditory meatus, peripheral facial paralysis, hearing loss, or tinnitus occurred in 20 patients with tympanic membrane perforation. Conclusion:Otoendoscopic myringoplasty with tragus perichondrium leads to a high perforation healing rate, improves healing greatly, has no serious complications, produces minimal trauma, and contributes to a rapid recovery from tympanic membrane perforation.

Study on the value of Michigan nerve screening scale, pain and tactile temperature detection and vibration perception threshold in diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the diagnostic value of Michigan nerve screening Scale (MNSI), pain, touch and temperature detection combined with vibratory perception threshold (VPT) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).Methods:A total of 500 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received inpatient treatment in Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January to December 2018 were selected. Sixty four patients with DPN were enrolled in the DPN group, and the remaining 436 patients were enrolled in the no-DPN group. The clinical data and the results of MNSI scale, pain, touch and temperature detection thresholds and VPT of the two groups were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the clinical value of single and combined examination indicators in the diagnosis of DPN.Results:MNSI symptom questionnaire score and MNSI physical examination score in DPN group were higher than those in no-DPN group: (3.00 ± 1.35) scores vs. (1.69 ± 0.52) scores, (1.57 ± 0.50) scores vs. (1.01 ± 0.24) scores; the proportion of touch regression, pain regression and temperature regression was significantly higher than that in no-DPN group; and the levels of VPT in the DPN group was higher than that in the no-DPN group: (26.34 ± 5.03) V vs. (17.97 ± 6.82) V, there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). When the single index was diagnosed, the area under the curve (AUC) value of VPT was the highest (0.825), and significantly higher than the pain, touch and temperature detection ( P<0.01). The AUC value of VPT + MNSI in combined diagnosis was the highest (0.738), and the sensitivity and specificity of DPN diagnosis were 51.56% and 96.10%, respectively. Conclusions:Compared with MNSI scale score, sensory detection such as pain, touch and temperature, VPT has the best diagnostic efficiency for DPN, while combined with MNSI, the specificity can be further improved, but the sensitivity decreases, which is worthy of clinical attention.

The Mechanism of Brain Injury Induced by Rotational Motion / 医用生物力学

Traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) has caused serious economic and social burdens, but due to its heterogeneity, there is no effective treatment. In TBI with different severity, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) incidenceis high. The investigation on DAI will contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of TBI. In this study, the classification of TBI and the research status of DAI were summarized. The method to judge the severity of TBI and DAI, and animal experimental models and related injury criteria and thresholds were reviewed. The result show that DAI is mainly generated by rotational acceleration and it is related to angular acceleration, angular velocity and duration. Several TBI animal models can induce the pathology of DAI, and inertial rotation models which can produce only rotational acceleration have been developed. However, these models are instantaneous rotation models, and the rotation duration is uncontrollable, thus a longer duration is impossible, and DAI severity under long rotational motion cannot be studied. The study proposes that a new rotation animal model which can control rotation duration should be developed. The development of the animal model and investigation on pathomechanism of the model will contribute to the prevention and treatment of DAI.